Ch 4 anatomical terms
Terms
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- appendicular skeleton
- bones of shoulder pelvis and upper and lower extremities
- axial skeleton
- bones of skull, vertebral column chest and hyoid bone
- bone
- specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes forming the skeleton
- compact bone
- tightly solid strong bone tissue resistant to bending
- spongy bone
- meshlike bone tissue containing marrow and fine branching canals through which blood vessels run
- long bones
- bones of arms and legs
- short bones
- bones of wrists and ankles
- flat bones
- bones of ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis and skull
- irregular bones
- bones of vertebrae and face
- sesamoid bones
- round bones found near joints
- epiphysis
- wide ends of a long bone
- diaphysis
- shaft of a long bone
- metaphysis
- growth zone between epiphysis and diaphysis druing development of a long bone
- endosteum
- membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
- medullary cavity
- cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
- bone marrow
- soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones
- red bone marrow
- functions to form red blood cells some white blood cells and platelets; found in cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults
- yellow bone marrow
- gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; fuctions as storage for fat tissue; and is inactive in formation of blood cells
- periosteum
- a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
- articular cartilage
- agristlelike substance on bones where they articulate
- articulation
- a joint; the point where two bones come together
- bursa
- a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones, lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
- disk
- a flat, platelike structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue found between the vertebrae to reduce friction
- mucleus pulpsus
- ssoft fibrocartilaginous central portion of intervertebral disc
- ligament
- a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
- synovial membrane
- membrane lining the capsule of a joint
- synovial fluid
- joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
- muscle
- tissue composed of fibers that can contract causing movement of an organ or part of the body
- striated (skeletal) muscle
- voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton
- smooth muscle
- involuntairy muscle found in internal organs
- cardiac muscle
- muscle of the heart
- origin of a muscle
- muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
- insertion of a muscle
- muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
- tendon
- a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
- fascia
- a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that convers, supports, and separates muscle
- anatomical position
- position of the body to which health professionals refer when noting body planes, position or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright, facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart with arms at sides and palms facing forward; the PT is visualized in this pose before applying any other term of reference
- body planes
- reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts
- coronal or frontal plane
- vertical division of the body into anterior and posterior portions
- sagittal plane
- vertial division of the boday into right and left portions
- transverse plane
- horizontal divisioin of the body into upper and lower portions
- anterior (A) ventral
- front of the body
- posterior (P) dorsal
- back of the body
- anterior-posterior (AP)
- front to back; like an xray beam
- posterir-anterior (PA)
- back to front; like an xray beam
- superior (cephalic)
- situated above another structure; towards the head
- inferior (caudal)
- situated below another structure; away from the head
- proximal
-
toward the beginning or origin of a structure
eg: the ___ aspect of the femur is the area closet to where it attaches to the hip - distal
-
away from the beginning or origin of a structure
eg: the ___ aspect of the femour is the area at the end of the bone near the knee - medial
- toward the middle (midline)
- lateral
- toward the side
- axis
- line that runs thru the center of the body or body part
- erect
- normal standing position
- decubitus
- lying down, esp in a bed
- prone
- lying face down and flat
- recumbent
- lying down
- supine
- horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back (on the spine)
- flexion
-
bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased
ex: flexing arm to a 90* angle - extension
-
straightening at the joint so that the angle between teh bones is increased
ex: extending an arm to point - abduction
- movt away from the body
- adduction
- movt toward the body
- rotation
- circular movt around an axis
- eversion
- turning outward
- inversion
- turning inward
- supination
- turning upward or forward of the palmar surface
- pronation
- turning downward or backward of the palmar surface
- dorsiflexion
- bending of the foot or the toes upward (flex)
- plantar flexion
- bending of the sole of the floot by curling the toes toward the ground (point)
- range of motion (ROM)
-
total motion possilbe in a joint described by the terms related to body movts
ie: the ability to flex, extend, abduct or adduct; measured in degrees - goniometer
- inst used to measure joint angles
- arthraliga
- joint pain
- atrophy
- shrinking of muscle size
- crepitation
- grating sounds sometimes made by movt of a joint or broken bones
- crepitus
- grating sounds sometimes made by movt of a joint or broken bones
- exostosis
- a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
- flaccid
- flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
- hypertrophy
- inc in muscle size
- hypotonia
- reduced muscle tension
- ostealgia
- bone pain
- osteodynia
- bone pain
- rigor or rigidity
- stiffness; stiff muscle
- spasm
- drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
- spastic
- uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles causing stiff and awkward movts
- tetany
- tension; prolonged continuous muscle contraction
- tremor
- shaking; rhythmic muscular movt
- ankyosis
- stiff joint condition
- arthritis
- inflammation of the joints char. by pain swelling redness warmth and limited ROM
- osteoarthritis
- most common form of arthritis, esp affecting weight-bearing joints; char by erosion of articular cartilage
- rheumatoid arthritis
- most crippling form; char by chronic systemic inflammation most often affecting joints and synovial membranes; esp in hands and feet; causes ankylosis and deformity
