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- empathy motivates
- prosocial, or altruistic, behavior
- fast mapping works
- best with visually labeled objects, from general topics to specific, with metaphors
- effortful control is
- the ability to suppress a reaction
- there are positive correlations amongst self esteem,
- valuing of an activity and success at same activity
- Kohlberg's extension of P's morality states
- moral understanding is a result of 1) grappling with moral issues, and 2) perspective taking
- kinship studies
- compare characteristics of family members
- I-self is
- understanding self as a separate entity
- twin studies show that heredity link increases in adulthood for ___ but not for ___
- intelligence; personality
- a tonic neck reflex is
- a fencing motion, probably early reaching
- three factors that increase likelihood of modeling in Social Learning Theory are
- 1) warmth/responsiveness, 2) competence/power, and 3) consistency between assertions and behavior
- brain loses plasticity
- after lateralization
- temperament can
- predict or protect from environmental effects
- joint attention increases the rate of
- language development
- crying in infants is
- a unique vocal signature related to the central nervous system
- lateralization is
- the specialization of the hemispheres
- self recognition occurs
- by age 2
- recovery from brain damage is
- better for language than for spatial reasoning
- habituation and recovery might
- be better able to predict developmental abilities
- a major limit to concrete operational thinking is
- that its not abstract
- gene therapy is
- delivering normal DNA to developing cells
- stability of temper is
- low to moderate, but extreme flips are rare
- adolescents define friendship as
- intimate and loyal
- infant DQs are
- mostly used for screening - predict IQ poorly
- one benefit of fetoscopy is
- it allows an opportunity to sample fetal blood
- concordance is
- the rate at which both twins have the same characteristics
- neglected is
- well-adjusted usually
- a long-term consequence of divorce can be
- exacerbation of any pre-existing problems
- feedback can intensify self-conscious emotions if
- they are used to value a child's worth (i.e. good girl!)
- triarchic theory (Sternberg) is
- 3 broad and interacting intelligences: 1) analytical, 2) creative, and 3) practical
- transitive inference is
- seriating mentally - a concrete-operational skill
- the four main categories of peer acceptance are
- 1) popular, 2) neglected, 3) rejected, and 4) controversial
- before speaking, babies
- 1) engage in give-and-take games, 2) use preverbal gestures
- private speech and self-directed speech are other terms for
- egocentric speech
- boys end up with longer legs due to
- two additional years of preadolescent growth
- children with advanced attention and language are better at
- delayed gratification
- low SES families have higher stress and lower control which tends to result in
- punishment for their children
- facial expressions in infants are
- the best way to guess their emotions
- The institutional review board (IRB)
- evaluates research ethical dilemmas
- neighborhoods and family resources are most important for low SES individuals because
- they provide opportunities that may not be gotten elsewhere (especially in small communities)
- formal op and concrete reasoning are both
- often specific to situation and task
- sexual orientation may be
- x-chromosome or hormone related
- some vulnerabilities to SIDS might be
- repiratory problems, exposure to smoke, sleeping on stomach, too many bedclothes
- continuous development is
- the gradual augmentation of existing (innate) skills
- egocentric speech ultimately becomes
- inner speech
- the two ideas of Erikson that influence identity development are
- exploration and commitment
- three ways kids might learn vocab are
- 1) mutual exclusivity bias, 2) place in sentence, 3) inferring adults intentions
- age-graded influences are
- biological and cultural events strongly related to age
- a factor in obesity is
- the broader food environment (Pima tribe ex.)
