Griffin tch A&P AHS 101 Chapter 6 (Skeletal)
Terms
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- The strong framework on which the body is constructed?
- Skeleton
- Bones, joints, and connective tissue form the?
- Skeletal System
- Functions of bone?
- Framework of body, protect structures such as brain and spinal cord, work w/muscles as levers to produce movement, store calcium, produce RBC in red marrow
- How many bones does the skeleton have?
- 206
- The central portion is known as the?
- Axial Skeleton
- The extremeties make up the ________portion?
- Appendicular Skeleton
-
Type of bone that is flat and slightly curved?
Example: Ribs & Skull - Flat Bones
-
Type of bone that is complicated in shape?
Example: Face & Vertebrae - Irregular Bones
-
Type of bone that is named for its elongated shape of the bone and not the actual length?
Example: phalanges, femur -
Long Bones
makes up most of the arms and legs -
Type of bone that is cuved shaped?
Example: Tarsals, Carpal - Short Bones
- The long narrow shaft of the long bone is called?
- Diaphysis (di-AF-ih-sis)
- This part of the long bone contains bone marrow?
- Medullary Cavity
- The irregular end of the long bone that is farther away from the axial portion of the skeleton?
-
Distal Epiphysis
(eh-PIF-ih-siis) - The irregular end of the long bone that is closer to the axial portion of the skeleton?
-
Proximal Epiphysis
(eh-PIF-ih-siis) - The center of the diaphysis or long narrow shaft is?
- Medullary cavity
- Are considred organs with their own system of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerves?
- Bones
- Bone tissue is known as?
- Osseus Tissue
- Type of Osseus tissue that is hard and dense?
- Compact Bone
- Type of Osseus tissue that makes up the main shaft of the long bone and outer layer of other bones?
- Compact Bone
- The cells in this type of bone are located in rings on bone tissue?
- Compact Bone
- The canal in the compact bone containing the nerves and blood vessels>
- Haversian Canal
- The bone cells live in the spaces between the rings called?
- Lacunae
- Each ring like unit or haversian canal and Lacunae make up the?
- Haversian system
- The haversian system is also known as?
- Osteon
- Forms channels accross the bone from one side of the shaft to the other are canals which house blood vessels & nerves?
- Perforating or Volkmann Canals
- Type of bone tissue that is made of meshwork of small, bony plates filled with red marrow?
- Spongy or Cancellous Bone
- Type of bone tissue that has more spaces?
- Spongy or Cancellous Bone
- Type of bone tissue that is found on the epiphysis of the long bones and at the center of other bones?
- Cancellous Bone (Spongy)
- Type of marrow that is found in the central cavities of long bones?
- Yellow Marrow
- Type of marrow that is found at the ends of longs bone and the center of other bones?
- Red Marrow
- Type of marrow that maufactures red blood cells (RBC)?
- Red Marrow
- Type of marrow that is composed mainly of fat?
- Yellow Marrow
- Bones are covered on the outside by a membrane called?
- Periosteum
-
True/False
The joint region is covered by periosteum? - False
- The inner layer of the periosteum contain what type of cells?
-
Osteoblasts
bone building cells - Type of bone cell that is essential for bone formation during growth and to repair injuries?
- Osteoblasts
- Plays an important role in nourishing the bone tissue?
- Blood and lymph vessels found in the periosteum
- A thin membrane that lines the marrow cavity of the bone?
- Endosteum
- During early development, the embyonic skeleton is composed mostly of?
- Cartilage
- The conversion of cartilage to bone and begins during the second and third months of embryonic life known as?
- Ossification
- During the ossification process, these type of bone cells become more active?
- Osteoblasts
- The material located between bone cells?
- Matrix
- A fibrous protein that gives strength and resilience to tissue?
- Collagen
- With the help from enzymes, calcium compounds are deposited in the matrix by this type of bone cell?
- Osteoblasts
- Maufactures the matrix and collagen?
- Osteoblasts
- Once ossification (hardening of the bone) has occured, the osteoblasts are known as?
- Osetocytes
- Are mature bone cells?
-
Osteocytes
bone maintaining cells - Cells that do not perfom new bone tissue, but maintain the current bone?
- Osteocytes
- Later in life to repair or remodel bone, Osteoblasts develop from stem cells in the_________and________?
- Peri and Endo Osteums
- Develops from a white blood cell or monocyte, regulated by hormones and vitamin D?
