A&P Chapter 8
Terms
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- What are joints?
- the sites where two or more bones meet
-
NAME
is the site where two or more bones meet - joints
- What are the two fundamental functions of joints?
- (1)they give our skeleton mobility(2)they hold it together
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NAME
thier fundamental function includes they give our skeleton mobility and hold it together - joints
- Joints can also be called (1)
- articulations
- articulatiosn are also called (1)
- joints
- What is the weakest part of our skeleton?
- joints
- How are joints classifed?
- (1)struture (2)function
-
NAME
are classifed according to thier structure and function - joints
- How are joints classifed according to thier function?
- based on the amount of movement
- How are joints classifed accodring to thier structure?
- based on the material binding the bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present
- acording to their fucntion, what are the different kinds of joints?
- (1)synarthroses (2)amphairthroses (3)arthoses
- What are synarthoses?
- are immovable joints
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NAME
refers to immovable joints - synarthoses
- What is amphairtthroses?
- are slightly immovable joints
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NAME
are slightly immovalbe joints - amphiarthroses
- What are arthoses?
- are freely movable joints
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NAME
are freely movable joints - arthoses
- Where are arthoses predominate?
- limbs
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NAME
based on function, this type of joint is predominate in our limbs - arthoses
- (1) and (2) joints are primarly restricted to the axial skelton
- (1)immovalbe (20slightly movable
- Where are immovalbe and slightly movable joint primarly restricted to?
- the axial skeleton
- What are fibrous joints?
- are bones that are joined by fibrous tissue and have no joint cavity
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NAME
are bones that are joined by fibrous tissue and have no joint cavity present - fibrous joints
- Are fibrous joint movable?
- (1)some are slight but most are immovable
- What are the three types of fibrous joints?
- (1)sutures (2)syndesmoses (3)gomphoses
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NAME
three types of this joint are sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses - fibrous
- What are sutures?
- are seams that ocur only btwn bones of the skull
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NAMe
are seams that ocur only btwn the bones of the skull - sutures
- Sutures in during youth have a (1) that are continous w the periosteum. The result is nearly (2)
- (1)junction filled w small amounts of connective tissue (2)rigid splices that bind bones together yet allow the bones to grow at thier edge during youth
- What happens to the sutures during middle age?
- the fibrous tissue ossifies and the skull bones fuse into a single unit
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NAME
for this type of joint, the fibrous tissue ossifies and the skull bone fuse into a single unit during middle ages - sutures
- What syntososes?
- are bony junctions
- Sutures around middle age, undergo a stage in which the fibrous tissue ossifies and the skull bones fuse into a single unit. At this point the sutures are know called (1)
- synostoses
- (1) around middle age, undergo a stage in which the fibrous tissue ossifies and the skull bones fuse into a single unit. At this point the sutures are know called synostoses
- sutures
-
NAME
are bony junctions - syntososes
- What are syndesmomes?
- bones that are connected by a ligament
-
NAME
are bones that are connected by a ligament - syndesmoses
- What is a ligament?
- is a cord or band of fibrous tissue
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NAME
is a cord or band of fibrous tissue - ligament
- are syndesmomes movable?
- the amount of movement depends on the length of the connectiing fibers
- are sutures movable?
- no
- Why is the immovalbe nature of the satures a protective adaptation?
- bc movement of the cranial bones would damage the brain
- What are gomphoases?
- is a peg socket fibrous joint
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NAMe
is a peg socket fibrous joint - gomphosis
- What is the only ex of a gomphosis?
- the articulation of a tooth w its bony alveolar socket
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NAME
a ex is the articulation of a tooth w its bony alveolar socket - gomphosis
- What are periodontal ligaments?
- the fibrous connection of the teeth to thier sockets
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NAME
refers to the fibrous connection of the teeth to thier sockets - periodontal ligaments
- What are cartilaginous joints?
- are the articulating bones that are united by cartilage and lack a joint caivty
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NAME
are the articulating bones that are united by the cartilage and lack a joint cavity - cartilaginous joints
- What are two types of cartilaginous joints?
