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Limnology Final

Terms

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4 degrees celcius
highest density
epilimnion
warmer top layer of lake
metalimnion
part of thermocline where temperature decreases rapidly with depth
hypolimnion
lower, coldest layer of lake
stratification caused by?
density differences due to differing temperatures in lake that prevents mixing
amictic lake
doesn't mix (i.e. b/c frozen whole year)
monomictic
1 period where lake mixes
dimictic
2 periods when lake mixes
what is inverse stratification?
winter stratification where top is colder. Bottom water is about 4 degrees, which is denser & t/f sinks
pelagic?
open water
allochthonous
energy of photosynthetically-created compounds are from outside the lake
cirque
lakes formed by glaciers melting and erosion
latent heat of melting
energy in calories needed to melt 1g of substance (water)
thalweg
deepest part of a river channel eroded by meandering flow
littoral zone
Area in the lake that is photic and macrophytes occur
seiche
longstanding wave
Arheic
Water system where no rivers are formed (.e.g in desert areas)
Overland flow
Flow of water to lakes and basins that is above the soil's saturation point
fetch
distance of water that the wind blows across before it hits land
heterotrophic
organisms where respiration exceeds production
graben
lake formed from elongated depression created by downfaulting
volcanic lakes
cinder cones, maars, calderas
What controls lake trophic condition?
basin & lake shape b/c they determine photic level which determines productivity & succession of lake
What determines clarity?
Large depth: SA ratio
interflow
lateral flow that in the ground above groundwater
water table
level at which ground is completely saturated with water
lake inputs
precipitation, groundwater seepage, surface influents from streams + rivers/drainage basins
lake output
surface outlets (in lakes w/ clay + silt), groundwater seepage, evaporation, ET
Exorheic
Rivers originate + flow to sea
Endorheic
Rivers originate + never reach the sea
humic
material obtained from organic matter of soil
light reaching lakes determined by
time of day, latitude, season, absorption by O2, CO2; scattering; angle
what determines type of stratification?
latitude + altitude
holomictic
lakes that mix completely
meromictic
lakes that do not mix completely
cold monomictic
mixes in summer; frozen in winter
warm monomictic
water is stratified in summer; mixes in winter
oligomictic
rare circulation at irregular intervals
after lower littoral
littoriprofundal + profundal: bacteria rather than plant matter
extinction coefficient
large light extinction coefficient, photic zone is most shallow. Changes can be caused by algae, DOC, scatter from organic particulate/pollution
why heating in first few meters of water?
absorbance higher for longer wavelenth IR light, so first few meters catches most of it.
Draw O2, CO2, pH curves
sunrise lowest point O2
Sequence for reduction of inorganic substances
O2, NO3, Mn2+ formed, Fe3+ reduced to 2+, H2S formed from SO4, CH4 formed; O2, NO3, MnO2, Fe(OH)3, SO4 2-, CO2
Difference sea water & freshwater
freshwater: Low Cl, high Ca, Mg; high HCO3
why ocean have diff. concentration than fresh water?
evaporation increases concentration of Cl + SO4 in ocean. Ca lower b/c uptake by coral reef.
apatite
mineral containing P
epipelic
organisms grow on sediment
mineralization
also ammonification, where bacteria turn organic nitrogen compounds into NH4
Nitrate reduction
NO3- to NO2- to N2
Nitrification
NH4+ to NO3-

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