bio 160 exam #3
Terms
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- How many bones are in the body?
- 206
- List 4 types of bones
- long, flat, short, irregular
- what are the names based on
- shape
- give an example of each
-
long- femur, humerous, etc
flat- sternum, ribs, skull
short- phalanges
irregular- vertebrae, calacaneous - Define sesamoid
- rounded and tapered, ex patella
- Define wormian
- best example= lamdoid suture
- List the 5 things that make up the axial skeleton
-
skull
vertebrae
ribs
sternum
hyoid - List the 2 things that make up the appendicular skeleton
-
pelvic girdle
pectoral girdle - List the 6 functions of bone
-
store/provide minerals, attachment for muscles,
protect soft tissues and organs,
provide body with shape,
make blood cells - where is blood mainly produced?
- cranial bones, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, proximal epiphysis of femur and humerous
- Name 3 vertebral curves
-
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis - What is Kyphosis?
- dorsal distortion of the thoracic spine
- What is lordosis
- ventral distortion in the lumbar
- What is scoliosis?
- lateral distortion of spine
- What is a slipped disc?
- Herniation of nucleous pulposus
- What is the calvaria?
-
Vault of skull
(frontal, parietal, upper occipital) - What is the function of the greater and lesser tuberosities andthe intertubercular groove?
-
Muscle attachments
bone articulations
nerve/blood vessel locations - Name the major sinus with problems
- Maxillary
- Name the weight bearing bone in the arm and leg
-
arm: radius
leg: tibia - name the fingers
-
Thumb: #1
pointer: #2
middle: #3
ring:#4
pinky:#5 - What does the head of a bone mean?
- The proximal, rounded end.
- What is the funtions of vertebral spines and processes?
- Muscle attachment
- What are the two ways joints are classified?
-
According to movement
According to structure - What is synarthrosis?
-
no movement
ex sutures - What is amphiarthrosis?
-
slight movement
ex vertebrae - what is diarthrosis?
-
free movement
ex elbow - Give an example of a bony joint
-
skull
pelvic bones - Give an example of a fibrous joint
-
radius-ulna
tibia-fibula
pubic symphasis - Give an example of a cartilagenous joint
- intevertebral discs
- Give an example of synovial joint
- knee
- List 3 features of a synovial joint.
-
synovial membrane -> produces fluid
held together by fibrous capsule
ligaments that go from bone to bone - Define bursitis
- inflammation of the bursa
- Define prepatellar bursitis
- knee bursitis
- Define olecranon bursitus
- elbow bursitis
- Define bunion
- big toe bursitis
- Define meniscus
- another cushion
- Give an example of a ball and socket joint
- hip, shoulder
- Give an example of a hinge joint
- elbow
- Give an example of a pivot joint
- radius-ulna,
- Give an example of a condyloid joint
- wrist, b/w phylanges
- Give an example of a gliding/plane joint
-
b/w carpals
b/w tarsals - Give an example of a saddle joint
- base of thumb
- Define flexion-extension
-
shorten angle of joint
increase angle of joint - Define Abduction-adduction
-
Move away from the body
move towards the body - Define pronation-supination
-
palms facing down
palms facing up - Define foot inversion-eversion
-
turning sole of foot inward
turing sole of foot outward - Define rotation
- rotating, obviously
- Define circumduction
- circular movement
- Define agonists
- muscles that work together to cause the same thing to happen eg: biceps brachii/ bracialis
- Define antagonists
- muscles that work to acheive opposite effects. eg: biceps brachii/ triceps brachii
- Define Aponeurosis
- tendon sheath that either encloses muscle ends or holds mucsles in position for support.
- Define Insertion
- where the muscle tendon attaches on the bone to cause movement
- Define Irritability
- ability for a stimulus to cause a contraction
- Define Origin
- Where the mucle attaches but does not cause movement.
- Define Prime Mover
- most important muscle involed in a particular movement
- Define tendon sheath
- covering of tendon which lubricates
- Define tonicity
- abitity of muscle to respond
- What are the 4 functions of muscle?
-
Movement(contractions)
create body heat
store glycogen
gives form to body/protects organs in abdomen - Where are the smallest muscles?
- Middle ear
- What is the largest muscle
- gluteus maximus
- What affects the arrangement of muscle fibres?
- movement and strenth required
- What produces movement?
- coordination of several muscles contracting
- what is neurovascular hilum?
- where blood vessels and nerves enter a muscle
- what is the lengh of a muscle fibre?
- anywhere from 1mm to 30cm
- what is a flexor?
- muscle that increases the angle of a joint
- what is an extensor
- a muscle that decreases the angle of a joint
- what is an abductor?
- a muscle that moves a bone away from the body
- what is an adductor?
- a muscle that moves a bone toward the body
- What is a rotator?
- a muscle that moves a bone around its longitudinal axis
-
give an example of each:
flexor
extensor
abductor
adductor
rotator -
flexor: biceps brachii
extensor: Triceps brachii
abductor: deltiod
adductor: Teres major
rotator: Teres minor - Define element
- pure subtance made of one type of atom
- Define compound
- pure subtance made of two or more types of atoms
- Define atom
- the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element
- Define molecule
-
combination of atoms that may or may not be the same
(compounds and elements such as H2, o2 etc) - Define organic
-
compound that contains carbon.
EXCEPTIONS: C0, C02, any radicals (co3) - Define inorganic
-
compound that does not contain carbon.
same exceptions - Define molecular formula
- simply shows numbers of molecules
- Define structura;l formula
- tells how the atoms are organized inn space
- Define valence
- the number of electrons in the outer orbital of an atom
- Define bonding
-
electron sharing, electron donation/acception
causes atoms to group together to form a compound - define monosachharides
- sugars made of one simple sugar eg glucose, fructose, galactose
- define disachharides
- sugars made of two simple sugars lactose, maltose sucrose
- define polysachharides
- sugars made of many simple sugars starch, glycogen, cellulose
- What does the benedict's test test for?
- Reducing sugars
- why do they change colour from blue to brick red?
- The copper sulfate (CuSO4) present in Benedict's solution reacts with electrons from the aldehyde or ketone group of the reducing sugar to form cuprous oxide (Cu2O), a red-brown precipitate.
- What does the fehling test test for
- the presence of aldehydes
- where is glycogen stored in the body?
- liver and muscle tissue
- what is the function of vaginal glycogen
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