- (1)synchondorses (2)symphyses
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NAME
two types of this joint are the synchondroses and the synphyses - cartilaginous joints
- What are synchondroses?
- is a bar or plate of hylaine cartilage that united the bones at a junction
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NAME
refers to junctions of cartilage - synchondrosis
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NAME
is a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage that united the bone at a synchondrosis - synchondroses
- What is a synchodrosis?
- is a junction of cartilage
- Are synchodrosis movalbe?
- no
- Virtually all synchondroses are (1)
- syanarthrotic
- What are the most common exs of synchondroses?
- (1)epiphyseal plates connecting the diaphysis and epiphysis regions in long bones of childern
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NAME
the most common ex are the epiphyseal plates connecting the diaphysis and epiphysis regions in the long bones of children - synchondroses
- What is another example of a synchondroses?
- the immovalbe joint btwn the coastal cartialge and the ribs
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NAME
a example is the immovable joints btwn the coastal cartialge and the ribs - synchondroses
- What are symphyses?
- are the articular surfaces of the bones covered w hyaline cartilage which in turn is fused to an intervening pad or plate of fibrocartialge
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NAME
are the articular surfaces of the bones covered w hyaline cartialge which in turn is fused to an intervening pad or plate of fibrocartilage - symphyses
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NAME
this tissue acts as a shock absorber and permits limted amoount of movement at the (1) joint - symphyses
- fibrocartialge acts as a (1) at the symphyses joints
- shock absorber and permiteds a limted amount of movement
- What are synovial joints?
- are those in which the articulating bones are seperated by a fluid containing joint cavity
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NAME
are those in which the articulating bones are seperated by a fluid containg joint cavity - synovial joints
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NAME
are amphiartohrotic joints designed for strength w flexiability - symphyses
- Symphyses are ampiartohrotic joints designed for (1)
- strenght w flexaiblity
- are symphyses movable?
- slightly
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NAME
a ex includes the intervertabral joints and the pubic symphysis of the plevis - symphyses
- Give (2) exs of symphyses?
- (1)intevertebral joints (2)the pubic symphysis of the pelivs
- are synovial joints movable?
- yes
- What are the (5) distinguishing features of synovial joints?
- (1)articular cartilage (2)joint cavity (3)articular capsule (4)synovail fluid (5)reinforcing ligaments
- What keeps bones from being crushed?
- spongy cushions absorb compression placed on the joint
- What are the two layers of the articular capsule?
- (1)fibrous capsule (2)synovial membrane
- What is the fibrous capsule?
- is the external layer of the articular capsule that has dense irregular connective tissue
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NAME
is the external layer of the articular capsule that has dense irregular connective tissue - fibrous capsule
- Why are the bones not pulled apart at the synovial joints?
- bc the fibrous capsule strengthens the joint
- (1) strengthens the joint to that the bones are not pulled apart
- fibrous capsule
- What is the synovial membrane?
- is the inner layer of the joint articular capsule that has loose connective tissue
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NAME
is the inner layer of the joint articular capsule that has loose connective tissue - synovail membrane
- a small amount of (1) occupies all the free spaces within the joint capsule
- synovial fluid
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NAME
reduces friction btwn the cartilages - synovial fluid
- synovial fluid provides a slippery weight bearing film that reduces (1)
- friction btwn the cartilages
- (1)is forced from the cartilages when a joint is compressed
- synovial fluid
- When is synovial fluid forced from the cartilages?
- when a joint is compressed
- What weeping lubrication?
- refers to when synovail fluid seeps back into the atricular cartilages when the pressure from the joint is releived
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NAME
refers to when synovial fluid seeps back into the atricular cartilages when the pressure from the joint is released - weeping lubrication
- How are synovial joint reinforced and strengthened?
- by a number of bandlike ligaments
- (1) are reinforced and strengthened by a number of bandlike ligaments
- synovial joints
- What kind of ligaments most often reinforce and strengthen synovial joints?