- early experiences affect
- organization of the cortex
- girls' close relationships are often shorter than boys due to
- likelihood of relational aggression
- some limits to the Nativist theory are
- there is no single underlying system of grammar, language acquisition is gradual, and localization of language is not necesary for language acquisition
- the biggest factor in positive adjustment after divorce is
- positive parenting
- colic is
- persistent crying that goes away between 3-6 months
- Language Acquisition Device (LAD) devised by Chomsky and the Nativist theory
- is an innate system to learning that contains rules common to all languages
- the 5 states of arousal are:
- 1) regular sleep, 2) irregular sleep, 3) drowsiness, 4) quiet alertness, and 5) waking activity/crying
- the second level of moral development (K) is
- conventional level - conformity is important in order to maintain the social system - most people stay at this level
- lifespan perspective is
- a dynamic systems approach to development
- popular pro-social is
- competent and kind
- a cult is most likely related to
- identity foreclosure
- tracking is
- sorting kids onto a career/educational track
- Interactionist theory (Info-processing approach) to language development states
- language is a blend of nature and nurture, and the language centers of the brain are also used for other things
- cognitive development (i.e.comparing traits) and feedback
- affect structure of self
- the Apgar scale stands for
- Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration
- crowds are linked to
- self-concepts and identity
- genetic counseling is
- pedigree (family tree) of chances of genetic illness
- neo-Piagetians (Robbie Case) believe that
- rather than stages, mastery is increase in info-processing speeds
- the formal operational stage is characterized by
- the ability to use abstract, systematic thought
- appearance
- correlates most strongly with self-esteem
- moral self-relevance
- degree to which morality is central to self-concept - this affects moral behavior
- social referencing is
- actively seeking emotional direction from a trusted loved one
- in social referencing, what is most effective?
- the voice more than the face
- the fourth stage of moral development (K) is
- social-order maintaining orientation - morals depend on societal laws not close ties
- Vygotsky Sociocultural theory is:
- continuous and discontinuous, many cultural courses, nature and nurture, both early and late experiences
- one aspect of intelligence that is often overlooked is
- the cultural variation in it
- grades often decline during school transitions because
- academic standards increase, and personal attention decreases
- self-conscious emotions are
- emotions that affect sense of self (pride, embarassment)
- hierarchical structured self esteem is
- an overall self-esteem garnered from the categories of self-evaluation
- 4 main categories of self-evaluation are
- 1) academic, 2) social, 3) physical, and 4) appearance
- genetic-environmental correlation is
- our genes influence the environment to which we're exposed
- mirror neurons
- in cerebral cortex, may underly ability to imitate
- Lifespan Perspective theory is:
- continuous and discontinuous, many courses, nature and nurture, early and late experiences
- fetoscopy is
- a visual check of the fetus using an internal scope
- a limitation to SLT is
- it has too narrow a view on environmental influences
- infants can discriminate color well starting
- around 2 months old
- infant intelligence tests emphasize
- perceptual and motor responses
- more parent-child conflict is seen when
- there is greater gap between parents' and kids' views on kid's autonomy
- scaffolding is
- adjusting support to match a child's performance; also can be supportive language used in private speech
- teenagers experience more negative events and
- have more intense reactions to them
- 80% of obese kids
- become obese adults
- analgesics are
- like epidurals, milder form of pain relief in childbirth
- nonnormative influences are
- unpredictable; individual effects
- evocative correlation is
- when natural instincts elicit similar environments (i.e. a smiling child is treated more sociably)
- according to Sternberg, overall intelligence is
- balancing all three types of intelligence to achieve success at chosen fields
- the limit to Erikson's types of identity is
- it fails to capture constructing a sense of self-continuity despite personal changes, as might be influenced by culture
- the three main problems in development are
- depression, suicide, and delinquency
- self-conscious emotions require
- self awareness and adult instruction
- emotional self-regulation is
- voluntary and requires effortful control
- early adolescence is a time of gender intensification due to
- salient differences, pressure from others, and desire to be attractive
- pubertal moodiness is
