Jr. Horsebowl Supplemental Questions
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- Which hay would commonly have a higher calcium content, timothy or clover?
- Clover
- What type of forage has bacteria in its root nodules that can use nitrogen from the air & contain a high level of energy, protein & calcium?
- Legumes
- What is the foundation of any horse ration?
- Good quality forage
- Hay that is beige in color can be indicative of what 2 factors?
- Hay is sun-bleached or leached of nutrients by rainfall that occurred after c utting or prolonged storage
- In reference to hay, what part of the plant is the least digestibl e for a horse?
- Stems
- At what stage of growth is hay most easily digested by the horse?
- Immature hay, pre-bloom, boot stage
- How should concentrate feeds be measured for horses?
- By weight not volume
- What by-product can be added to a horse's ration as a source of ad ditional fiber?
- Beet pulp or wheat bran
- Name a main factor to consider when storing hay.
- To protect hay from moisture, heating or the elements
- Give 3 examples of a dry processing of grain.
- Grinding, roasting, crimping, dry rolling, cracking
- What is an oat groat?
- Oats with the hulls removed
- Give 2 advantages of using hay cubes.
- Easy to store, less storage space, easier to handle, decrease waste
- What is meant by the phrase, forage quality?
- Characteristics of hay that affect consumption & nutritional value
- For proper digestive tract function, horses require a minimum of what per cent of their body weight per day in long-stemmed dry matter?
- 1 percent
- Explain how plant maturity is visually determined for grass & leg ume hays .
- Amount of seed heads of grasses & flowers of legumes present at the t ime of h arvest
- Name 3 important factors that affect hay quality.
- Stage of maturity at time of harvest, forage species & variety, leafi ness, ha rvest conditions, storage conditions, presence of foreign objects, weeds, pest or dust
- Name 3 ways that hay can be processed.
- Small square bales, hay cubes, pelleted hay, big round or rectangular bales, chopped hay, silage
- Which feed additive is commonly used to reduce dust & increase pa lability of the feed?
- Molasses
- What type of forage is prone to make horses slobber a great deal?
- Clover
- Give 4 advantages of a grass & legume mixed pasture.
- Better seasonal distribution of forages, eliminates need for nitrogen fertili zer, contains higher protein, calcium & magnesium levels, improves digestibility & taste
- Name 4 reasons why a horse may not have cleaned up its feed.
- Overfed, something wrong with feed (taste, mold, weeds), horse is sick, tooth problems, horse has limited access to water
- How is plant maturity of a hay sample visually determined?
- By amount of seed heads of grasses or the flowers of legumes present at the t ime of harvest
- Grass hays can be divided into 2 different types. What are the ty pes & give 2 examples of each.
- Cool season - timothy, brome, canary grass, orchard grass, tall fescu e, redto p & Warm season bahi, Bermuda grass, pangolograss, johnsongrass
- What happens when hay is over-cured & baled with too low a moistu re conte nt?
- Leaves shatter & fall off
- There are 4 classes of horses based on their nutritional class or status in life. Name these 4 classes.
- Growing (weanling, yearlings), mature idle, producing (late gestation mares & lactating mares), working
- Name 4 ways corn can be fed to horses.
- Cracked, shelled, ground, rolled, ear corn, crimped, whole
- Which species of pasture grass contains a fungal endophyte that c an cause problems in horses, especially pregnant mares?
- Tall fescue
- Name 4 different types of grass forages.
- Bermuda grass, blue grass, brome, orchard grass, reed canary, sudan g rass, ta ll fescue, timothy
- Which of the following common cereal grains fed to horses is lowe st in cr ude protein: barley, corn, oats or wheat?
- Corn
- The visual appraisal of hay is more than just looking at the hay. Name 2 other components of a visual appraisal.
- Feel & smell
- Name 5 factors that influence the nutritional requirement of a ho rse.
