Horse Health and Disease Lesson 2
Terms
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What is the dental formula for deciduous teeth?
Permanent formula? -
3/3 0/0 3/3 0/0 x 2=24
3/3 1/1 3-4/3 3/3 x 2=40-42 - What teeth does the horse have?
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-incisors
-canines *only in males
-premolars
-molars - What teeth are on the upper jaw? Lower jaw?
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-maxillary
-mandibular - What are wolf teeth?
- The first upper premolar with no purpose or function. Often removed if owner wants to, or if discomforting.
- What are caps?
- Deciduous teeth that are being pushed out by permanent teeth.
- What is eruption?
- When teeth break through gum line. *Most valuble aging criterion.
- How do deciduous teeth compare to permanent teeth?
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-whiter
-smaller
-well worn (soft)
-constricted neck - How long after eruption does it take for teeth to be "in wear"? What does this mean?
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-6 months
-"in wear" means teeth have grown to the point of connecting with their opposite tooth. - What does the occlusal surface look like in young horses? Older horses?
- Teeth line up in 1/2 circle in young horses, and are more linear in older horses.
- How do the incisors change in direction as a horse ages? (Give 2 directional answers).
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-When viewed from side, teeth point outward at a more acute angle.
-When viewd from front, incisors go from diverging outward from midline to converging inward toward midline in older horses. - What is the grinding surface of a horses teeth called?
- The occlusal surface.
- What 5 situations make aging a horse by teeth difficult?
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1) injury or trauma
2) vices (cribbing)
3) individual variation
4) malocclusion
5) bishoping - What is bishoping?
- Cosmetic and unethical altering of a horses teeth to make them look younger.
- What is cribbing?
- Biting onto something and sucking. Teeth get worn down depending on amount of time spent cribbing.
- What is an overbite and underbite called?
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-parrot mouth
-monkey mouth - What are 6 functions of the skeletal system?
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1) give the body form
2) support soft parts
3) protect vital organs
4) store minerals (Ca, Mg, Po4)
5) allow for movement
6) site of blood cell formation - What is the trunk skeleton called and what does it include?
- The axial skeleton includes the skull, spinal column, ribs, and breastbone.
- What is the limb skeleton called?
- appendicular skeleton
- What are the 4 classes of bones?
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-long bones
-short bones
-flat bones
-irregular bones - What are the 4 parts to a long bone?
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1) diaphysis
2) metaphysis
3) physis
4) epiphysis - What is the primary function of long bones?
- Leverage. Also aids in support of weight and in locomotion.
- What covers the long bone and what does it function in?
- The periosteum functions in growth, nutrition, and protection of the bone.
- Describe short bones.
- They absorb concussions (impacts), are cuboidal in shape, and found primarily in complex joints such as teh carpus and tarsus.
- What are flat bones?
- Enclose cavities containing vital organs and provide wide areas for muscle attachment.
- What bones are irregular?
- Vertebrae.
- How many bones does a horse have?
- 205 bones.
- What is the breakdown of bones in the body (skeletal systems and their bone numbers).
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vertebral column: 54
ribs: 36
sternum: 1
skull: 34
thoracic limb: 40
pelvic limb: 40 - What is a ligament?
- A band of tissue that connects bones or supports viscera (soft, internal orgns).
- What is a tendon?
- A fibrous cord by which a muscle is attached to bone.
- What are joints?
- The places where two bones meet. Can be moveable or non-moveable.
- What covers the ends of bones in moveable joints?
- cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
- What is synovial fluid?
- Honey-like fluid in joints for lubrication and nourishment which bathes the joint and is contained with the synovial membrane.
- What makes up the largest tissue mass in the horses body?
- the muscular system
- What is the definition of muscles?
- Highly specialized organs which are characterized by their ability to contact in a definite manner when stimulated.
- What are the functions of muscles?
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1) locomotion
2) blood flow
3) function in urogenital, respiratory and GI systems - What are the types of muscles?
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-skeletal
-smooth
-cardiac - What is skeletal muscle?
- Striated muscles that are voluntary and function with skeletal system for locomotion.
- What are smooth muscles?
- Non-striated muscles that are involuntary and automatic in contraction. Found in the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and urogenital systems.
- How do cardiac muscles work?
- Involuntary and automatic in contraction.
- How are the muscles in the legs divided?
- Start as fleshy muscles in upper leg, but end with only flexor and extensor tendons.
- What is the path an air molecule would take in horse respiration?
- Nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, then alveoli.
- What are the paranasal sinuses?
- Air filled spaces lined by mucous membranes which communicate with the nasal cavity. They lessen weight of skull.
- What are the parts of the paranasal sinuses?
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-conchal sinuses (dorsal, middle, ventral)
-maxillary sinus
-frontal sinus
-sphenopalatine sinus - What is the most important sinus? How is it divided?
- The maxillary sinus is divided into rostral and caudal portions by a thin osseous septum.
- What can be problematic with molars in terms of the maxillary sinus?
- The molars project into this sinus and are only covered by a thin bony plate. If molar is infected, plate with degrade and infection enters sinus. Pus discharge!
- What 3 single cartilages make up the larynx? How about the paired cartilage?
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1) cricoid cartilage
2) thyroid cartilage
3) epiglottic cartilage
-arytenoid cartilage is paired. - What functionless space is found only in horses?
- The guttural pouches.
- What are the functions of the larynx?
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-control volume of air in respiration
-prevents aspiration of foreign bodies into lungs
-chief organ of vacalization - How large is the guttural pouch? How does it communicate with pharynx?
- It is about 300cc and lined with mucous. It communicates through small slit like openings on the lateral walls. *Can be a site of numerous problems such as fungal, bacterial, and tumors.
- What happens when a horse is 11 years?
- I 3 hooked. Can last through teen years.
- Are all sinuses mirror images of one another? Do they connect? If not, where do nasal passageways connect?
- Yes, sinuses are duplicates but don't connect until they reach the pharynx.
- What is the dark groove in a horses teeth called?
- Galvayne's Groove
- What is the larynx?
- A short tube which connects the pharynx and trachea made up of cartilage, nerves, vessels, and muscles.
- When do Galvayne's grooves begin?
- Between 9-10 years, the groove appears at I 3 gum margin.
- What happens when a horse is 1 week old?
- DI 1 erupts
- What are the nine body systems in the horse?
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1) Skeletal
2) Muscular
3) Respiratory
4) Circulatory
5) Digestive
6) Nervous
7) Endocrine
8) Reproductive
9) Integumentary - What does Galvayne's groove look like at 15 years of age?
- The groove extends 1/2 way down tooth.
- What does Galvayne's groove look like at 20 years of age?
- The groove is entire length of I 3.
- What happens when a horse is 1 month old?
- DI 2 erupts
- What happens when a horse is 8 months?
- DI3 erupts
- What happens when a horse is 2 years?
- all DI present and level
- What happens when a horse is 2.5 years?
- I 1 erupts
- What happens when a horse is 3.5?
- I 2 erupts
- What happens when a horse is 4 years?
- I 2 in wear, canines erupt
- What happens when a horse is 4.5
- I 3 erupts
- What happens when a horse is 5 years?
- all Incisors in wear
- What happens when a horse is 6 years?
- I 1 cup gone
- What happens when a horse is 7 years?
- I 2 cup gone, I 3 has 7 year hook.
- What happens when a horse is 8 years?
- I 3 cup gone, 7 year hook gone.
- What happens when a horse is 9 years?
- I 1 round
- What happens when a horse is 10 years old?
- I 2 is round