- only moderately linked to hormones
- stability and plasticity
- vary by domain
- categorical self is when toddlers begin to
- put self into categories
- mastery oriented attributions
- credit success to ability and failure to changeable circumstances
- the 5 rights of research subjects are
- 1) protection from harm, 2) informed consent, 3) privacy, 4) knowledge of test results, and 5) beneficial treatments
- children benefit more from
- working with "experts" than with peers
- gender androgyny is
- generally healthier and especially for girls
- two aspects of range of reaction are
- 1) we each respond differently to the same environment stimuli, and 2) different genetic/environment combos can lead to the same outcome
- habituation and recovery assess
- short term memory
- logic and abstract thought are
- both gradually increasing skills
- two senses that have prenatal developments are
- taste and smell
- range of reaction is
- a unique genetic response to environment
- younger children are more extreme in their
- self-descriptions
- a child who is malnourished in infancy
- is more likely to become obese later
- basic emotions are
- emotions like happy or sad that promote survival
- the lifespan perspective has 4 criterion for development:
- 1) it's lifelong, 2) multidimensional and multidirectional, 3) plastic, and 4) affected by multiple forces
- infants prefer what kind of sounds
- complex and/or familiar
- low self-esteem is linked to
- anxiety, depression, and anti-social tendencies
- chorionic villus sampling is
- checking the villa inside the placenta for illness; this usually takes place earlier and carries some risk
- the mediation of the superego
- determines personality
- the four identity statuses of Erikson are
- 1) identity achievement - commit to values after exploration, 2) identity moratorium - explore but don't commit, 2) identity foreclosure - commit but don't explore, and 4) identity diffusion - (worst) neither explore nor commit
- some physiological responses of shy are
- elevated heart rate, BP, pupil dilation, activity in right frontal lobe and amygdala
- decentration is
- relating several aspects of a problem
- NBAS recovery curves are
- the best predictor of intelligence and emotional stability over the first couple of years of life
- low SES parents encourage external skills in children, while high SES parents
- encourage internal skills
- Information Processing is:
- continuous, one course, nature and nurture, both early and late experiences
- analytical intelligence is
- information-processing
- poverty is most common in
- single moms, the elderly, and minorities
- according to Vygotsky, egocentric speech is
- a foundation for higher cognitive processes and kids do it for self-guidance
- me-self is
- a self as an object of things, i.e. physical attributes
- the cornerstone of personality is
- temperament
- some evidence for nature-based language acquisition is
- infants prefer human speech sounds, children reach universal language milestones, complex grammar is unique to humans, and childhood is a sensitive period for language development
- controversial is
- a blend of positive and negative, some similarities to popular anti-social
- Ecological Systems theory is:
- not specified for continuity, many courses, nature and nurture, early and late experiences
- operations are
- mental actions that obey logical rules
- infants can discriminate between
- similar kinds of sounds
- Freud's psychosexual theory
- belives personality is a result of parental resolution of kids' drives
- irregular (REM) sleep is
- uneven, movement, brain activity resembling waking state
- education
- contributes to different parenting
- learned helplessness
- credits failures to lack of ability and success to luck
- pendulum problem is
- a test that differentiates the abilities of concrete op kids with formal op kids
- for girls but not boys, cliques predict
- social and academic competence
- heredity and obesity
- are only moderately linked
- the least developed sense at birth is
- vision
- an extended family household (3+ generations) are
- more common in Black culture and provide some protection from environmental problems
- public policies for the young have lagged behind those for the
- elderly
- apathy or hopelessness are likely related to
- identity diffusion
- modeling helps kids develop
- emotional skills
- rejected withdrawn is
- passive and socially awkward
- the specialization of the hemispheres may be reversed
- in lefties, but more commonly, hemispheres are just less specialized
- crying is usually a response to
- physical needs or external stimuli
- poverty's effects worsen as
- the length of time it has been experienced increases
- emotional self-regulation is
- controlling emotions
- temperament is
- early appearing and stable differences in reactivity and self-regulation
- hearing children of deaf parents
- babble with their hands