- (1)capsular ligaments
- Capsular ligaments most often (1)
- stregnth and reinforce synovial joints
- Caspular ligaments are also called (1)
- intrinsic ligaments
- (1) ligaments are also called intrinsic ligaments
- caspular
- What are capsular ligaments?
- are thickened parts of the fibrous capsule
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NAME
are thickened parts of the fibrous capsule - capsular ligaments
- What are the differ types of capsular ligaments?
- (1)extracapular (2)intracapsular
- Are people that are said to be double jointed really double jointed? Explain why?
- no, there joint capsules and ligaments are more strecthy and looser than average
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T or F
people are really double jointed - false
- articular capsule and ligaments are richly supplied w (1)
- sensory nerve endings
- (1) help to mantain muscle tone and montior joint postion
- sensory nerve endings
- sensory nerve endings help to mantain (1)
- muscle tone and montior joint postion
- along with sensory nerve endings, synovial joints are also supplied w (1)
- blood vessels that supply the synovial membrane
- Other speacil featuers of synovial joints include (1) and (2)
- (1)fatty pads (2)articular discs
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NAME
some of this type of joint have fatty pads nad articualr discs - synovial joints
- What are some examples of synovial joints w fatty pads?
- hip and knee joints
- hip and knee joints are ex(s) of synovial joints w (1)
- fatty pads
- articualr discs are also caleld (1)
- menisci
- (1) are also called menisci
- articular discs
- What are articular discs?
- are wedges of fibrocartialge seperating the articular surfaces
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NAME
are wedges of fibrocartialge sepearting the articular surface - articular discs
- What are the benifts of articular discs?
- they improve the fit btwn the articulating bone ends, making the joint more stable and minimizing the wear and tear on the joint surfaces
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NAME
improve the fit btwn the articulating bone ends, making the joints more stable and minimizing the wear and tear on the joint surfaces - articular discs
- Give a ex where arctiuclar discs ocur? (2)
- (1)knee (2)jaw
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NAME
ocur in the knee, jaw, and a few other joints - arcticular discs
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T or F
bursae and tendon sheaths are part of synovial joints - false
- What do bursae and tendon sheaths do?
- act as "ball bearings" to reduce the friction btwn adjacent structures during joint activty
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NAME
act as "ball bearings" to reduce the friction btwn adjacent structures during joint activity - bursae and tendon sheaths
- What are bursae?
- are flattened fibrous sacs lined w synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovail fluid
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NAME
are flattened fibrous sacs lined s synovail membrane and containg a thin film of synovail fluid - bursae
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NAME
are common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together - bursae
- Where are bursae common?
- where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
- What is a bunion?
- is an enlarged bursa at the base of the big toe
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NAME
is an enlarged bursa at the base of the big toe - bunion
- What is a tendon sheath?
- is an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction
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NAME
is an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction - tendon sheath
- Why do joints need to be constantly streched and compresed?
- bc they must be stabilized so that they do not dislocate
- Joints need to be constantly (1) and (2), they must be stabilized so that they do not disloacte
- (1)streched (2)compressed
- What three factors that stability of joints depend on? (3)
- (1)shapes of the articular surface (2)number and positioning of ligaments (3)muscle tone
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T or F
articular surfaces play a minor role in the stability of the joints - true
- the (1)and (2) provide the best ex of a joint made stable by the shape of its articular surfaces
- (1)ball (2)deep socket
- the ball and deep socket provide the best ex of a joint made stable by the (1)
- shape of its articualr surface
- The more (1) a joint has the stronger it is
- ligaments
- The more ligaments a joint, has the (1)
- stronger it is
-
T or F
streched ligaments stay streched - true
- Ligaments can only strech (1)
- so far
-
T or F
when ligaments are the major means of bracing a joint, the joint is not very stable - true
- when ligaments are the major means of bracing a joint, are they very stable?
- no
- Why are ligaments are the major means of bracing a joint, why are they not stable?