- Size, age, breed, lactation, type of use or activity, gestation, envi ronment (temperature & weather), metabolic rate of individual
- When feeding barley to horses, in what form should it be fed?
- Crimped or rolled because it has a tough hull
- What cattle feed additive is highly toxic to horses?
- Ionophores such as monesin, lasalocid, bovatec (accept any of these)
- What physical part of hay contains the highest level of carbohydr ates & p rotein?
- Leaves
- In reference to feed processing, what is the term for grain that passes t hrough rollers with corrugated surfaces?
- Crimped
- In what part of the stallion's reproductive tract, do sperm under go modif ications or maturation?
- Epididymis
- In the newborn foal, what site allows easy access for bacterial i nvasion into the body?
- Navel stump
- When does the mare produce colostrum?
- During the first 24 - 48 hours after birth of foal
- What is a wet mare?
- Mare nursing a foal
- During which stage of the mare's reproductive cycle will she exhi bit ever sion of the vulva?
- Estrus
- What is the function of the cilia in the oviducts?
- Transport the ovum down the oviduct & for moving sperm in the opposit e direct ion
- The ovary is responsible for the production of which 2 female hor mones?
- Estrogen & progesterone
- During its first week of life, how often does a foal normally nur se?
- As often as 7 times per hour
- What is passive transfer of immunity?
- When a newborn foal receives antibodies from the mare through the col ostrum
- What is the purpose of the Caslick operation?
- To seal the vulva thus preventing air & debris from being sucked into the internal reproductive tract of the mare
- When should a mare's feed ration increase above its normal requir ements d uring gestation?
- During last 3 months of the pregnancy & into lactation
- How long prior to foaling should mares be removed from fescue pas tures?
- 60-90 days
- What hormone in the mare is responsible for stimulating ovulation & suppo rting the initial stages of corpus luteum development?
- LH (luteinizing hormone)
- How often does a mare's estrous cycle repeat during the season of the rep roductive activity?
- Every 21-23 days
- The mare's estrous cycle is divided into 2 distinct time periods, name th em.
- Estrus & diestrus
- How many hours of light are necessary per day to bring a mare int o heat p rior to the normal breeding season & what other function does this increased amount of light initiate?
- Need 16 hours of light for the onset of the estrus cycle & it also in itiates shedding of the winter hair coat
- After what age does a mare's reproductive ability start to decrea se?
- 15-18 years
- How long does it take a foal's immune system to become functional & able to produce significant levels of antibodies?
- 2 to 4 months of age
- How does the scrotum regulate testicular temperature?
- By raising or lowering the testicles close to or away from the body & also by sweating
- At what part of a mare's estrous cycle is she not responsive to the stallion?
- Diestrus
- Rubbing what part of the newborn foal helps to stimulate suckling attempt s while it searches for the mare's udder?
- What is spermatogenesis?
- Process of producing sperm cells
- What is the primary function of the sole of the foot?
- Protection
- What is the term for the structure that protects the vital organs ?
- Skeleton
- What is the term for the junction between the head & neck that re aches fr om ear to ear?
- Throatlatch
- Name 7 parts of the foot.
- Apex of frog, bar, bulb, buttress, cleft of frog, commissures, corone t, frog, heel, periople, quar sole, toe, wall, white line
- What part of the horse's digestive tract has the largest capacity ?
- Large colon
- Name the parts of the digestive tract in order starting from the stomach.
- Stomach, small intestine, cecum, large colon, small colon, rectum
- What is meant by the phrase, a horse is full-mouthed?
- Horse has all of its permanent teeth, occurs at about 5 years old
- At what age does the corner deciduous incisors erupt?
- 6-9 months
- Male horses commonly have 2 wolf teeth, where are they located?
- In upper jaw just in front of the premolars
- Which teeth erupt at 1, 2 & 3 1/2 years of age & are never shed?
- Molars
- From what part of the horse's digestive tract are gut sounds main ly heard ?
- Cecum
- At what age does the intermediate deciduous incisors erupt?