- gouty arthritis
- acute attacks of arthritis usually in a single joint caused by hyperuricemia
- bony necrosis
- bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply (after a fracture
- sequestrum
- bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply (after a fracture
- bunioin
- swelling of the joint at the base of the breat toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
- bursitis
- inflammation of the bursa
- chondromalacia
- softening of the cartilage
- epiphysitis
- inflammation of the epiphseal regions of the long bone
- fracture
- broken or cracked bone
- closed fracture
- broken bone with no open wound
- open fracture
- compound frature; broken bone with and open wound
- simple fracture
- a nondisplaced fracture wtih one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (hairline Fx, stress Fx, crack)
- complex fracture
- a displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
- fracture line
- the line of the break in a broken bone
- comminuted fracture
- broken in to many little pieces
- greenstick fracture
- bending and incomplete break oof a bone -- most often seen in children
- herniated disk
- protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk sot hat the nucleus pulposus protudes causing compression on the nerve root
- myeloma
- bone marrow tumor
- myositis
- inflam of muscle
- myoma
- muscle tumor
- leiomyoma
- smooth muscle tumor
- leiomyoscarcoma
- malignant smooth muscle tumor
- rhabdomyoma
- skeletal muscle tumor
- rabdomyoscarcoma
- malignant skeletal muscle tumor
- muscular dystrophy
- a category of genetically transmitted diseases char by progressive atrophy of skeltal muscles (Duchenne's type)
- osteoma
- bone tumor
- osteosarcoma
- type of malignant bone tumor
- oseomalacia
- disease marked by softening of the bone caused bye calcium and vitamin D deficiency
- rickets
- osteomalacia in children causing deformity in bones
- osteomyelitis
- infection of bone and marrow causing inflam
- osteopororsis
- cond. of decreased bone density and inc porosity causing bones to become brittle and to more easily fracture
- kyphosis
- abnormal posterior curve of thoratic spine (humped back)
- lordosis
- abnormal anterior curve of lumbar spine (sway back)
- scoliosis
- abnormal laterl curve (S shaped curve)
- spondylolisthesis
- fowards slipping of a lumbar vertebra
- spondylosis
- stifff immoblie condition of vertebrae
- sprain
- injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
- subluxation
- a partial dislocation
- tendinitis / tendonitis
- inflam of a tendon
- electromyogram (EMG)
- neurodiagnostic graphic record of the electrical activity f muscle at rest and during contraction; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- a nonionizing (no xray) imaging technique using magnectic fields and radio freq waves to visuaalize anatomic structures; used in dectiong joint tendon and vertebral disc disorders
- nuclear medicine imaging
- a diagnostic imaging technique using injected or ingested radioactive isotopes and a gamma-camera for determining size shape location and fuction of various body parts
- radionucleide organ imaging
- a diagnostic imaging technique using injected or ingested radioactive isotopes and a gamma-camera for determining size shape location and fuction of various body parts
- bone scan
- a nuclear scan of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, etc
- radiography (xray)
- imaging modality using xrays to diagnose condition or impairment somewhere in the body
- arthrogram
- a radiograph of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium
- computed tomography (CT)
- a radiologic procedure using a machine called a scanner to take a series of cross sectional xray images in a full circle rotation; a computer then calculates the rates of absorption and density of the radiographs to create an image
- computated axial tomography
- a radiologic procedure using a machine called a scanner to take a series of cross sectional xray images in a full circle rotation; a computer then calculates the rates of absorption and density of the radiographs to create an image
- sonography
- use of high freq sound waves to make an image of tissues or structures
- amputation
- partial or complete removal of a limb
- aka
- above knee amputation
- bka
- below knee amputation
- arthrocentesis
- puncture for aspiration of a joint
- arthrodesis
- binding or fusing of joint surfaces
- arthroplasty
- repair or reconstruction of a joint
- arthroscopy
- procedure using an arthroscope to examine diagnose and repair a joint from within
- bone grafting
- transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
- bursectomy
- excision of a bursa
- myoplasty
- repair of a muscle
- open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF)
- internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them into place with devices such as plates screws and pins
- osteotomy
- an incision into a bone
- osteoplasty
- repair of a bone
- spondylosyndesis
- spinal fusion
- tenotomy
- division by incision of a tendon to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
- closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture
- external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an extrenal device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing
- casting
- use of a stiff solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing
- splinting
- use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone to injured body part
- traction (Tx)
- application of a pulling force to a fracture bone of dislocated joint to maintain proper positioning for healing
- closed reductions percutaneous fixation of a fracture
- external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment followed by insertion of one or more pins thru the skin to maintain position -- often incl. use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing
- orthosis
- use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or to provide limb support
- physical therapy (PT)
- treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury involving many diff modalities such as exercise hydrotherapy diathermy and ultrasound
- prosthesis
- an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used t improve a body fuction such as an artificial limb hip or joint
- analgesic
- a drug that relieves pain
- narotic
- a potent analgesic with addictive properties
- anti-inflammatory
- a drug that reduces inflammation
- antipyretic
- a drug that relieves fever
- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
-
a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflam and anytipyretic properties, commonly used to treat arthritis
ie: tylenol, aspirin