- bc ligaments can only strech so far befoer they snap
- For most joints, (1)are the most stablizing factors
- muscle tendons that cross the joint
- For most joints, muscle tendons that cross the joint are the (1) stabilizing factors
- most
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T or F
for most joints, muscle tendons that cross the joints are not the most stabilizing factors - false
- What is a muscle's orgin?
- is the attachment of muscles to immovalbe or slightly immovalbe bones
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NAME
refers to the attachment of muscles to immovable or slightly immovable bones - a muscle's orgin
- What is the insertion?
- is the attachment site of a muscles to a movable bone
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NAME
is the attachment site of muscles to a movable bone - insertion
- Every skeletal muscle of the body is attached to the bone or other connective tissue strutures at two points called (1) and (2)
- (1)origin (2)insertion
- How does muscle movement ocur?
- when musles contract across joints and thier insertions moves toward the orgin
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NAME
ocurs when musles contract across the joints and thier insertion moves toward their orgin - body movement
- Range of motion allowed by synovial joints can vary from (1) to (2) to (3) to (4)
- (1)nonaxial movement (2)uniaixal movement (3)biaxial movement (4)multiaxial movement
- What is nonaxial movement?
- is slipping movements w no movement around the axis
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NAME
is slipping movements w no movment around the axis - nonaxial movemnts
- What are uniaxial movements?
- are movements in one plane
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NAME
are movements in one plane - uniaxial movments
- What is biaxial movements?
- is movement in two planes
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NAME
is movement in two planes - biaxial movements
- What are multiaxial movement?
- is movement in or around all three planes
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NAME
is movement in or around all three planes - multiaixial movements
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T or F
the range of motion varies greatly in different people - true
- What are three general types of movement?
- (1)gliding (2)angular movements (3)rotation
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NAME
is the simplest joint movement - gliding movements
- Gliding movements are the (1) movements
- simplest
- What are gliding movments?
- are when one flat, or nearly flat bones surface glides or slips of another
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NAME
is one flatm or nearly flatm bone surface glides or slips over another - gliding
- What are angular movements?
- is the increase or decrease in the angle btwn two bones
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NAME
is the increase or decrease in the angle btwn two bones - angular movements
- What is flexion?
- is the bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together
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NAME
is the bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together - flexion
- Give some exs of flexion? (2)
- (1)bending the head foward to the chest (2)bending of the body trunk or knee from a straight to an angled postion
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NAME
exs include the bending of the head foward to the chest and the bending of the body trunk or knee from a striaght to an angled postion - flexion
- What are extension?
- is the movement along the sagittal plane that increases the angle btwn the articulating bones
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NAME
is the movement along the sagittal plane that increases the angle btwn the articulating bones - extension
-
NAME
exs include the straightening of a flexed neck, body trunk, elbow, or knee - extension
- Give some examples of a extension?
- the straightening of a flexed neck, body trunk, elbow or knee
- What is hyperextension?
- is the bending of the head backward beyond its striaght postion
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NAME
is the bending of the head backward beyond its striaght postion - hyperextension
- What is dorsiflexion?
- is the lifting of the foot so that its superior surface appears
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NAME
is the lifting of the foot so that its superior surface appears - dorsiflexion
- What is plantar flexion?
- is depressing the foot
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NAME
is depresing the foot - plantar flexion
- What is abduction?
- is movement of a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane
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NAME
is the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane - abduction
- Give a ex of abduction
- raising the arm laterally
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NAME
raising the arm laterally is a example - abduction
- What is adduction?
- is the movement of a limb toward the body midline
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NAME
is the movement of a limb toward the body midline - adduction
- What is circumduction?
- is the moving of a limb so that it describes a cone shape
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NAME
is the moving of a limb so that it describes a cone shape - circumduction
- What is rotation?
- is the turning of a bone around its own long axis
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NAME
is the turning of a bone around its own long axis - rotation
- What kind of rotations are there? (2)
- medial and lateral
- (1) and (2) refer to the movement of the radius and ulna
- (1)supination (2)pronation
- Supination and pronation refer to the movement of the (1) and (2)
- (1)radius (2)ulna
- What does supination mean?
