ch. 5 cardiovascular system
Terms
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- ecord of the electrical activity of the heart. Useful in the diagnosis of abnormal cardiac rhythm and heart muscle (myocardium damage).
- electrocardiography
- angi/o
- vessel
- aort/o
- aorta
- arteri/o
- artery
- ather/o
- fatty substance
- atri/o
- atrium
- cardi/o
- hear
- coron/o
- heart
- cyan/o
- blue`
- hermani/o
- blood vessel
- ox/i
- ocygen
- ox/o
- oxygen
- pericardi/o
- pericardium
- phleb/o
- vein
- sphyg /o
- pulse
- steth/o
- chest
- thromb/o
- clot
- valv/o
- valve
- vavul/o
- valve
- ven/o
- vein
- ventricul/o
- ventricle
- brady-
- slow
- trachy-
- fast
- -manometer
- instruent to measure pressure
- -ole
- smal
- -sclerosis
- hardening
- -stenosis
- narrowing
- -tension
- pressure
- -ule
- small
- apex
- tip of the heart
- cardiac muscle
- heart muscle
- the inner layer of the heart that lines the heart chambers. it is a very smooth, thin layer that serves to reduce friction as the blood passes through the heart chambers.
- endocardium
- thick muscular middle layer of the heart. Contreaction of this muscle layer develops the pressure required to pump blood vessels.
- myocardium
- outer layer of the heart
- epicardium
- a double layered pleural sac
- pericardium
- iner layer sac
- visceral pericardium
- outer layer of the sac
- parietal pericardium
- antiarrhythmic
- reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias
- prevent blood clot formation
- aticoagulant
- lowers blood pressure
- antihypertensive
- recues amount of cholesterol and lipids in the blood stream. Treats hyperlipidemia
- antilipidemic
- increases the force of cardiac muscle contraction. Treats congestive heart failure
- cardiotonic
- increases urine production by the kidneys, which works to reduce plasma and therefore blood volume. This results in lower blood pressure
- diuretic
- dissoves exisiting blood clots
- thrombolytic
- contracts smooth muscle in walls of blood vessels. Raises blood pressure
- vasoconstrictor
- relaxes the smooth muscle in the walls of arteries, thereby increasing diameter of the blood vessel. USed for two mian purposees: increasing circulation to an inchemic area and reducing blood pressure
- vasodilator
- puncture into a vein to withdraw fluids or insert medication and fluids
- venipuncture
- excision of a diseased heart valve and replacement with an artificial valve
- valve replacent
- drugs, such as stretokinase or tissue-type plasminogen are injected into a blood vessel to dissolve clots and restore blood flow.
- thrombolytic therapy
- surgical removal of a thrombus or blood clot from a blood vessel
- thrombectomy
- creating an opening into a vein to withdraw blood
- phlebotomy
- insertion of a needle into the pericardial sac for the purpose of aspirating fluid around the heart
- pericardiocentesis
- method for treating localized coronary artery narowing. A balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the coronary artery and inflated to dilate the narrow blood vessel
- percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
- electrical device that subsitutes for natural pacemaker fo the heart. It contorls the beating of the heart by a series fo rhthmic electrical impulses. An external pacemaker has the elctrodes on the outsides of the body. An internal pacemaker has the ele
- pacemaker implantation
- surgery that involves incision of the heart, coronary arteries or heart vlaves.
- open-heart surgery
- surgical treatment for varicose veins. The damaged vein is tied off and removed
- ligation and stripping
- placing a stent within a coronary artery to treat coronary ishemia due to atherosclerosis
- intracoronary artery
- replacement of a diseased or malfuncitoning heart with a donor's heart
- heart transplant
- during open heart surgery, the routing of blood to a heart-lung machine so it can be oxygenated and pumped tot he rest of the body
- extracorporeal circulation
- excision of the diseased or damaged inner lining of an artery.usualy performed to remove atherosclerotic plaques
- endarterectomy
- removal of an embolus or clot form a blood vessel.