- 4-6 weeks
- What is the term that describes when each permanent set of the up per & lo wer incisors have contact with each other?
- In wear
- Leydig cells in the stallion are responsible for the production o f what 2 hormones?
- Testosterone & estrogen
- How long does food stay in the horse's stomach before passing on into the small intestines?
- 15 minutes
- How many liters of blood does an average 1000 pound horse's body have?
- 50 liters
- In reference to evolution of the breed, why is it believed that f or their body size, Arabian horses have large hooves?
- To enable them to travel more easily over desert sands
- On which breed of horse could you find a 'blue zone'?
- Paint
- What are the coat color requirements for an American saddlebred?
- There are none, they can come in any color including pinto
- What color eyes can a true white horse have?
- Brown, hazel or blue (not pink)
- What breed of horse is registered on a temporary basis until they reach t he age of 5 years to ensure they aren't too tall?
- Miniature horse
- More than 60% of this breed of racehorse is bay in color. Name th is breed .
- Standardbred
- What breed characteristically has vertically striped hooves?
- Appaloosa (also POA)
- At the turn of the century, what was the standard that the Standa rdbred h orse had to meet in order to become registered?
- Be able to trot or pace a mile in 2:30 minutes
- What coat color pattern of the pinto has irregular, scattered or splashy white markings that commonly do not cross the back between the withers & tail?
- Overo
- What breed of American horse is registered with the USTA?
- Standardbred
- Approximately, how much does an average mature American miniature horse w eigh?
- 200-350 pounds
- What breed was developed from the mixture of Barb, Andalusian & S panish J ennet?
- Paso Fino
- What is the term for the type of vision where the horse sees the same sce ne with both eyes?
- Binocular
- What type of shoe transfers the horse's weight to the frog?
- Heart bar shoe
- When trailering, leg wraps should cover what parts of the horse?
- Wraps should extend from the knees or hocks downward, covering the co ronet ba nd & bulbs of the heels
- Name 4 changes that can be observed in the horse as it ages.
- Drooping lower lip, lower or swayed back, deepening of hollow above t he eyes, gray hairs around eyes & muzzle, increased angle of bite of incisors, harder to keep weigh t on or loss of weight, stiffness in legs or joints
- Give 2 terms for the person who trims & applies shoes to a horse' s hooves .
- Farrier & blacksmith
- In what position does a healthy foal normally sleep?
- On its side
- When shipping one horse in a two horse trailer, on which side of the trai ler should the horse be loaded?
- Left side
- In relation to weather conditions, when is the horse's cooling ability significantly reduced to the point where it can be fatal if the horse is stressed?
- When environmental temperature & relative humidity combined is greate r than 1 80
- What notable person said "the outside of the horse is good for th e inside of man"?
- Will Rogers
- When would you commonly see a 'head bumper' being used on a horse & give a reason why.
- During trailering -- horse tends to throw its head up or rear during loading or unloading, horse is too tall for the trailer, in barns with low ceilings or doorways, gen eral saf ety
- What is the main purpose of a horseshoeing apron?
- Protection of the farrier
- In reference to horse shoeing, ideally the nails should exit the hoof how far above the shoe?
- 3/4 to 1 inch above the shoe
- What is the term for the measurement from the chest floor to the top of t he withers?
- Heart girth or depth of heart
- When does a horse begin to grow a winter coat?
- When the days begin to shorten
- What problem can occur when using a tail wrap during trailering?
- Too tight of a tail wrap can cut off circulation in the tail & cause tail hai r to fall out
- Where are most "working horses" found in the US?
- Cattle ranches
- Name 3 events where rubber reins are commonly used.
- Racing, cross-country, jumping, steeplechasing
- How much room should be allowed on either side of the widest part of a rider's foot in an English stirrup?
- 1/4 inch
- In what type of western class is a tie down commonly seen being used?
- Speed events
- What problem would you suspect if a horse is wearing a bar shoe with heel support & a rocker toe & is medicated with isoxsuprine?