- according to Piaget, egocentric speech is
- an indication that kids don't consider other's perspectives and declines w/ more peer interaction
- theories should be:
- 1) describe, 2) explain, 3) predict, and 4) provide organizing framework
- V. saw make-believe play as
- an ideal social context for learning and internalizing rules and behaviors
- Bandura's Social Learning Theory (SLT) stresses
- cognitions
- some problems with punishment are
- it only elicits momentary compliance, it can lead to mental health problems, it can be transmitted intergenerationally
- ultrasound is
- one of the safest prenatal checking methods; can contribute to low birth weight if used too much
- conservation tasks and reversibility tasks are possible in
- Piaget's concrete/operational stage
- amniocentesis is
- checking uterine fluid for abnormalities
- individualism is
- separate entities concerned with personal needs
- P. believed that cognitive development was independent, while V. believed
- cognitive development is socially mediated
- frontal lobes are
- responsible for thought and have the longest development period
- the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
- evaluates reflexes, state changes, and responsiveness in infants
- over time, children form personal standards and become particular about
- who they model
- self esteem is
- the evaluative side of self-concept
- kids learn vocab through
- social cues and direct guidance
- infants can match a voice
- to an emotionally appropriate face
- social learning theory uses
- behavior modification
- both P. and V. emphasize
- active classroom participation and acceptance of individual differences
- emotional contagion is
- responding in kind
- the first level of moral development (K) is
- preconventional - morality is externally controlled
- the Babinski reflex is
- when toes fan and curl - unknown reason
- Psychoanalytic theory of development is:
- discontinuous, one course of development, nature and nurture, based on impulses and experiences in early childhood
- the Moro reflex is
- an embracing motion
- Bandura is unique in that he considers
- a child's unique and active role in learning
- the third level of moral development (K) is
- postconventional or principled - morals are abstract and apply universally
- kids frequently engage in
- social comparisons
- environment affects temper in what ways
- nutrition and parenting (influencing traits they want to see)
- during puberty,
- the cephalocaudal trend reverses and leads to gangly arms and legs
- self-conscious emotions
- can be positive if not paired with shame
- puberty for girls is called menarche, for boys its called
- spermarche
- divorce mediation can
- reduce marital conflict and negative consequences on kids
- a child's adjustment during divorce depends on
- 1) custodial parents psychological health, 2) child's characteristics, and 3) social support
- the left hemisphere is known for
- language, positive emotion, and sequencing
- babies release what hormone during delivery to protect them from anoxia
- cortisol
- Rogoff's guided participation is
- a broader scaffolding; a general sharing between expert and child
- self esteem and self-descriptions are
- the cognitive foundation for identity
- peer acceptance is
- also known as likeability and is unidirectional
- the first outward sign of puberty is
- the growth spurt
- recovery to familiar stimuli assesse
- long term memory
- emotional self-regulation
- adjusts emotional state to an intensity that's comfortable so that one can accomplish their goals
- blacks and girls
- physically develop fastest, and this may be a factor in girls' resistance to harmful environmental factors
- V. focuses on how culture is
- spread intergenerationally
- social smile is
- the big smile that comes out about 6-10 weeks
- history-graded influences are
- events in history that lead to cohorts
- natural or prepared childbirths are
- designed to lower pain and minimize medical intervention
- newborns can imitate certain gestures like head movements which may be
- a reflex
- the stages of childbirth are
- 1) dilation and effacement of the cervix (the longest stage), 2) delivery, 3) delivery of the placenta about 10 minutes later
- three things that can lead to negative outcomes of friendship are
- jealousy, aggression, and delinquent behavior
- propositional thought (formal op) (poker chips example)is
- the ability to evaluate the logic of propositions without real world examples
- because infant intelligence tests may not measure intelligence, they are called
- development quotients (DQ)
- negative temper is
- more heriditarily linked than positive temper
- verified theories are
- the basis for practical action
- adolescents more than younger children
- respect autonomy in friendship
- Bronfenbrenner's "third parties" are
- secondary influences on an individual (family dynamic)
- shame can be
- destructive to feelings of self worth
