Chap 4 - The Skeletal System
Terms
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- Bones provide:
- shape, support, protection, and the framework of the body.
- Bones serve as:
- a storage place for mineral salts, calcium, and phosphorus.
- Bones play an important role in the formation of?
- blood cells
- Bones provide areas for the attachment of?
- skeletal muscles
- Bones help make _____ possible.
- movement
- Cartilages form:
- the major portion of the embryonic skeleton and part of the skeleton in adults.
- Ligaments connect:
- the articular ends of bones, binding them together and facilitating or limiting motion
- Ligaments connect _____ and other structures?
- cartilage
- Ligaments serve to:
- support or attach fascia or muscles.
- The skeleton can be divided into two main groups of bones:
- the axial (80 bones) and the appendicular skeleton (126 bones).
- What are the principle bones of the axial skeleton?
- skull, spine, ribs, and sternum
- What are the primary bones of the appendicular skeleton?
- shoulder girdle, arms,and hands and the pelvic girdle, legs and feet.
- Bones are composed of:
- 50% water and 50% solid matter.
- What is the largest bone in the human body?
- femur (which is located in the thigh)
- What are the smallest bones in the human body?
- ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) which are located in the middle ear.
- ab
- away from
- endo
- within
- epi
- upon, above
- meta
- beyond
- peri
- around
- poly
- many, much
- sym, syn
- together, with
- acr, acr/o
- extremity, point
- arthr, arthr/o
- joint
- burs
- a pouch
- chondr, chondr/o
- cartilage
- cran/i, carni/o
- skull
- dors/i
- backward
- duct
- to lead
- flex
- to bend
- kyph
- hump
- lord
- bending
- myel
- bone marrow
- orth/o
- straight
- oste/o
- bone
- path
- disease
- ped, ped/i
- foot, child
- por
- passage
- scol/i
- curvature
- -al, -ic
- pertaining to
- -algia
- pain
- -blast
- immature cell, germ cell
- -cele
- hernia, tumor, swelling
- -centesis
- surgical puncture
- -cytes
- cells
- -ectomy
- surgical excision
- -ist
- one who specializes
- -itis
- inflammation
- -logy
- study of
- -malacia
- softening
- -omion
- shoulder
- -osis
- condition of
- -pathy
- disease
- -plasty
- surgical repair
- -tomy
- incision
- orthopedics
- is the medical/surgical specialty that deals with prevention and/or correction of disorders that involve locomotor structures of the body, especially the skeleton, joints, muscles, fascia, ligaments, tendons, and cartilgate.
- A bone forming cell is called?
- osteoblast
- orthopedist
- is a physcian who specializes in orthopedics.
- ostearthritis
- is inflammation of the bone and joint.
- osteocarcinoma
- is cancerous tumor of a bone.
- osteomyelitis
- inflammation of the bone marrow
- osteomalacia
- softening of the bone(s)
- osteotome (OSS tee oh tohm)
- instrument used for cutting bone
- osteochondritis
- inflammation of the bone and cartilage
- osteosarcoma
- a malignant tumor of the bone arising from connective tissue
- What bones are considered part of the "shoulder girdle"?
- clavicle-collar bone; scapula-shoulder blade
- What bones are considered part of the "pelvic girdle"?
- ilium, sacrum, coccyx
- What bones are in the arm?
- humerus, radius, ulna
- What bones are in the leg?
- femur, patella, fibula, tibia
- What bones are in the hand?
- carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
- What bones are in the feet?
- tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
- diaphysis (dye AFF ih sis)
- is the shaft of a long bone
- epiphyses (eh PIFF ih seez)
- are the ends of a developing bone
- periosteum (pair ee AH stee um)
- is the membrane that forms the covering of bones
- sinus
- is an air cavity within bones
- foramen (for AY men)
- is an opening in the bone for blood vessels, ligaments, and nerves
- meatus (me AY tus)
- is a tubelike passage or canal
- trochanter (troh KAN ter)
- is a very large process of the femur. A process is a projection or ourgrowth of bone or tissue.
- tubercle (TOO ber kl)
- is a small, rounded process
- tuberosity (too ber OSS ih tee)
- is a large, rounded process
- condyle (KON dile)
- is a rounded process that enters into the formation of a joint, articulation
- crest (KREST)
- is a ridge on a bone
- spine (SPYN)
- is a pointed, sharp, slender process
- chondrocytes (KON droh sights)
- are what cartilage cells are known as
- chondral (KON dral)
- pertaining to cartilage
- chondralgia (kon DRAL jee ah)
- pain in or around cartilage
- chondrectomy (kon DREK toh mee)
- surgical excision of a cartilage
- chondromalacia (kon droh mah LAY she ah)
- softening of cartilage
- chondropathology (kon drah pah THALL oh jee)
- is the study of diseases of cartilage
- compact bone
- is the dense, hard layer of bone tissue
- endosteum
- a tough, connective tissue membrane lining in the medullary canal and containing the bone marrow
- medullary canal
- is a narrow space or cavity throughout the length of the diaphysis (shaft of a long bone)
- cancellous
- is also called spongy bone, this is the reticular tissue making up most of the volume of bone
- arthrititis (ar THRY tis)
- inflammation of a joint
- arthopathy (ar THROP ah thee)
- joint disease
- arthralgia (ar THRAL jee ah)
- pain in a joint
- arthrectomy (ar THREK toh mee)
- surgical excision of a joint
- arthrocentesis (ar throh sen TEE sis)
- surgical puncture of a joint
- arthrodesis (ar throh DEE sis)
- surgical binding of a joint
- arthoplasty (AR throh plas tee)
- surgical repair of a joint
- arthoscope (AR throh skope)
- is an instrument used to examine the interior of the knee
- a joint is an articulation. It is a place where _________
- two or more bones connect. The manner in which bones connect determines the type of movement allowed at the joint.
