Med Terms
quiz 2
Terms
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- eosinophil
- a granular leukocyte, named for the rose-color stain of its granules, that increases with allergy and some infections [eos = dawn-colored (rosy); phil = attraction for]
- immunoglobulins (Ig)
- protein antibodies secreted by B lymphocytes that protect the body from invasion of foreign pathogens; the five major classes include IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM
- iron deficiency anemia
- a microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron, affecting production of hemoglobin and characterized by small red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin
- autoimmune disease
- any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction of loss of function; rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples of autoimmune diseases
- antibody
- a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body
- lymphocytopenia
- an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes
- acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurological diseases to develop; it is transmitted sexually or through exposure to contaminated blood
- bone marrow aspiration
- a needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathological examination
- reticulocytosis
- an increase of immature erythrocytes in the blood
- lymphangiogram
- an x-ray image of a lymph node or vessel taken after injection of contrast medium
- blood culture
- a test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms; the specimen is observed and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified
- chyle
- a white or pale yellow substance of the lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals
- computed tomography (CT)
- full-body x-ray CT images are used to detect tumors and cancers such a lymphoma
- Rh factor
- the presence, or lack, of antigens on the surface of red blood cells that may cause a reactions b/t the blood of the mother and fetus, resulting in fetal anemia
- blast/o, -blast
- germ or bud
- agranulocytes
- a group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei
- poikilocytosis
- the presence of large, irregularly shaped red blood cells (poikil/o = irregular)
- thromboplastin
- a substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation
- monocyte
- an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection (mono = one)
- lymphadenopathy
- the presence of enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes
- comprehensive metabolic panel
- tests in addition to basic metabolic panel for expanded screening purposes: albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein ALT, and AST
- thoracic duct
- receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities
- hemolysis
- breakdown of the red blood cell membrane
- thrombocytopenia
- a bleeding disorder characterized by an abnormal decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, which impairs the clotting process
- immunity
- process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen
- chrom/o, chromat/o
- color
- lymph/o
- clear fluid
- immunocompromised
- impaired immunological defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or therapy with immunosuppressive agents
- aplastic anemia
- a normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells
- leukocyte
- white blood cell that protects the body from invasion of harmful substances
- neutropenia
- a decrease in the number of neutrophils
- immun/o
- safe
- venipuncture (phlebotomy)
- an incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
- plasma
- liquid portion of the blood and lymph containing water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, vitamins, and cellular components (leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets)
- mean corpuscular (cell) volume (MCV)
- a calculation of volume of individual cells in cubic microns using HCT and RBC results: MCV = HCT/RBC
- basophil
- a granular leukocyte, named for for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues (baso = base; phil = attraction for)
- prothrombin
- a protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process
- anisocytosis
- the presence of red blood cells of unequal size (an = without; iso = equal)
- passive immunity
- an immunity resulting from antibodies that are conveyed naturally through the placenta to a fetus or artificially by injection of a serum containing antibodies
- polycythemia
- an increase in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- a timed test to measure the rate at which red blood cells settle or fall through a given volume of plasma
- hemochromatosis
- a hereditary disorder that results in an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body
- lymph vessels
- vessels that receive lymph from the capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes
- lymphocyte
- an agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity -- there are four categories of lymphocytes: T cells (thymus dependent), B cells (bone marrow derived), NK cells (natural killer), K-type cells
- pernicious anemia
- a macro-normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing red blood cells to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number
- immunosuppression
- impaired ability to provide an immune response
- hemoglobin
- protein-iron compound contained in the erythrocyte that has bonding capabilities for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- prothrombin time (PT)
- a test to measure the activity of prothrombin in the blood
- basic metabolic panel
- battery of tests used as a general screen for disease: calcium, carbon dioxide (CO2), chloride, creatine, glucose, potassium, sodium and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
- antigen
- a substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it
- septicemia
