A&P 1 2
Terms
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- osteoblasts
- immature bone cells
- osteocytes
- mature bone cells
- osteoclasts
- bone cells that break
- chondroblasts
- immature cartilage cells
- chondrocytes
- mature bone cells
- periosteum
- outside layer of bone
- endosteum
- inside layer of bone
- perichondium
- outside layer of cartilage
- endochondrium
- inside layer of cartilage
- bone growth type
- appositional
- cartilage growth type
- appositional and interstial
- bone vascularity
- bone tissue gets blood by vessels
- cartilage vascularity
- cartilage tissue gets blood through diffusion
- diaphysis
- located in the shaft
- epiphysis
- ends
- metaphysis
- between diaphysis & epiphysis in bone
- epiphyseal plate/line
- area of growth in shaft-made of cartilage
- anatomy
- the study of internal & external structures
- physiology
- the study of their functions
- gross anatomy
- microscopic
- organs
- different groups of tissues form
- organ systems
- organs grouped together
- tissues
- cells of similar form and function
- 4 types of tissue
-
1.Epithelial
2.Connective
3.Muscle
4.Nervous - plasma membrane
-
-forms the outer surface of cell
-separates inside of cell from the outside of cell
-semipermable membrane-water passes freely through - cytoplasm
-
inside of cell
made up of cytosol & organelles - cytosol
- mostly water & some solutes (dissolved)
- organelles
- structures within all specific functions
- nucleus
- site of genetic material
- physical isolation
- stops fibers from entering cell
- main functions of plasma membrane
-
1.physical isolation
2.regulation of exchange w/enviroment
3.sensitivity
4.structural support - regulaton of exchange within enviroment
-
extracellular area
requires energy in the form of ATP - sensitivity
-
allows cells to work together
receptor cells that help you with cell to cell communication - structural support
- supports in the intracellular area
- cell transport
-
how ions and nutrients move in and out of cells
Active and passive - active transport
-
energy is required to transport solutes
Energy=ATP - passive transport
- doesnt require energy-requires concentration gradient
- diffusion
- tendency of atoms, molecules, ions and solutes to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
- osmosis
-
type of diffusion with water molecules
moves from areas of high to low - isotonic
-
no concentration gradient on outside of cell
solution has same water concentration as inside of cell
cells wanna be isotonic - hypertonic
-
-solution has less water compared to inside of cell
-water will move out of cell
-cell will shrink - hypotonic
-
-solution has more water compared to inside of cell
-water will move inside of cell
-cell will swell - hemolysis
- red blood cells are put in hypotonic solutions causing them to burst
- crenation
- red blood cells put into hypertonic solutons causing them to shrink
- parts of integument
-
skin
accessory structures (skin, nails, etc) - function of the skin
-
-protective covering
-retards water loss
-houses sensory receptors
-synthesizes chemicals (vit D)
-contains immune system cells(langerhorn cells)
-excretes small quantities of waste - layers of skin
-
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis - layers of dermis
-
-papillary layer
-reticular layer - papillary layer of the dermis
-
-layer closest to the epidermis-feeds epidermal cells
-loose connective tissue
-capillaries that feed stratum germinativum - stratum germinativium
-
-layer closest to dermis
-nourished by dermal blood vessels
-cell division occurs here - stratum spinosum
-
-layer closer to S. germinativium
-displaced cells manufacture keratin filaments - stratum granulosum
-
layer closest to the s. spinosum
-keratinocytes flatten (dying), keratin filaments interlock - stratum lucidum
-
-layer closest to s. granulosum
-only found in thick skin
-densely packed, flattened cells
-filaments thicken=keratin fibers interlocking - stratum corneum
-
-layer closest to s. lucidum
-flattened, dead cells and interlocking keratin fibers shed - keratinocytes
- make keratin, make epithelial tissue waterproof
- melanocytes
-
make melanin
respond to uv radiation
sythesize vitamin D - merkel cells
- sensory cells
- langerhan cells
- epithelial, immune cells
- dermis
-
-connective tissue
-1-2 mm thick
-vascular-blood nerves
-muscles
-sensory receptors - reticular layer
-
below papillary layer
