Intro Study Guide Questions CH 8,9,10,11
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- Cardiac and skeletal muscle contains visible bands that are called what?
- Striations
- The muscular layer of the intestine is composed of what kind of muscle?
- Visceral/Smooth
- The ability of a muscle to transmit electrical current is termed what?
- Excitability
- The ability of a muscle to shorten is termed what?
- Contractability
- Binding sited on the actin molecules are covered by what when at rest?
- Troponin and Tropomyosin
- The larger of the two filaments that form a cross bridge that is made of protien is called what?
- Myosin
- The neurotransmitter that is released at the NMJ-neuromuscular junciton is called what?
- Acetylcholine
- The compound that causes the myosin head to detach from actin is called what?
- ATP - Adenosene Triphosphate
- What state are muscles that are operating anaerobically said to be in?
- In a state of Oxygen debt
- What is the polysacharride in muscles, that contains multiple glucose molecules called?
- Glycogen
- The energy storing compound that is similar to ATP is called what?
- Creatine
- The increase in muscle size that results from resistance training is termed what?
- Hypertrophy
- A contraction that shortens the muscle but does not increase the muscle tension is called what?
- Isotonic
- A muscle contraction that increases in tension is called what?
- Isometric
- A mucsle that produces a given movement is called what?
- A prime mover
- The muscle that opposes a given action is called what?
- The antagonist
- The more moveable attachment point of a muscle is called what?
- The insertion
- The pivot point of a lever system is called what?
- The fulcrum
- A term referring to a muscle that decreases the angle at a joint is called what?
- A flexer
- An adjactive that describes muscle fibers running in a straight line is called what?
- Rectus
- The prime mover in plantar flexionis what?
- Gastronemius
- The innermost muscle of the abdomen is called what?
- Transverse Abdominis
- What does the triceps brachii do?
- Extends the arm at the elbow.
- What is the cheek muscle that is used in whistling called?
- The buccinator
- The muscles located between the ribs are called what?
- Intercostal Muscles
- Specialized membranes that permit electric impulses to pass between cardiac cells is called what?
- Intercalated Discs
- A bundle of muscloe fibers is called what?
- A fasicle
- The membrane surrounding individual muscle fibers is called what?
- The Endomysium
- A single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates comprise what?
- A motor unit
- What are the two filaments that form cross-bridges are called what?
- Actin and Myosin
- What event occurs during muscle relaxation?
- Calcium is pumped into the endoplasmic reticulum
- What ion binds the topnin/tropomyosin complex?
- Calcium
- The compound that binds myosin and provides the energy for power stroke is called what?
- ATP
- What substance is produced during oxygen debt?
- Lactic acid
- Which compound stores oxygen in muscle cells?
- Myoglobin
- What happens to to your blood vessels when you exercise?
- The blood vessels dialate
- The partial contraction observed in resting muscle is called what?
- Muscle Tone
- Pushing the feet against the floor is an example of what?
- An isometric contraction
- A muscle that steadies body parts during a movement is called what?
- A Synergist
- In an anatomic lever system the fulcrum is what?
- The joint
- A term referring to a ring shaped muscle is what?
- The obicularis
- -ceps refers to what when naming muscle parts?
- Attachment points
- What is the muscle that moves the head called?
- The Sternocleidomastoid
- Where is the levator ani found?
- In the perineum
- A muscle located at the angle of the jaw and is used for chewing is what?
- The masseter
- What muscle closes the lips?
- The obicularis oris
- What is the antagonist to the adductor group of the thigh?
- The gluteus medius
- What is an antagonist to the gastrocnemius?
- The tibialis anterior
- What do the hamstring muscles do?
- Flex the leg
- Inflammation of connective tissues is called what?
- Fibrositis
- What is a spasm of visceral muscle called?
- Colic
- The word part brachi/o refers to what?
- Arm
- What are 3 types of muscle tissue and its location and function
- 1. Cardiac, heart's muscle, pumps blood throughout the body 2. Smooth, Intestines and organs 3. Skeletal, supports the framework of the body
- What is the definition of brachialgia
- Arm pain
- What system do the brain and the spinal cord belong to?
- The central nervous system
- What is the somatic nervous system also called?
- The voluntary nervous system
- What is the sceintific name for a nerve cell?