- joints are classified as:
- synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and Diarthrosis
- synarthrosis
- does not permit movement
- amphiarthrosis
- permits very slight movement
- diarthrosis
- allows free movement in a variety of directions ... examples: knee, hip elbow, wrist and foot
- flexion
- is the process of bending a limb
- abduction (ab DUCK shun)
- is the process of moving a body part away from the middle
- dorsiflexion (dor see FLEK shun)
- is the process of bending a body part backward
- adduction (ad DUCK shun)
- is the process of moving a body part toward the middle
- circumduction (sir kum DUCK shun)
- is the process of moving a body part in a circular motion
- eversion (ee VER shun)
- is the process of turning outward
- inversion (in VER shun)
- is the process of turning inward
- extension (eks TEN shun)
- is the process of straightening a flexed limb
- pronation (proh NAY shun)
- is the process of lying prone for face downward; also the process of turning the palm face downward
- supination (soo pin NAY shun)
- is the process of lying supine or face upward; also the process of turning the palm face upward
- protraction (proh TRAK shun)
- is the process of moving a body part forward
- retraction (ree TRAK shun)
- is the process of moving a body part backward
- rotation (ro TAY shun)
- is the process of moving a body part aroun a central axis
- bursa
- is a small space between muscles, tendons, and bones that is lined with synovial membrane and contains a fluid, synovia.
- bursitis
- is inflammation of the bursa
- lordosis (lor DOH sis)
- abnormal anterior curvature of the spine (swayback). The abdomen and buttocks protrude.
- scoliosis (skoh lee OH sis)
- characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine and usually appears in adolescence during periods of rapid growth.
- kyphosis (kye FOH sis)
- the normal thoracic curvature becomes exaggerated - producing a "humpback" appearance
- How are fractures classified?
- according to their external appearance, the site of the fracture, and the nature of the crack or break in the bone
- pott's (POTS)
- is a fracture and is one that occurs at the lower end of the fibula and medial malleolus of the tibia with dislocation of foot outward and backward.
- How are fractures described?
- closed, or simple, open, or compound
- closed (KLOZD)
- or simple fractures, are completely internal; they do not involve a break in the skin.
- compound (KOM pownd)
- or open fractures, project through the skin, they are most dangerous because of the possibility of infection or uncontrolled bleeding
- comminuted (kom ih NYOOT ed)
- fractures shatter the affected area into a multitude of bony fragments
- greenstick (GREEN stik)
- fracture, only one side of the shaft is broken, and the other is bent; this usually occurs in children whose long bones have yet to fully ossify.
- colles' (KOL eez)
- fracture, is a break in the distal portion of the radius; it is often the result of reaching out to cushion a fall
- acroarthritis (ak roh ar THRY tis)
- inflammation of the joints of the hands or feet
- acromion (ah KROH mee on)
- is the projection of the spine of the scapula that forms the point at the shoulder and articulates with the clavicle.
- vertebrae (VER teh bray)
- are classified as irregular bones...separate bones
- cervical (SER vih kal) curve:
- is the first seven vertebrae
- thoracic (tho RASS ik) curve:
- is the next twelve vertebrae (following the cervical vertebrae)
- lumbar (LUM bar) curve:
- is the next five vertebrae (following the cervical and thoracic)
- sacral (SAY kral) curve:
- consists of the sacrum and coccyx.
- cranioplasty (KRAY nee of plas tee)
- surgical repair of the skull
- craniocele (KRAY nee of seel)
- protrusion (herniation) of the brain from the skull
- craniectomy (kray ne EK toh mee)
- surgical excision of a portion of the skull
- craniology (kray nee ALL oh jee)
- the study of the skull
- craniotomy (kray nee OTT oh mee)
- incision into the skull
- big toe
- hallux (HAL lux)
- calcaneal (kal KAY nee al)
- pertaining to the heel bone
- dactylogram (dak TIL oh gram)
- fingerprint
- genu valgum (JEE noo VAL gum)
- knock-knee
- flatfoot
- also known as pes planus
- costal (KOSS tal)
- pertaining to a rib
- tarsals (TAHR sals)
- are the bones of the ankle
- The male pelvis is shaped like a ______ forming a narrower outlet than a female.
- funnel - It is heavier and stronger and more suited for lifting and running.
- The female pelvis is shaped like a ________.
- basin - It may be oval to round. It is broader and lighter and is constructed to accomodate the fetus during pregnancy.
- Drugs that are used for skeletal system diseases and disorders include:
- anti-inflammatory agents, antirheumatic drugs, and analgesics.
- Anti-inflammatory agents relieve:
- the swelling, tenderness, redness and pain of inflammation. These agents may be classified as steroidal (corticosteroids) and nonsteroidal (NSAIDs).
- Analgesics relieve:
- pain without causing loss of consciousness. They are classified as narcotic and nonnarcotic.
- Abbrevation: calcium
- Ca
- Abbreviation: degenerative joint disease
- DJD
- Abbreviation: fracture
- Fx
- Abbreviation: joint
- jt
- Abbreviation: long arm cast
- LAC
- Abbreviation: long leg cast
- LLC
- Abbreviation: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- NSAIDs
- Abbreviation: osteoarthritis
- OA
- Abbreviation: rheumatiod arthritis
- RA
- Abbreviation: short arm cast
- SAC
- traction
- Tx
- What is osteoporosis?
- It it a condition in which there is a reduction in bone mass. Occurs in the aging process of male and female but proceeds faster in females.
- osteoporosis
- condition of bone passage