- a systemic disease caused by the infection of microorganisms and their toxins in the circulating blood
- lymph
- fluid originating in the organs and tissues of the body that is circulated through the lymph vessels
- chyl/o
- juice
- anemia
- a condition in which there is a reduction in the number of red blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin, or the volume of packed red blood cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of the red blood cells to transport oxygen to the tissues
- erythroblastosis fetalis
- a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with an Rh-positive blood factor and a mother who is Rh-negative, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; necessitates a blood transfusion to save the fetus
- macrocytosis
- the presence of large red blood cells
- thromb/o
- clot
- morph/o
- form
- Rh positive
- the presence of antigens
- splen/o
- spleen
- platelets
- thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood essential for blood clotting (coagulation)
- mononucleosis
- a condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by an increases in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood, along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis)
- leukemia
- a chronic or acute malignant (cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs, marked by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow; classified according to the types of white cells affected (e.g., myelocytic, lymphocytic)
- active immunity
- an immunity that protects the body against a future infection, as the result of antibodies that develop naturally after contracting an infection or artificially after contracting an artificially after administration of a vaccine
- myelodysplasia
- a disorder within the bone marrow characterized by the proliferation of abnormal sten cells (cells that give rise to the different types of blood cells); usually develops into a specific types of leukemia
- lymphoma
- any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin disease
- granulocytes
- a group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm
- erythrocytes
- red blood cell that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide within the bloodstream
- spleen
- the organs b/t the stomach and diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides the environment for the initiation of immune responses by lymphocytes
- spenomegaly
- enlargement of the spleen
- thym/o
- thymus gland
- mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin (MCH)
- a calculation of the content of weight of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell using HGB and RBC results: MCH = HGB/RBC
- hemoglobin (HGB or Hgb)
- a test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin (expressed in grams)
- hem/o, hemat/o
- blood
- erythropenia
- an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells
- plas/o
- formation
- blood chemistry
- a test of the fluid portion of blood to measure the presence of a chemical constituent (e.g., glucose, cholesterol)
- thymus
- the primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum; helps maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes
- microcytosis
- the presence of small red blood cells
- hematocrit (HCT or Hct)
- a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood
- lacteals
- specialized lymph vessels that receive in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream (lacteus = milky)
- band
- an immature neutrophil
- Rh negative
- the absence of antigens
- bone marrow biopsy
- a pathological examination of bone marrow tissue
- reticul/o
- a net
- neutrophil
- a granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria (phagocytosis) (neutro = neither; phil = attraction for)
- lymph ducts
- collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins
- CD4 cell count
- a measure of the number of CD4 cells (a subset of T lymphocytes) in blood; used in monitoring the course of HIV and timing the treatment of AIDS; the normal adult range is 600--1500 cells
- lymph nodes
- many small oval structures that filter the lymph received from the lymph vessels -- major locations include the cervical regions, axillary region, and inguinal region
- polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)
- another term for neutrophil, named for the many segments present in its nucleus (poly = many; morpho = form; nucleus = kernel)
- lymph capillaries
- microscopic vessels that draw lymph from the tissues to the lymph vessels
- positron emission tomography (PET)
- radionuclide scans, especially of the whole body, are useful in determining the recurrence of cancers or to measure response to therapy; commonly used in evaluating lymphoma
- pancytopenia
- an abnormally reduce number of all cellular components in blood
- mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
- a calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each red blood cell using HGB and HCT results: MCHC = HGB/HCT
- metastasis
- the process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to distant organs
- blood indices
- calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of red blood cells for classification of anemia
- partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
- a test to determine coagulation defects such as platelets disorders
- serum
- liquid portion of the blood left after the clotting process
- phag/o
- eat or swallow
- blood chemistry panels
- specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry tests performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or conditions (e.g., metabolic panel, lipid panel, arthritis panel)
- right lymphatic duct
- receives lymph from the upper-right part of the body
- hemophilia
- a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which there is defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood
- myel/o
- bone marrow (also spinal cord)