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Musculoskeletal System

Terms

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rickets
osteomalacia in children (causes bone defortmity)
irregular bones
bones of vertebrae and face
appendicular skeleton
bones of shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
uln/o
ulna
rigidity
stiffness; stiff muscle
rigor
stiffness; stiff muscle
lei/o
smooth
tenotomy
division by incision of a tendon to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
porosis
passage
gouty arthritis
acute attacks of arthritis usually in a single joint (especially the great toe) caused by hyperuricemia
spasm
drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
femor/o
femur
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
myel/o
bone marrow or spinal cord
myodynia
muscle pain
closed reducation percutaneous fixation of a fracture
external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position- often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing
origin of a muscle
muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
fracture line
the line of the break in a broken bone (e.g. oblique, spiral, or transverse)
radiography
an imaging modality using x-rays (ionizing radioation) to diagnose conditon or impairment somewhere in the body (e.g., extremeties, ribs, back, shoulders, joint)
splinting
use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part
bony necrosis
bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply (e.g. after a fracture)
superior
situated above another structure, toward the head
spastic
uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles causing stiff and awkward movements
epiphysis
wide ends of a long bone
pelv/i
hip bone or pelvic activity
coronal or frontal plane
vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
osteoporosis
condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle nd to more easily fracture
analgesic
a drug that relives pain
narcotic
a potent analgesic with addictive properties
transverse plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower positions
osteomalacia
disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
dorsiflexion
bending of the foot or the toes upward
tetany
tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction
hypotonia
reduced muscle tension
sagittal plane
vertical division of the body into right and left portions
herniated disk or disc
protrustion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
medullary cavity
cavity within the shaft of he long bones filled with bone marrow
short bones
bones of wrist and ankles
synovial membrane
membrane lining the capsule of a joint
rheumatoid arthritis
most crippling form; characterized by chronic systemic inflammation most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet) causing akylosis and deformity
arthrodesis
binding or fusing of joint surfaces
listhesis
slipping
open fracture
compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound
periosteum
a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
osteosarcoma
type of malignant bone tumor
extension
straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased
bursa
a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones, lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
flexion
bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased
amputation
partial or complete removal of a limb
kyphosis
abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back condition)
adduction
movement toward the body
crani/o
skull
hypertrophy
increase in the size of a muscle
disk (disc)
a flat, platelike structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue found between the vertebrae to reduce friction
scoli/o
twisted
arthralgia
jointpain
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
a nonionizing (no x-ray) imaging technizue using magnetic fields and radio frequency awaves to visualize anatomic structures; used in detecting joint, tendon, and vertebral disc disorders
abduction
movement away from the body
subluxation
a partial dislocation
lord/o
bent
myos/o
muscle
simple fracture
a nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (e.g. hairline, stress, crack)
muscular dystrophy
a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles (duchenne's type is most common)
pelv/o
hip bone or pelvic activity
complex fracture
a displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
rhabdomyoma
skeletal muscle tumor
spinal curvatures
abnormal curvatures in the spine
cost/o
rib
ton/o
tone or tension
yellow bone marrow
gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue; and is inactive in formation of blood cells
chondromalacia
softening of the cartilage
anti-inflammatory
a drug that reduces inflammation
anterior
front of the body
tendonitis
inflammation of a tendon
greenstick fracture
bending and incomplete break of bone- most often seen in children
bone scan
a nuclear scan of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, etc.
myalgia
muscle pain
medial
toward the middle (midline)
recumbent
lying down
tendon/o
tendon (to stretch)
fracture
broken or cracked bone
bursitis
inflammation of the bursa
electromyogram
a nuerodiagnostic graphic record othe electrical activty of muscle at rest and during contraciton; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders; usually performed by a nuerologist
rotation
circular movement around an axis
eversion
turning outward i.e. a foot
striated (skeletal) muscle
voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton
antipyretic
a drug that relieves fever
fibr/o
fiber
hyperuricemia
excessive level of uric acid in the blood
patell/o
knee cap
spondylosis
stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae
synovial fluid
joing-lubricating fluid secreted vby the synovial membrane
dactyl/o
digit
articulation
a joint; the point where two bones come together
arthrocentesis
puncture for aspiration of a joint
anterior-posterior
from front to back; such as in the direction of an x-ray beam
tremor
shakingl rhythmic, muscular movement
osteomyelitis
infection of bone and bone marryow causing inflammation
ankylosis
stiff joint condition
cardiac muscle
muscle of the heart
ankyl/o
crooked or stiff
fasci/o
fascia
insertion of a muscle
muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
degenerative joint disease (DSD)
no def. given. probably same as osteoarthritis
erect
normal standing position
lordosis
abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)
tend/o
tendon (to stretch)
spondyl/o
vertebra
stern/o
sternum
arthr/o
joint
distal
away from the beginning or origin of a structure; e.g. the distal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area at the end of the bone near the knee
degenerative arthritis
no def. given. probably same as osteoarthritis
arthroscopy
procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within
crepitation
grating sound sometimes made by movement of a joint or broken bones
sprain
injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
muscle
tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body
prosthesis
an artificial replacement for a missing body part, or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint
lateral
toward the side
osteoma
bone tumor
myoma
muscle tumor
sequestrum
bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply (e.g. after a fracture)
spondyl/o
vertebra
spondylosyndesis
spinal fusion
bone grafting
transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
epiphysitis
inflammation of epiphyseal regions of the long bone
rhabd/o
rod shaped or striated (skeletal)
long bones
bones of arms and legs
spondylolisthesis
forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra
ligament
a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
kyph/o
humped-back
prone
lying face down and flat
atrophy
shrinking of muscle size
ostealgia
bone pain
arthritis
inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; more than 100 types
goniometer
instrument used to measure joint angles
smooth muscle
involuntary muscle found in internal organs
sarc/o
flesh
inferior
situated below another structure, away from the head
lumb/o
loin (lower back)
bursectomy
excision of a bursa
open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF)
internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them into place with devices such as paltes, screws, and pins
endosteum
membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
radionuclide organ imaging
a diagnostic imaging technizue using injecte4d or ingested radioactive isotopes and a gamma-camera for determining size, shape, location and function of various body parts
fascia
a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
body planes
reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts
oste/o
bone
ten/o
tendon (to stretch)
spongy (cancellous) bone
mesh-like, containing marrow and fine branching canals through which blood vessels run
myositis
infammation of muscle
sesamoid bones
round bones found near joints
physical therapy (PT)
treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury, involving many different modalities such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound
bone
specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes forming the skeleton
flat bones
bones of ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis and skull
gonio
angle
crepitus
grating sound sometimes made by movement of a joint or broken bones
supine
horizontal recumbent; lyding flat on the back ("on the spine")
decubitus
lying down, especially in a bed, i.e. lateral decubitus is lying on the side (decumbo = to lie down)
sonography
use of high frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to make an image of tissues or structures
computer axial tomography (CAT)
a radiologic procedure using a machine called a scanner to take a series of cross-sectional x-ray images in a full circle rotation; a computer then caculates the rates of absorption and density of the radiographs to create the image
articul/o
joint
my/o
muscle
comminuted fracture
broken in many little pieces
axial skeleton
bones of skull, vertebral column, chest and hyoid bone (u shaped bone at base of tongue)
myoplasty
repair of muscle
osteoplasty
repair of a bone
traction (Tx)
application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position for healing
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature (S-shaped curve)
red bone marrow
functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones of adults
orthosis
use of orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or to provide limb support
osteoarthritis
most common form of arthritis, especially affecting weight-bearing joints; characterized by erosion of articular cartilage
tendon
a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant skeletal muscle tumor
range of motion
total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements, i.e. ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct, measured in degrees
luxation
dislocation
compact bone
tightly, solid, strong, resisitant to bending
closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture
external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold hte bone in place while healing
physis
growth
myeloma
bone marrow tumor
radi/o
radius
exostosis
a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
leiomyoma
smooth muscle tumor
axis
line that runs through the center of the body or body part
anatomical position
the position of the body to which health professionals refer when noting body planes, positions, or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright (erect), facng forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing foward; the patient is visualized in this pose before applying any other term of reference
closed fracture
broken bone with no open wound
osteotomy
an incision into the bone
bone marrow
soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones
plantar flexion
bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
nuclear medicine imaging
a diagnostic imaging technizue using injecte4d or ingested radioactive isotopes and a gamma-camera for determining size, shape, location and function of various body parts
inversion
turning inward i.e. a foot
arthroplasty
repair or renconstruction of a joint
posterior
back of the body
osteodynia
bone pain
leiomyosarcoma
malignant smooth muscle tumor
metaphysis
growth zone between epiphysis and diaphysis during development of a long bone
flaccid
flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
chondr/o
cartilage
arthrogram
a radiograph of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium
bunion
swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
nucleus pulposus
soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disc
thorac/o
chest
posterior-anterior
from back to front; such as in the direction of an x-ray beam
computed tomography (CT)
a radiologic procedure using a machine called a scanner to take a series of cross-sectional x-ray images in a full circle rotation; a computer then caculates the rates of absorption and density of the radiographs to create the image
muscul/o
muscle
proximal
toward the beginning or origin of a structure, e.g. the proximal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip
nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties (asprin) commonly used to treat arthritis
trophy
nourishment
supination
turning upward or forward of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot)
cervic/o
neck
casting
use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing

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