- regular (NREM) sleep is
- slow, even, with motionless EEG
- some newborn reflexes are
- eye blink, rooting, stepping, and sucking
- meiosis contributes to
- genetic variability
- social interactions are
- necessary to acquire cultural values
- eating dinner as a family results in
- better childhood adjustment
- popular anti-social is
- popular but aggressive
- reactivity is
- the quickness and intensity of emotional reactions
- the first stage of moral development (K) is
- punishment and obedience orientation
- stability is
- displaying a characteristic throughout lifespan
- early maturing girls do
- worse than late-maturing ones
- seriation is
- the ability to order objects along a quantitative measure
- preimplantation genetic diagnosis is
- checking zygotes for abnormalities prior to IVF implantation
- discontinuous development (or stage development) is
- a qualitative change
- expansions are
- elaborating on/or making kids' speech more complex
- scaffolding resembles
- a classroom environment and therefore might be culturally specific
- K's theory may be too
- culturally specific
- the continuum of acquisition is
- a limitation to concrete-op - gradual mastery of tasks - not coming up with universal logic and applying it
- the class inclusion problem (flowers) shows
- ability to relate three things at once
- social preference and social prominence are
- only moderately related
- new fathers also show
- hormonal changes such as decreased androgens and increased estrogen and prolactin
- mood swings are
- related to situational changes
- spatial reasoning
- increases n the concrete-operational stage
- rejected withdrawn are
- likely to become learned helplessness attributors
- one vulnerability to colic might be
- sensitivity to unpleasant stimuli
- some limits to Piaget's theory are
- it is culturally influenced, conservation is delayed in some cultures, and school speeds up the mastery process
- heritability estimates are
- the extent to which individual differences in complex traits are due to genetics
- proteomics is
- modifying gene-specified proteins involved in aging and disease
- Chomsky's nativist theory states that
- people are born with language skills etched onto the brain
- the best way to measure physical maturity is
- by measuring skeletal age
- Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
- stresses social context of cognitive development
- three problems with Freud
- 1) he's a dirty old man, 2) low external validity, and 3) he didn't actually study kids
- pragmatics are
- the practical side of language
- rejected-agressive is
- the most aggressive; belligerent and poor emotional regulation
- both parent and teacher feedback affect
- attribution style
- three things that can lead to positive outcomes of friendship are
- opportunities to explore self and understand others, foundation for future intimate relationships, and help deal with stress and improve school involvement
- meiosis creates
- 1 ovum or 4 sperm
- passive correlation is
- infants exposed to the parent's choices
- a strength of Erikson's psychosocial theory is it's use of case studies, while limitations are
- it has vague ideas and narrow methods
- indulgent parenting is linked to
- overblown self esteem
- Piaget's cognitive/behavioral theory is:
- discontinuous, one course, nature and nurture, both early and late experiences
- stage theorists have historically assumed universal sequences, but modern theorists also consider
- contexts of development
- stranger anxiety is
- environmentally influenced and less severe if parent is near
- gametes are
- the ovum and the sperm
- many rejected aggressive children
- aren't aware of their poor social skills
- maternal blood analysis is
- the safest prenatal check; by the second month the embryo's blood mixes with the mother's and can be checked for abnormalities
- for boys, peer admiration is related to
- physical prowess
- emotional development in early childhood is supported by
- gains in representation, language, and self-concept
- spanking can be adaptive if
- it is done in a warm, benign way
- identity development can
- differ across domains
- coruminating is
- repeatedly mulling over negative concepts and can spark anxiety and depression
- babbling occurs universally but
- hearing speech is necessary for it to progress further
- unhealthy babies have
- shorter, shriller cries
- alcohol interferes with
- neurons in neural tube
- boys are often stronger than girls due to
- extra muscle growth and extra red blood cells
- touch and regular feeding
- reduce length of crying bouts
- Piaget's concrete/operational stage is
- from ages 7-11, thought is more logical, flexible, and organized
- in divorce, boys tend to do better
- with their fathers
- self conscious emotions are
- governed by a sense of personal responsibility in middle childhood
- girls as compared to boys are
- shorter, lighter, fattier (yay us!)