dense connective tissue-leather - hypodermis
-
-not part of integument
-blood, vessels, nerves, fibers
-loose connective tissue
-adipocyte cells are abundant-help to insulate - skin glands
-
-subaceous
-sweat - sebaceous glands
-
-associated with hair folicles
-secretes sebum
-keeps hair soft, pliable and waterproof - sweat glands
-
-eccrine sweat glands
-apocrine sweat glands - eccrine sweat glands
-
-most numerous
-found all over body
-concentrated on forehead, neck, and back
-maintain body temp - apocrine sweat glands
-
-active at puberty
-axillary region, groin, nipples
-communication w/ other windows - modified sweat glad
-
-cerumious glands of ear-earwax
-mammary glands-breast milk - connective tissue components
-
-cells
-protein fibers
-ground substance - three categories of connective tissue
-
-connective tissue proper
-fluid connective tissue
-support connective tissue - connective tissue proper
-
-loose and dense
-packing of material of body
-ground substance is most volume
-fibers are loosely organized
-3 types
areolar, adipose, and reticular - areolar tissue
-
-located in the dermis
-allows movement and gives support
-contains cells that provide defense - adipose tissue
-
located beneath the skin (sides, butt,and boobs)
-insolaton
-stores energy - adipose vs. areolar
-
adipocytes account for most of the volume of adipse tissue
areolar tissue becomes adipose from over heating
-tissue doesnt become areolar when dieting-only get deflated-easier to gain weight if fat once - reticular tissue
-
-located in liver, kidney, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
-provides supporting framework with no independent movement - dense connective tissue
-
2 types
dense regular
dense irregular - dense regular tissue
-
-tendons, ligament, covering skeletal muscles
-firm attachment, conducts pull of muscle, reduces friction between muscles, stabilizes position of bones - dense irregular tissue
-
-dermis of skin, sheath around bone, sheath around cartilage, sheath around nerves
-strength when forces applied from many directions - fluid connected tissue
-
-blood and lymph
-details covered in circulatory system
-cells red and white; fibers-clotting; ground substance-plasma
-fibers are not normal unless injury - supporting connective tissue
-
-cartilage and bone
-provides strong framework
-contains mainly fibers - 3 types of cartilage
- hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
- hyaline cartilage
-
-flexible but weakest
-connection between ribs and sternum
-conduct passages of respiratory system
-covering of bone surfaces in elbow and knees
-nasal septum
-Function
Stif but flexible support
reduce friction between bony surface - elastic cartilage
-
-numerous elastic fibers
-resilient and flexible
-location
external earflap
epiglottis
auditory tube
cartilages of larynx
tip of nose?
-function
provides support
allows for distortion without damage
returns to normal shape - fibrocartilage
-
-very durable
-location
pads w/i knee joints
between pubic and pelvic bones
intervertebral discs
-function
resists compression
prevents bone to bone contact
limist relative movement - bone cells
- osteocytes
- bone fibers
- collegen
- ground substance
- insoluable crystals
- bone functions
-
-protect and support soft tissues
-provide pt of attachment for muscles
-contains blood producing cells
-stores inorganic salts - compact bone
-
mainly in diaphysis
tightly packed fibers
subjected to heavy weight - spongy bone
-
mainly in endosteum of bone
contains branching fibers
transfer heavy weight and space reduce weight of bone - medullary cavity
-
hollow chamber in compact bone
contains marrow(makes RBC) - anatomical position
-
legs together
feet flat on the floor
hands at side
palms facing forward - movements performed
- by skeletal muscles pullin on bones
- 2 types of movement
-
angular
rotation - angular movement
-
abduction-away from midline
adduction-toward midline
flexion-decrease angle
extention-increase in angle - rotation
-
moving a part around axis
includes rotation of head(right,left) and rotation of wrist (pronation/supination) - ossification intramembraneous
- making of bone from dermal tissue
- ossification endochondral
- making of bone from cartilage
- 6 weeks to 30 weeks
-
1. chondrocytes in endochondrium divide
2.chondroblasts are formed
3.chondroblasts secrete cartilage matrix
4.matrix calcifies
5.endosteum enlargens