- Navicular disease
- A corn would be found in what area of the horse's foot?
- In the heel area
- Name 4 circumstances that can influence the onset of laminitis.
- Colic, changes in feed type or feeding routine, sudden weather change s, poiso ns, allergies, lush, pastures, excessive grain intake, enterotoxemia, excessive foot concussion, infections, dystocia, retained placenta
- Bench or offset knees predispose the horse to develop what blemi sh?
- Splints
- What is the term for the presence of blood in the respiratory tr act of t he horse after exercise?
- Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH), epistaxis or bleeder
- Name 4 types of colic.
- Digestive, displacement/twisted, excessive fermentation, impaction/in testinal obstruction, incarceration, spasmodic, sand, exercised induced
- In reference to wounds or injury, give 4 purposes of bandaging.
- Immobilizes region to aid healing, keeps wound clean, protects from i nfection , protects from, further trauma, controls hemorrhage, reduces swelling, support
- Define unsoundness.
- Any deviation in structure or function that interferes with the horse 's inten ded use or performan
- Which bones are affected by ringbone?
- Pastern bones
- Name 4 factors which may affect the healing of a wound.
- Blood supply to the wound, skin temperature, size of wound, infection , diseases, incorrect wound, care, availability of loose connective tissue to allow wound closure, as sociated soft tissue damage
- Give 4 symptoms of a horse with tetanus.
- Muscle stiffness & rigidity, constant excitement, stiff, stilted gait , elevat ed tail, erect ear prolapse of third eyelid, excessive reaction to noise or other stimuli, classic sawhorse stance, jaw muscles lock, unable to eat
- What type of wound can be caused by poorly fitted tack?
- Abrasion
- Once a vaccination is given, the level of protective antibodies in the b loodstream declines over time to a level which is no longer protective. What type of injection is needed when this occurs?
- Booster shot
- What is the first step in treating an abscess?
- Opening the affected area to allow it to drain
- Which parasite of the horse comes in 2 types -- biting & sucking ?
- Lice
- Good sanitation is a key to any successful fly control program. Name 3 s uccessful means of controlling flies.
- Elimination of breeding materials (manure, hay, garbage), control of moisture , mechanical control, judicious use of insecticides
- Name 5 types of flies that are pests to horses.
- Black fly, horse fly, face fly, horn fly, deer fly, gnat, bot fly, ho use fly, stable fly
- Name 4 areas of the horse where lice are usually FIRST noticed.
- Head, mane, neck & tail
- What is the determining factor in the ratio of the top to the bo ttom lin e of the horse's neck?
- Slope of the horse's shoulder
- Describe bench knees.
- Cannon bone is set too far to the outside of the knee
- A base narrow horse is predisposed to landing on what part of th e foot?
- On the outside of the hoof wall
- A horse that stand with their knees in an outward deviation as v iewed fr om the front is called what?
- Bow legged
- What is the term for a horse that is bowed in at the hocks & can non bone s instead of being parallel?
- Cow hocked
- Describe a horse with lop-ears.
- Horse's ears are positioned on the side of the head pointing outward
- What is the term used to describe the canter of the Tennessee Wa lking ho rse?
- Rocking chair canter
- Describe the ideal withers.
- Sharp, prominent & well-defined
- What are the 4 steps in a systematic approach to evaluating a ho rse's co nformation?
- Watch horse move for soundness, structural deviations & way of going, view fr om the profile, view from the front, view from the rear
- What is the term for a horse with too much angle in the hock joi nt?
- Sickle-hocked
- Prominence of the jaw & heavy muscling are male traits & are ref erred to by what term?
- Masculinity
- What is the general purpose of a pre-purchase exam?
- Determine overall soundness & health of a horse prior to sale transac tion
- A horse that stands too close at the knees is called what?
- Knock kneed
- When a horse's entire forelimb is too far forward & away from th e body, this problem is called what?