- embolectomy
- a procedure that converts serious irregular heartbeats, such as fibrillation, by giving electric shocks to the heart using an instrument called defibrilator also alled CARDIOVERSION
- defibrillation
- open-heart surgery in which a blood vessel form another locatrion in the body is grafted to route blood around a blocked coronary artery
- coronary artery bypass graft
- surgical incision to chagne the size of an opening. for example in mitral commissurotomy, a stenosis or narrowing in treated by cuting away at eh adhesions aorudn the mitral opening
- commissurotomy
- procedure to restore cardiac output and oxygenated air to the lungs for a person in cardiac arrest. A compbination of chest compressions performed by one or two CPR-trained rescuers.
- cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- surgical joining together of two artereis perormed if an artery is severed or if it is a damaged section of an arter is removed
- arterial anastomosis
- surgical procedure of altering the structure of a vessel by dilaitng it using a balloon inside the vessel
- angioplasty
- surgical removal of a sac of an anurysm
- aneurysmectomy
- x-ray of the veins by racing the venous pulse. Also called phlebography
- venography
- method for evaluating cardiovascular fitness. the patient is placed on a treadmill or a bicycle and then subjeted to steadily increasing levels of work. An EKG and oxygen levels are taken while the patient exercisesl The test is stopped if abnomralities
- stress testing
- blood test to measure the amount of cholesteroal and triglycerides in the blood an indicator of atherosclerosis risk
- serum lipoprotein
- portable ECG monitor worn by a patient for a period of few hours to a few days to assess the heart and pulse activity as the person goes thorugh the activiteis of daily living. Used to assess a patinet who experieces chest pain and unusual heart activity
- Holter monitor
- noninvasive diagnositc method using ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures. Cardiac valve activity can be evaluated using this method
- echocardiography
- measurement of soudn-wave echoes as they bounce off tissues and organ to produce an image. Can assist in determining heart and blood vessel damage. Named for Christian Doppler, an Austrian physicist.
- Doppler Ultrasonography
- Radiographic X-ray of the heart and large vessels after the injection of a radiopaque solution. X rays are taken in rapid sequence as the material moves through the heart.
- coronary angiography
- patieent is given radioactive thallium intravenously and then scanning equipment is used to visualize the heart. It is especially useful in determining myocardial damage
- cardiac scan
- blood test to determine the level of enzymes specific to heart muscles in the blood. An increase in enzymes may indicate heart muscle damge such as a mycardial infarction. These enzymes include Tropnin I, Tropin T, and myoglobin
- Cardiac Enzymes
- passage of a thin tube (cathater) through a blood vessel leading to the heart. DOne to detect abnormalities, to collect cardiac blood samples, and to determine the blood pressure within the heart.
- cardiac catherization
- x-rays taken after the injection of an opaque material into a blood vessel. Can be performed on the aorta as an aortic angiogram, on the heart an angiocardiogram, and on th ebrain as a cerebral angiogram.
- angiography.
- instrument for listening to body sounds (auscultation), such as the chest, heart, or intestines
- stehoscope
- a stainles stell tube placed within a blood vessel or a duct to widen the lumen
- stent
- instrument for measuring blood pressure. Also referred to as a blood pressure cuff
- sphygomanometer
- expansion and contraction of a blood vessel wall produced by blood as it moves through an artery. The pulse can be taken at several pulse points throughout the body where an artery is close to the surface.
- pulse
- pounding, racing heartbeat
- palpitations
- an abnormal heart sound such as a soft blowing sound or harsh click. It maybe soft and heard only with a stehoscope, or so loud it ca be heard several feet away. Also referred to as a bruit
- murmur
- the space, cavity, or channel within a tube or tubular organ or structure in the body
- lumen
- localized and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to an obstruction to the circulation
- ishemia
- area of tissue within an organ or part that undergoes necrosis (death)following the loss of its blood supply
- infarct
- slightly bluish color of the skin due to a deficency of oxygen and an excess of carbon dioxide in the blod. it is caused by a variety of disorders, ranging om chronic lung disease to congenital and chronic heart problems.
- cyanoisis
- the branch of medicine relating to the cardiovascular system
- cardiology
- term used interchangeably with the word murmur. A gentle blowing sound is heard during auscultaion
- bruit
- process of listening to the sounds within the body by using a stehoscope
- auscultation