- Neuron
- The fiber that carries theimpulses toward the cell body is what?
- A dendrite
- Nerves that are both sensory ad motor fibers are described as what?
- Mixed
- A group of nerve fibers located within the CNS is called what?
- A tract
- What cells are examples of Astrocytes and Schwann cells?
- Neuroglia/Glial cells
- A sudden electrical change in the neuronal membrane that is transmitted along an axon is called what?
- The acton potential
- During the depolarising phase of the acton potentia, ions of what element enter the neuron through channels?
- Sodium
- Nerve impulse conduction is faster in axons coated in what?
- Myelin
- A point of junction between two nerve cells is called what?
- A synapse
- What are the chemicals that transmit a signal across a synapse called?
- Neurotransmitters
- What is the chemical that transmits the signal across the neuromuscular junction called?
- Acetylcholine
- The dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord contain what?
- Gray matter
- Myelinated nervous tissue is what type of matter?
- White
- Whare do the sensory impulses enter the spinal cord?
- Through the dorsal horn
- Describe a reflex arc/simple reflex.
- A rapid automatic response that involves few neurons
- Where does a neuron leaving the spinal cord carrying information away from the CNS exit from?
- The ventral horn
- What is a reflex that does not pass through the brain?
- A spinal reflex
- How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
- 31
- How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?
- 8
- Which plexus supplies the nerves to the pelvis and legs?
- The lumbosacral plexus
- Based on the neurotransmitters, the sympathetic nervous system can be classified as what?
- Adrenerggic
- What are the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic system called?
- Terminal Ganglia
- An increase in heart rate would be mediated by which branch of the ANS?
- The sympathetic branch
- What is the viral disease that infects the motor neurons that can lead to paralysis is what?
- Poliomeylitis
- What is paralysis of both arms called?
- Diplegia
- A viral infection that can cause numbness and paralysis, and cal lead to the loss of control of involuntary functions, and bladder control is what?
- Gaillain-Barre Syndrome; A disease of the spinal nerves
- What does the word part -lemma mean?
- Sheath
- What is the division of nerves that exclusively controls skeletal muscles?
- The somatic nervous system
- Which part of the nervous system contains ALL of the spinal nerves and cranial nerves?
- The peripheral nervous system
- What is a fiber that conducts nerve impulses away from a cell body called?
- An axon
- What are neurons that conduct impulses to the spinal cord and brain called?
- Afferent neurons
- What type of nerve only contains efferent fibers?
- Motor nerves
- What is the membrane that surronds an entire nerve called?
- An epineurium
- A collection of neuron cell bodies OUTSIDE the central nervous system is called what?
- A ganglion
- Before the start of an action potential, what state is the neuron membrane in?
- At rest
- Why do the potassium channels open late in the action potential?
- To cause the membrane to repolarize
- What is the outtermost part of the myelin sheath called?
- The neurilemma
- Where does the transmission usually occur at a synapse?
- From the presynaptic to the postsynaptic cell
- What are the specific proteins on the postsynaptic membrane that the neurotransmitters bind to called?
- Receptors
- What is contained within the central canal of the spinal cord?
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- What is the deep groove that divides the left and right portions of the ventral white matter called?
- The anterior median fissure
- How do the motor impulses travel through the spinal cord?
- In descending tracts
- Name the correct order of impulse conduction through a reflex arc?
- Receptor, Sensory neuron, Interneuron, Motor neuron, Effector
- Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons found?
- In the dorsal root ganglion
- What muscles does the brachial plexus supply motor impulses to?
- The shoulder muscles
- Where does the phrenic nerve arise from?
- The cervical plexus
- Sciatica reflects neuritis in a nerve from where?
- The lumbosacral plexus
- Sympathetic motor neurons originate from cell bodies in what region of the spinal cord?
- The thoracic and lumbar regions
- What are the parasympathetic ganglia called?
- Terminal ganglia
- Abnormal antibodies that attack the meylin sheath around the neurons in the CNS is most likely what?
- Multiple Sclerosis
- A person who can not move their arms or legsis termed as what?
- Tetraplegia
- What are the three ways that neurotransmitters are removed from a synaptic cleft?
- Diffusion, Destroyed by enzymes, Recycled
- The midbrain, the pons and the medulla oblangata are all part of what?