- Camped out
- Name 3 key factors to consider when purchasing a horse.
- Budget, experience of the rider, level of training of horse, breed or breed-t ype, age & size of ri age of horse, intended use of horse
- A horse that stands back at the knees is called what?
- Calf kneed
- The bottom line of a horse's neck is measured from what 2 points ?
- Throatlatch to the neck-shoulder junction at the chest
- What is meant by the term, full board?
- Stable where the horse is kept will take care of all the horse's need s (shelt er, feeding, stall cleaning, turn-out & perhaps exercise)
- To what & where does a goose neck trailer attach?
- To a ball or fifth-wheel in the bed of a pick up or truck
- In addition to keeping a horse in the stall, give 2 other functi ons of a stall guard.
- Allows more air circulation in stall, allows horse to hang its head o ver or o ut of the stall with solid door
- What strap is seen on a western bridle that is not seen on a sna ffle bri dle?
- Curb strap
- In addition to the purchase price of the horse, name 3 essential purchas es other than hay & grain a new horse owner would need to make.
- Halter & lead, bridle, saddle, fittings, saddle pad or harness, bucke ts for w ater & feed, fly spr grooming tools, helmet, bedding
- What is the name of a colorful woven blanket used with a western saddle that is made from wool?
- Navajo
- What structure acts as a safety device because it will help to p revent t he horse from falling out of a trailer when the door is open?
- Butt bar or butt chain
- Name 3 different types of English saddle pads.
- Sheepskin, hair pad, foam pad, imitation sheepskin/fleece, felt pad, therapeu tic pad
- What type of saddle is specially designed with a flat seat, forw ard shor t flaps & no extra knee roll?
- Close contact saddle
- Name 4 features of a horse trailer that provide added safety for the hor se.
- Butt bar, chest/wall padding, screened windows, rubber mats, safety/q uick rel ease ties
- Where would you find the twist on an English saddle?
- On the top of the saddle at the junction of the seat & the pommel
- To what part of the English bridle does the throatlatch attach?
- Crown piece
- What is the purpose of the crupper on a pack saddle?
- To keep the saddle from sliding forward
- Name 4 considerations when buying bedding.
- Absorbency, availability, dust-free, easily disposed of, unpalatable, cost, c omfortable, combustibility
- What type of English saddle is designed to give the rider optimu m leg co ntact with the horse?
- Dressage saddle
- Name 3 positions that horses can ride in a horse trailer?
- Slant, head to head, head to tail, face forward-side by side
- What type of reins are covered with a pebble surface over the ha nd grip portion & are used in racing to provide a secure grip?
- Rubber reins
- What is the term for the type of sheet that is used during outdo or exerc ise in cold weather that runs from the withers to the hindquarters?
- Half-sheet (NOT quarter sheet- it does not go over withers)
- What is the benefit from using a copper mouthpiece in a bit?
- Increases salivation
- What is the strongest wooden material used for building stalls?
- Rough cut oak
- What would you find a latigo & what is its purpose?
- Latigo is found on western saddle & it is the strap that ties up the cinch on the left side of the saddle
- What is bedding?
- Material used to cover the stall floor to provide comfort to the hors e & abso rb moisture
- Explain the difference between a split ear bridle & a slip ear b ridle.
- Split ear-crown piece is split allowing one ear to pass through the c rown pie ce, Slip ear-small l designed to go around one ear is added to the crown piece
- Name 2 types of martingale that attaches to the reins.
- Irish martingale, German martingale, Running martingale
- What are 2 major preparation steps needed before installing rubb er mats in a stall?
- Level the floor, make sure floor is well-packed, good drainage
- Where on a western saddle would you find the hobble strap?
- At the bottom of the fender above the stirrup
- What is another name for a true hackamore?
- Jaquima
- When constructing a horse stall, what spacing should be used for the bar s on the partitions & give one reason why?
