Transportation Planning Midterm
Terms
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- Wardrop's First Principle
- User Equilibrium - Travelers will choose the path to minimize individual travel time (or cost)
- Watdrop's 2nd Principle
- System Optimal - Travelers will be assigned to minimize total network cost
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All or Nothing
Limitations -
Finds Fastest O/D Path
Does not consider congestion. Used when the roads are totally uncongested - 4 step process
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Trip Generation - Production and Attractions
Trip Distribution - # of trips that go from produtction to attraction zone
Mode Split - Transit or Roads
Traffic Assignment - Trips are assigned to the links in the highway network - Transportation System
- Consists of fixed facilities, flow entities, and the control system which lets people and goods travel from A to B efficiently and in a timely manner
- Types and Levels of Planning
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Comprehensive: residential, commercial, industrial
System Plans: Sewers, Storm Drainage, water, solid waste
Area Plans: Central Business District, Civic and Cultural centers
Plans for Subsystem: water main
Site Plans: Library, Fire station -
(1934)Federal-Aid Highway Act
(1956)Fed Highway Act
(1962)Fed-Aid HW Act Sect 134 -
Permitted states to use up to 1.5% of construction funds for planning and economic evaluation
Launched interstate HW SYS
3-C process: Eligibility for Fed HW aid in cities must be based on a continuing comprehensive planning process carried out cooperatively among states and local communities -
(1973)Highway Act
(1975)FHWA + UMTA
Urban Mass Trans Admin -
Coordination of Transit + HW had started w/ the 3-C process. Another 0.5% of funds was added to planning
Gave MPO the responsibility for preparing and comprehensive transportation plan for both HW and Transit modes w/ long range (10-20) and short range (5 yrs)
-start of Transportation Planning - (MPO) Metropoitan Planning Organization
- Required to prepare comprehensive long range plan for transit and highway improvements
- Urban Mobility
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Rapid urban development implies increased quantity of passengers and freight moving within urban areas
-has been increasing drasticaly - The Walking Horsecar Era
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(1800-1890)-ppl mostly walked
Cities less than 5k across
land use was mixed and density was high
City was compact and circular - The Electric Streetcar or Transit Era
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Revolutionary - 1st Streetcar, electric rolly line opened in 1988 in richmond
3 times faster than foot
Cities spread outwards 20-30k along streetcar lines
-created irregular city shapes
Trolly corridors became commercial strips
Densities were reduced 50-100 ppl per acre - The Automobile Era
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(1930- )Introduce in 1980s but only rich could afford
1920-Ford revolutionary assembply-line techniques
land developed in suberbs
transit companies ran into financial trouble
Commercial activity began to suberbanize
in short period auto was dominant mode of trans - Major Types of Urban Structure
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Completely Motorized Network: Car-developed city w/ a limited centrality (modern american cities)
Weak center- Has down-town but many activies are located in the periphery(many american cities)
Strong Center- High density urban centers w/ well developed transit systems (europe and asia)
Traffic Limitation- Avg size cities that have implemented traffic control and model preference in there spacial structure. Center is dominated by public transit - Land Use
- The process of organizing the use of lands and their resources to best meet peoples needs overtime, according to the lands capabilities