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cardiology terms

Terms

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Afterload
the resistane to ventricular ejection
Anemia
a deficiency of hemoglobin in red blood cells
Angle of Louis
the manubriosternal angle “Sternal angle” a bony ridge on the sternum at the level of the second rib.

Apical impulse
point of maximal imulse on the apex.

Arrythmia
disorder of the hearts regular beat.

Arterial blood pressure
measurement of the pressure that blood exerts inside the vessels.

Auscultation
using a stethoscope, a physician listens for sounds made by the body.

Bradyarrhythmia
an abnormal heart rhythm that is both irregular and slow. (under 60 beats per minute.)

Bradycardia
an abnormally slow heart rate. (under 60 beats per minute)

Bruit
abnormal noise heard with a stethoscope; a belowing or swishing sound that indicates vascular turbulence.

Caridiac cycle
rhythmic movement of blood through the heart. Pattern from one heartbeat to the next.
Contractility
ability of muscles to shorten and contract.

Cardiac output
amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute
Cardiomelagy
enlargement of the heart.

Clubbing
a condition that occurs with Cyanotic heart disease and pulmonary disordersin with the tips of the fingers are broadened and the angle of the fingernails is abnormally curved.

Compliance
the extent to which the patient will adhere to a course treatment advocated by a physician.

Cor Pulmonate
hypertrophy or the right ventricle caused by disorders of the lungs.

Crepitant rale
fine bubbling or crackling sound caused by thin secretion in the smaller bronchial tubes.

Cyaniosis
a bluish or motted discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes that is caused by a decreased perfusion of oxygen to the tissue.
Dependant Edema
swelling caused by an increased fliud volume to dependant limbs
Diaphoresis
excessive perspiration.

Diastole
the period of ventricular relaxation
Dilation
the act or condition of being expanded. Cardiac dilation refers to an increase in the size of the chamber of the heart.

Dyspnea
difficulty breathing
Edema
swelling caused by the excessive accumulation of fluids in an area
Effusion
seeping of body fluids into the tissue or into a body cavity
Ejection Fracture
ejection is the pumping of blood. The ventricles fill during diastolic filling. But do not eject the entire amount when the contract.

Embolism
occlusion or obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus
Fibrillation
rapid, uncoordinated and irregular contraction of the heart muscles. Two main types:
A) Atrial fibrillation: treatable condition
B) Ventricular fibrillation: can quickly become fatal if it is not reversed.

Flutter
an extremely rapid but regular heartbeat.

Gallop
rhythm of the heart characterized by three or four seprate heart sounds in each cycle and resembling the sound of a galloping horse.

Hemoptysis
coughing up blood from the larynx, bronchi or lungs
Hepatojugular reflux
elevation of venous pressure, visible in the jugular vein when firlmly applying pressure to the abdomen. Jugular veins stay elevated after pressure is removed.

Hematomegaly
enlargemant of the liver
Hypertension
high blood pressure.

Hypertrophy
an increase in the size of an organ. Cardiac hypertrophy is due to the increase in the thickness of the heart muscles.

Hypotension
low blood pressure.
ICS
an acronym for intercoastal space. 11 intercoastal spaces.
Ischemia
a decrease in the blood supply to a body organ or tissue
Infarct
an area of tissue that undergoes tissue death due to an obstruction of local blood supply.

Jugular Venous pressur (JVP)
observing the pulsations of the neck veins while the patient lays in different positions.

Keith-Wagener Changes
abnormalities seen in the retina and retinal vessels due ti hypertension and arterioscleriosis.
Lumen
the space inside a blood vessel, intestines and tube
Murmur
an abnormal heart sound that sometimes indicates a disease condition
Orthopnea
ability to breah comfortably only when standing or sitting in the upright position.

Palpitations
abnormal heartbeat that is often described as a sensation of fluttering or thumping.

Paroxysmal
a sudden attack, recurrence, ao intensification of a disease (Paroxysm)

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
an acute attack of labored breathing that occurs approximately one or two hours after the person lies down.
Perfusion
the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues by way of the cardiovascular system
Pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium.

Perioheral Edema
swelling of the extremities due to the accumalation of fluid in the tissue.

Pitting Edema
an examiner will apply and release pressure to an oedematous area. With itting adema the area will retain the mark made by the examiner.

Point of maximal intensity or impulse (PMI)
the area on the chest wall where the beat of heart can be felt the best.

Precordial/precordium
the exterior of the thorax over the heart.

Preload
the volume volume of blood in the left ventrilce at the end of diastole.

Pulse
the rhythmic throbbing of the arteries that occur with the regular contraction of the heart.

Pulse pressure
the difference between the systolic and the diastolic blood pressure.

Pulsus paradoxus
during respiration the pulse becomes weaker as one inhales and stronger as on exhales. Pulsus paradoxus or paradoxical pulse, is an exaggeration of this normal varation.

Rale
an abnormal respiratory sound similar to crackling or bubbling
Rhonchus
a whistling or snoring sound that is caused by a partial obstruction in the respiratory tract.

S1 (first heart sound)
heart at the beginning of ventricular systole produced by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves.
S2 (second heart sound)
heard at the end of ventricular systole produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves.

Shock
1) a potentially fatal physiological reaction to a vareity of conditions including illness, injury, hemorrage, and dehydration, usually characterized by marked loss of blood pressure, diminished blood circulation and inadequate blood flow to the tisses. 2) the sensation and muscular spasm caused by an electric current passing through the body or body part.

Splitting
the two heart sounds heard seperatly, S1 ans S2. S1 is the mitral and the tricuspid. S2 splitting or the aortic and plumonic components.

Stigma
a mark or characteristic that may indicate a history of a disease or abnormality.

Stroke volume
the amount of blood ejected by the ventricles with each contraction.

Synope
partial or complete loss of consciousness due to a temporary reduction in blood flow resulting in a shortage of oxygen to the brain.

Tachyarrhythmia
an abnormal heart rhythm that is both irregular and excessively fast.

Tachycardia
a rapid heart rate (over 100 beats per minute)

Thrill
a vibration that accompanies a cardiac or vascular murmur that an examiner may detect on palpation.

Tunica intima
the innermost layer or linning of a blood or lymph vessel.

Vascular
pertaining to or containing blood vessels.

Vasculitis
an inflamation of a blood vessel.

Venous
contained in the vaeind. De-oxygenated blood found in the veins or the pulmonary arteries.

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