- The brain stem
- Where are th hypothalamus and the thalamus located?
- In the diecephalon
- The three layers of connective tissue enclosing the brain and the spinal cord are called what?
- The meninges
- What is the outter-most layer of the meninges called?
- Duramatter
- What is the fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord called?
- CSF
- What is the passage connecting the third and fourth ventricles called?
- The cerebral aquaduct
- What is a shallow groove on the surface of the brain called?
- A sulci
- What is an elevation on the surface of the brain called?
- A gyri
- What is the outer layer of the cerebrum, that contains cell bodies and unmyelinated neurons called?
- The cerebral cortex
- Impulses from the ear travel to which lobe?
- The temporal lobe
- What lobe is the primary sensory area found?
- The parietal lobe
- What is the area of the temporal lobe that interprets sound called?
- The auditory association area
- The ability to speak a language with difficulty understanding it, suggets damage to what area?
- The wernickle area
- What area do sensory impulses travel through in the diencephalon?
- The thallamus
- What is the sea horse shaped area of the brain that is involved in learning and long termed memory?
- The hippocampus
- What is the concentration of nuclei that regulates sleep, appetite, the ANS and other homeostatic functions?
- The hypothalamus
- What is the most superior portion of the brain stem called?
- The mid brain
- Where are the vasomotor and cardiac centers are located?
- The medulla oblangata
- Where do the cranial nerves V through VIII originate from?
- The pons in the brain stem
- Which portion of the brain contains the vermis and two lateral hemispheres?
- The cerebellum
- What is the responsability of the cerebellum?
- The maintenance of muscle tone and the coordination of signals from the motor cortex
- What machine measures electric currents generated by neurons?
- An EEG
- How is the metabolic activity of the brain measured?
- By a P.E.T
- Which nervers contain only sensory fibers?
- 1,2,8
- Which cranial nerve controls the production of gastric juices and the activity of the heart?
- 10
- What is inflammation of the brain called?
- Encephalitis
- The extraction of CSF is a procedure called what?
- A lumbar puncture
- A newborn that shows muscle tone loss, and the inability to consistently move it's feet from painful stimuli is most likely the cause of what?
- Cerebral palsy
- What is the word part that means tounge?
- gloss
- What system do the hippocampus and the recticular formation belong to?
- The limbic system
- What is the "little brain" that is located beneath the posterior part of the cerebrial hemisphere?
- The cerebellum
- What is the function of the dural sinuses?
- To drain blood from the brain
- What is the layer of the dura matter that closely follows the contours of the brain called?
- Pia Matter
- CSF flows from the latteral ventricles to the third ventricle how?
- By a foramina
- What is the vascular network that forms that CSF called?
- A choroid plexus
- A DEEP groove in the brain is called what?
- A fissure
- The central sulcus separates what?
- The frontal and parietal lobes
- Which lobe of the cerebrum lies posterior to the parietal lobe and extends over the cerebellum?
- The occiptal lobe
- Were is the visual area of the cortex?
- In the occiptal lobe
- A difficulty forming words would indicate an injury to what area?
- The broca area
- Where are impulses from the skin received?
- In the primary sensory area of the parietal lobe
- The thalamus forms the wall of which ventricle?
- The third
- How are the autonomic nervous system and the pituitary gland controlled?
- By the hypothalamus
- How are the midbrain and the medulla oblangata connected?
- By the pons
- What part of the brain stem contains the relay centers for the eye's and ear's reflexes?
- The midbrain
- The vital centers that regulate respiration and the heart are located where?
- In the medulla oblangata
- A slice of brain that contains an outer layer of gray matter and an inner layer of white matter in a tree like patter is from what part of the brain?
- The cerebellum
- Which cranial nerves contain all or mostly motor fibers?
- 3,4,6,11,12
- Which cranial nerve supplies motor impulses to the tounge?
- The hypoglossal nerve
- Multi infarct dementia results from what?
- A series of small cerebrovascular accidents
- Bleeding into the space between the dura matter and the skull results in what?
- An epidural hematoma
- An excess of fluid in the eye is known as what?
- Glaucoma
- An injury to the cranial nerve VII would result in what?
- Hemiplegia to the face
- What is the meaning of the word part "gyr/o"
- Circle
- Glossoplegia means what?