- turning backward
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NAME
means turning backward - supination
- What does pronation mean?
- turning foward
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NAME
means turning foward - pronation
- What is inversion?
- is when the sole of the foot turns medially
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NAME
is when the sole of the foot turns medially - inversion
- What is eversion?
- is when the sole faces laterlly
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NAME
is when the sole faces laterally - eversion
- Inversion and eversion are (1)
- speacil movements of the foot
- What is protraction?
- refers to when the mandible is protracted when you jut out your jaw
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NAME
refers to when the mandible is rptacted when you jut out your jaw - protraction
- What is retraction?
- refers to when the mandible is retracted when you move your jaw back to its normal postion
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NAME
refers to when the mandible is retracted when you move your jaw back to its normal postion - retraction
- What is elevation?
- means lifting a body part superiorly
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NAME
means lifting a body part superiorly - elevation
- What is depression?
- is moving the elevated part inferiorly
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NAME
is moving the elevated part inferiorly - depression
- What is oppostion?
- is the movement when you touch your thumb to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand
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NAME
is the movement when you touch your thumb to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand - oppostion
- Do synovial joints have a common structural plan?
- no
- What are the six major catergoies of synovial joints based on the shape of their articular surfaces?
- (1)plane (2)hinge, (3)pivot (4)condyloid (5)sadle (6)ball and socket joints
- What are plane joints?
- are the articular surfaces that are essentially flat and they allow only short gliding or transiontal movements
-
NAME
are the articular surfaces that are essentially flat and they allow only short or gliding or transitonal movements - plane joints
- What is the only example of nonaxial joints?
- gliding joints
- Gliding joints are the only example of (1)
- nonaxial joints
- What are hinge joints?
- are cylindrical projection of one bone that fits into a trough shaped surface on another
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NAME
is a cylindrical projection of one bone that fits into a trough shaped surface on another - hinge joints
- What is a pivot joint?
- is when the rounded end of one bone protrudes into a "sleeve" or ring composed of bone
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NAME
is when the rounded end of one bone protudes into a "sleeve" or ring composed of bone - pivot joint
- Condyloid joints are also called (1)
- ellipsoidal joints
- (1) joints are also called ellipsoidal joints
- condyloid
- What are condyloid joints?
- are joints in which the oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another
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NAME
are joints in which the oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementray depression in another - condyloid joints
- Give ex of condyloid joints?
- the wrist and knuckle joints
-
NAME
exs of these joints are the wrist and knuckle joints - condyloid joints
- What are saddle joints?
- are shaped like a saddle and allow greater freedom of movement
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NAME
are shaped like a saddle and allow greater freedom of movement - saddle joint
- What is a ex of a saddle joint?
- the joints in your thumbs
-
NAME
a ex of this joint are the joints in your thumb - saddle joints
- What is a ball and socket joint?
- are multiaxial and are the most free moving of the synovial joints
-
NAME
are multiaxial and are the most free moving of the synovial joints - ball and socket joints
- Give ex (2) of the ball and socket joints?
- (1)shoulder (2)hip joints
-
NAME
ex of these joints are the shoulder and hip joints - ball and socket joints
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NAME
is the most largest and complex joint in the body - knee
- The knee is the most (1) and (2) joint in the body
- (1)largest (2)complex
- What are the three joints of the knee?
- (1)emorpatellar joint (2)tibiofemoral joint (3)menisci
-
NAME
this joint is made up of three joints; emorpatellar joint, tibiofemoral joint, and the menisci - knee joint
- Where is the femorpatellar joint located?
- btwn the patella and the lower end of the femur
-
NAME
this joint of the knee is btwn the patella and the lower end of the femur - femorpatellar joint
- Where is the tibiofemoral joint located in the knee joint?
- lateral and medial joints
-
NAME
are the lateral and medial joints of the knee - tibiofemoral joints
- What is the menisci?
- is a C shaped joint of the knee
-
NAME
is a C shaped of the knee - menisci
- How is the knee joint unique?
- bc the joint cavity is only partially enclosed by a capsule