- 3 -4 inch spacing between bars so that a rearing or pawing horse cann ot get a foot stuck between the bars
- What piece of equipment is used in conjunction with a pack saddl e to pre vent it from sliding forward?
- Breeching (not crupper-generally not used with pack saddles)
- Give 2 purposes of pasture land.
- Nutrition & exercise
- What is the purpose of the anti-sweat sheet?
- To wick moisture away from the horse's body after a heavy workout, to speed u p cooling process through evaporation
- What piece of equipment needs to be used with a running martinga le to pr event the martingale from interfering with the bit?
- Rein stops
- What is the term for the type of mouthpiece that does not have a port & is not jointed in the middle but has a slight bow?
- Mullen mouth
- Name 4 factors that can cause temperature variation in the indiv idual ho rse.
- Age, environmental temperature, disease state, level & intensity of a ctivity, precipitation, sex, of day, wind
- In reference to an English saddle, what is the term for the chan nel that runs down the center of the underside of the saddle?
- Gullet
- What part of the English saddle rests on the horse's back?
- Panel
- What type of material is a true Navajo blanket made from?
- Wool
- What is the purpose of a back cinch on a roping saddle?
- To prevent the saddle from flipping forward
- The McClellan saddle is single-rigged. What does this mean?
- It has only one cinch
- What part of a bit enables it to be classified as a leverage bit ?
- Shanks
- The corner of the horse's mouth should have how many wrinkles wi th a pro perly fitted egg-butt snaffle bit?
- 1 or 2 small wrinkles
- Why is it important to keep a pack saddle from sliding backwards ?
- So it doesn't rest on the horse's kidneys or lumbar region
- What type of saddle is most noted for the high thigh rolls locat ed near the front of the saddle?
- Australian saddle
- To what direction should the open side of a three-sided shelter face?
- Away from prevailing winds
- On a western bridle, what side of the horse does the throatlatch buckle?
- Left (near) side
- What is attached to the end of closed or California reins?
- Small quirt / romal
- What is the minimum temperature that water should be for horses during t he winter?
- 45 degrees F
- What is the most common type of western reins?
- Open or split reins
- Name 4 considerations when choosing a vehicle to pull a horse tr ailer.
- Size of vehicle, engine size, towing capacity, electrical system, typ e of hit ch or ball size, bra system, weight capacity of vehicle, trailer weight, length & type
- What is the English version of a tie-down?
- Standing martingale
- Name 3 areas to which a hackamore applies pressure.
- Nose, chin, face, poll, jaw, cheeks (not mouth)
- At what height should a hay net be hung?
- At eye height of the horse
- Why may putting a blanket on a horse with a winter coat actually make th e horse colder rather than warmer?
- Winter coat traps body heat between hair fibers, blanket may compress insulat ing hair fibers, eliminating the air layer & reducing horse's natural protection against the cold
- In addition to the hitch, how should a bumper-pull trailer be at tached t o the towing vehicle?
- By 2 safety chains running from the trailer to the frame of the towin g vehicl e
- How should a bumper-pull trailer hitch be properly mounted on th e towing vehicle?
- Bolted & welded to the vehicle frame not just to the bumper
- What is often added to the blades of a pack saddle to ensure pro tection for the horse?
- Sheepskin lining
- In the stable, adequate ventilation is necessary to reduce the p resence of air contaminants. Give 2 examples of an air contaminant.
- Dust, mold, irritating gases, microscopic debris
- Describe a non-leverage bit.
- Bit that does not apply pressure to the poll
- There are 3 types of saddles in the hunt or forward seat categor y. What are they?
- All-purpose, close contact, dressage
- Although straw is a popular bedding for horses, give 4 disadvant ages it may present.
- Horses eat straw, highly combustible, large volume of debris, dusty, cost, hi gh labor in cleaning, large of amount of storage room, difficult to dispose of, availability
- For what purpose is glycerin soap used?
- Cleaning agent for tack & equipment
- What is the main purpose of a noseband?
- To keep the horse's mouth shut