- Osteoclasts
- Large multi-nucleated cells are responsible for resorption?
- Osteoclasts
- The break down of bone tissue is necessary for remodeling and repair of bone during growth and after injuries, called?
- Resorption
- This vitamin promotes the absorption of calcium from the intestines?
- Vitamin D
- Type of hormone from the thyroid gland that promotes the uptake of calcium in bone tissue?
- Calcitonin hormone
- The hormone released from the parathyroid glands that cause bone resorption and release calcium into the blood?
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
- In this type of bone transformation from cartilage to bone begins in the center of the shaft during fetal development?
- Long bone
- At birth, secondary bone forming centers develop across the ends of the bone, what are they?
- Epiphyseal Plates
- As bone grows in length the shaft is remodeled to grow?
- Wider
- In children bones are more pliable because?
- The ossification process has not completed
- In the elderly the bones are more fragile because?
- The process that renews bone slows
- Raised areas, depressions, holes, that serve as joints, muscle attach, and passages?
- Bone markings
- Projections include?
- Head, Process, Condyle, Crest, and Spine
- These bone projections are rounded, knoblike end separated from the rest of the bone by slender region, the neck?
-
Head
Example: Femur and its epiphysis - A large projection of a bone, such as the upper part of the ulna that forms the elbow?
-
Process
Example: Xyphoid process - A rounded projection usually the above projection is labeled epicondyle?
- Condyle
- A distinct border or ridge, often rough, such as over the top of the illeum (hip bone)?
- Crest
- A sharp projection from the surface of a bone such as the spine of teh scapula (shoulder blade)?
-
Spine
Also, vertebrae - A hole that allows a vessel or nerve to pass through or between bones?
- Foramen or Foramina (p)
- An airspace found in some skull bones?
-
Sinus
(sphenoid sinus) - A depression on a bone surface?
-
Fossa or fossae (p)
(infra and supra spinous fossa) - A short channel or passageway such as the channel in the temporal bone of the skull that leads to the ear?
- Meatus
- This group of bones consists of 80 bones and includes the bony framework of the head and trunk?
- Axial Skeleton
- This group of bones consists of 126 bones and forms the framework for the extremties and for the shoulder, hips, and pelvis?
- Appendicular Skeleton
- Type of technique that allows healthcare providers to visualize hidden structures without cutting into patients?
-
Landmarking
(CPR Xphoid process reference) - Chamber enclosing brain, houses ears and forms part of the eye socket, has 8 bones?
- Cranium (8)
- Forms the face and chambers for sensory organs, has 14 bones?
- Facial portion (14)
- U-shaped bone under lower jaw; used for muscle attachments (1)?
- Hyoid (1)
- Transmits sound waves in inner ear, (3) bones?
- Ossicles (3)
- Encloses the spinal cord (26) bones?
- Vertebral Column (26)
- Anterior bone of the thorax?
- Sternum
- Encloses the organs of the thorax (12 pair ribs?
- Thorax
- Anterior, between sternum and scapula?
- Clavicle
- Posterior, anchors muscles that move arm?
- Scapula
- Proximal Arm Bone?
- Humerus
- Medial bone of arm?
-
Ulna
(Anatomical position inside) - Lateral bone of the forearm?
-
Radius
(anatomical position) - Wrist bones (8)?
- Carpals (8)
- Bones of palm (5)?
- Metacarpals (5)
- Bones in the fingers (14)?
- Phaoanges (14)
- Join sacrum & coccyx of vertebral column to form bony pelvis (2)?
- Os Coxae (2) (Pelvis)
- Thigh bone; largest long bone in the body?
- Femur
- Kneecap?
- Patella
- Medial bone of the leg?
- Tibia (Larger bone)
- Lateral bone of the leg?
- Fibula (smaller bone)
- Ankle bones (7)?
- Tarsal bones (7)
- Bones of instep/ soles of feet(5)?
- Metatarsals (5)
- Bones of toes (14)?
- Phalanges (14)
- Divided into the cranium and the facial portion?
- Skull
- Rounded chamber that encloses the brain and is composed of (8) distinct cranial bones?
- Cranium
- Type of cranial bone that forms the forehead, anterior of the skull roof and the roof of the eye orbit?
- Frontal Bones
- Facial bone, the only movable bone in the skull?