- Paralasis of the tounge
- Which muscle regulates the size of the pupil?
- The iris
- What is the jelly like material that fills the eyebal called?
- The Vitreous body
- What is the transparent portion of the sclera that covers the anterior part of the eye called?
- The cornea
- The fluid that fills the space anterior to the lens is what?
- The aqueous humor
- The tunic of the eye that contains photoreceptors is what?
- The retina
- What is the membrane that covers the eyelid called?
- Conjunctiva
- What is the bending of light rays as they pass through the eye called?
- Refraction
- What cranial nerve carries visual impulses from the retina to the brain?
- Cranial nerve II, Optic nerve
- How are visual impulses transmitted?
- From the retina to the cortex of the occiptal lobe
- What is the ear ossicle that is in contact with the oval window?
- The stepes
- What are the three bones of the middle ear collectively called?
- Ossicles
- What is the external part of the ear called?
- Pinna
- The middle ear cavity and pharynx are connected by a channel called what?
- The eustacian tube
- The coiled portion of the inner ear, that contains the hearing organ of hearing (corti) is called what?
- Conchlea
- Receptors in muscles, tendons and joints that helps to judge the position of the body are called?
- Proprioceptors
- What are the naturally occuring painkillers that are released in the body called?
- Endorphins
- When a receptor gradually stops responding to a continual stimulus, the process is called what?
- Sensory adaptation
- Farsightednessthat develops with age is called what?
- Presbyopia
- An irregular curvature of the lens or cornea is a condition called what?
- Astigmatism
- An infection of the middle ear cavity is called what?
- Otitis Media
- What is a myringotomy?
- Cutting the tympanic membrane to relieve excess pressure
- What is the sceintific name for a "swimmers ear"
- Otitis Externa
- Opacity (cloudiness) of the eye is called what?
- A cataract
- The suffix "-opia" means what?
- Disorder of the eye/vision
- Which area of the tounge is particularly sensative to sweets?
- The tip
- What is the middle pigmented layer of the eye called?
- Choroid
- What is the blind spot of the eye called?
- The optic disc
- What is the point of sharpest vision called?
- Fovea Centralis
- Where are tears produced?
- In the lacrimal glands
- What are the receptors for vision called?
- Rods and Cones
- What is the pigment found in rods called?
- Rhodopsin
- What is the extrensic eye muscle that covers the bottom part of the eyeball called?
- The inferior oblique
- What is an example of an intrinsic eye muscle?
- The iris
- Which nerve governs most of the extrensic eye muscles?
- The oculomotor nerve
- The pain resulting from a poke in the eye would be transmitted along which cranial nerve?
- The opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve
- What is the sceintific name for the ear drum?
- The tympanic membrane
- What is the ossicle of the ear that is connected with the tympanic membrabe called?
- The malleus
- What do the ceruminous glands secrete?
- Wax
- What is the receptor for hearing called?
- The organ of Corti
- What is the VIIIth cranial nerve named?
- The vestibulocochlear nerve
- Where are the receptors for static equilibrium located?
- In the vestibule
- Shaking the head in a "no" motion will be sensed by what?
- The cristae
- What are the receptors that detect the position of the head in relation to gravity called?
- The maculae
- What do the semicircular canals detect?
- Spinning movements
- The sensation of falling while standing still will activate receptors called waht?
- Maculae
- Holding you arm motionless in the airwill be detected by which receptors?
- Proprioceptors
- When your muscle contracts, which receptor will inform you of the amount of muscle tension?
- Proprioceptors
- What are the receptors for pain called?
- Free nerve endings
- What is a heridity disorder that prevents normal vibration of the stapes called?
- Otosclerosis
- Night blindness is due to a deficiency of what?
- Vitamin A
- Color blindness is due to a deficiency of what?
- Cones
- How does the sensory system help to maintain homeostasis?
- Helps to detect changes in the environment and reacts to the changes; Sweating
- What are the four structures that support the eye and what do they do?
- Skull bones for protection, Eyelashes to keep foreign matter out, Eyelids help to keep the eyes lubricated, conjunctiva produces the mucus to lubricate the eye
- What are the four structures that refract light in the eye?
- Cornea, Aqueous humor, Lense, Vitreous body