- Mandible
- Breastbone, with the ribs protects the heart and lungs?
- Sternum
- Collarbone, Joins the sternum & clavicle to support the shoulder?
- Clavicle
- Shoulder Blade, attaches the muscles that move the arm?
- Scapula
- 8 short cube shaped bones of teh wrist - arranged in 2 rows of 4 each?
- Carpals
- The 14 finger and toes?
- Phalanges
- Lateral lower leg bone, not weight bearing?
- Fibula (smaller one)
- Medial lower leg bone (on the big toe side), weight bearing?
- Tibia (bigger one)
- Ankle, foot bones 7 in each foot?
- Tarsals
- 5 bones that form the framework of the instep of the foot?
- Metatarsals
- Facial bone - near inside corner of eye?
- Lacrimal
- Projection of the temporal bone behind the external part of the ear?
- Mastoid process
- Joins the frontal bone w/ the parietal bones of the skull?
- coronal suture
- Joins the parietal bones with the occipital bone?
- Lambdoidal suture
- Forms the forehead & the roof of the eye socket?
- Frontal
- Forms most of the top and side walls of the cranium?
- Parietal bones
- The prominence of the cheeks?
- Zygomatic process
- Upper jaw bones - fused?
- Maxilla
- Lower jaw bone
- Mandible
- Form the bridge of the nose?
- Nasal
- Shaped like a blade of a plow, forms lower part of the nasal septum?
- Vomer
- Form the back part of the hard palate?
- Palatine bones
- Extend horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavities?
- 2 inferior nasal conchae
- The paired superior and middle conchae are part of what facial bone?
- Ethmoid
- Projects dorsally from the bony arch that encircles the spinal cord?
- Spinous process
- Projecting laterally on each side and are attachments for muscles?
- Transverse process
- Located in the neck, labeled C1-C7?
- Cervicle Vertebrea
- The first cervicle vertebra or C1, supports the head when skull rocks (nodding)?
- Atlas
- The second cervicle vertebra or C2, serves as a pivot when head is turned side to side?
- Axis
- The upright toothlike part in the Axis is known as?
- Dens (pivot point)
- 12 in number T1-T12, are located in the chest, ribs extend, has longer spinous process that points downward?
- Thoracic vertebrae
- 5 are located in the small of the back L1-L5, Larger & heavier to support more weight, all processes are shorter and thicker?
- Lumbar vertebrae
- 5 seperate bones in the child, but fuse together to form a single bone as an adult?
- Sacral vertebrea (child) or Sacrum (adult)
- When viewed from the side the vertebral column can be seen to have this number of curves?
- 4, corresponding with the sections of vertebrae
- T-shaped portion of the sternum, superior to the sternum body, joins laterally on the right/left with clavicle?
- Manubrium
- The point of the manubrium where the clavicle joins is called?
- clavicle notch
- Long and bladelike, joins along each side with the ribs 2 thru 7?
- Sternum body
- Where the manubrium joins the body of the sternum, slight elevation is called?
- Sternal angle
- First 7 pairs of ribs attached directly to the sternum by costal cartilage?
- True Ribs
- 5 pairs of ribs, 8 9 10 attach to the cartilage of the rib above?
- False Ribs
- 11, 12 ribs have no anterior attachement at all and are known as?
- Floating ribs
-
yes/no
Floating ribs are false ribs? - Yes
- The space between the ribs is called?
- intercostal spaces
- This division of the appendicular skeleton consists of the shoulder, arm (BTWN the shoulder & elbow), forearm, wrist, hand, fingers?
- Upper Appendicular skeletal
- This division of the append skeleton consists of hip, thigh, leg, ankle, foot, and toes?
- Lower Appendicular Skeletal
- Joins the sternum anteriorly and the scapula laterally and helps to support the shoulder?
- Clavicle
- This part of the scapula is the posterior raised edge that can be felt behind the shoulder in the upper portion of the back?
- Scapula Spine
- Muscles that move the arm attachment to fossae (depressions)?
-
supraspinous fossa (superior to the scapular spine)
and infraspinous fossa (inferior to the spine) - The process that joins the clavicle, felt as the highest point in the shoulder?
- Acromion
- Forms a ball and socket joint with the arm bone (humerous?
- Glenoid Cavity
- Medial to the glenoid cavity is the________where muscles attach?
- Caracoid process
- The proximal bone in the arm?
- Humerus