- intelligence is often not reflected in
- standardized intelligence tests
- intermodal perception is
- perceiving objects/events as unified wholes - supports self-awareness
- joint attention is
- babies looking in the same direction as parents, also vice versa
- controlling parenting is linked to
- low self-esteem
- the two capacities for compliance are
- memory and self-recognition
- the fifth stage of moral development (K) is
- social contract orientation - laws are flexible and for furthering human purpose
- practical intelligence is
- application of intelligence in daily tasks
- adolescents' statement about themselves reveals
- a desire to be viewed positively by others
- working has negative effects while
- job training has positive effects
- early maturing boys do
- better than late-maturing ones
- P.'s two stages of morality are
- 1) heteronomous morality - rules are handed down and rigid (focus on outcome rather than intent), and 2) autonomous morality - rules are flexible and agreed-upon
- zygotes are
- when gametes combine
- pupil familiarity and low competition help
- to keep grades stable in large schools
- overregularization is
- overextension of grammatical rules
- the third stage of moral development (K) is
- good girl orientation, or morality of interpersonal cooperation - desire to obey rules to maintain social harmony
- the goodness of fit model is
- how temper and environment together can create favorable outcomes, respects unique dispositions and adjusts environment to fit
- SIDS might be the result of
- voluntary movements not taking over for diminishing reflexes
- V. promotes both
- assisted discovery and peer collaboration
- emotional competence is
- marked by gains in emotional abilities in 2-6 year olds
- some infant areas sensitive to touch are
- mouth, palms, soles of feet, genitals
- SES has three related variables:
- 1) years of education, 2) prestige of/or skill required of job, and 3) income
- recasts are
- restructuring incorrect speech
- the price of plasticity is
- slower processing overall
- the cerebral cortex is
- sensitive to environment longest
- adults get 20% REM sleep while infants get
- 50%
- radiation
- can affect rates of childhood cancer and cognitive difficulties
- immediate consequences of divorce are
- 1) decreased income, 2) stress and disorganization of family routines, and 3) harsher discipline when kids act out
- peer victimization is
- when certain kids become targets, and sometimes bullies themselves. biological traits increase likelihood of victimization
- the most common problem in development is
- depression
- the sixth stage of moral development (K) is
- universal ethical principle orientation - self-chosen abstract, flexible principles
- with strangers, infants balance
- approach and avoidance
- Skinner's theory of behaviorism and language acquisition
- states that language is acquired through operant conditioning
- hypothetico-deductive reasoning is
- to start with a hypothesis, deduct logical inferences, and compare to see what is confirmed in the real world
- the area in which P. recognized the value of language was in
- the formal op stage where abstract thought is vital
- the poorest grades are seen in kids with
- uninvolved parental figures
- fast mapping is
- connecting new words with an underlying concept after only a brief encounter with the new word
- early interventions to obesity are
- the most effective
- the right hemishphere is known for
- spatial awareness, negative emotion, and holistic understanding
- Ethology and Evolutionary theory is:
- continuous and discontinuous, one course, nature and nurture, early experiences
- active correlation is
- seeking suitable environments for oneself (niche picking)
- the second stage of moral development (K) is
- instrumental purpose orientation - the right is for self-interest and reciprocity is key
- obesity is classified as
- 20% + of "normal" body weight
- social referencing allows children to begin to see
- that others may feel differently to them
- important to moral development is
- mutuality and intimacy of friendships
- collectivism is
- interdependent; stresses group goals over those of the individual
- epigenesis is
- when development results from bidirectionality of genes and environment
- new social learning theory is often called
- social cognitions theory
- multisystemic therapy is
- designed to reduce delinquency by combining many factors of one's life
- the subscales of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development are
- cognitive, language, motor and two parental reports: social-emotional scale, and adaptive behavior scale
- identity development
- follows many paths, though most go from lower to higher
- social referencing
- allows kids to compare their own assessments with others'
- habituation is
- reduction of response through repetition
- 3 limitations of heredity theories (nature/nurture) are:
- 1) nature and nurture are so linked they're difficult to untangle, 2) unfair conclusions are often drawn (i.e. racial diffs), and 3) links don't show how or why, or how to change
- zone of proximal development is
- the range of tasks too difficult for a child alone, but able to be completed with assistance
- debriefing is used when
- deceit was necessary to use in an experiment
- subculture is
- a group with beliefs and customs that differ from the majority
- girls gain motor skills gradually while boys
- have a dramatic spurt
- one piece of evidence contradicting Skinner is
- children create novel phrases
- attribution retraining
- can sometimes help improve learned helplessness
- heredity plays a role in
- depression which is only higher for girls in industrialized nations
- if the maternal age is over 40,
- it increases the chances of infertility, miscarriage, and chromosomal defects
- authoritative parenting
- affects pretty much everything in a positive way
- three things that can ease school transitions are
- 1) parental involvement, 2) monitoring, and 3) gradual autonomy
- a limitation to sociocultural theory is
- that verbal means might not be the only way by which thinking develops
- peers influence superficial things but parents
- influence major life decisions
- oxytocin
- releases breast milk, is calming, causes uterine contractions, promotes responsiveness to babies
- effortful control
- increases with age and is a major dimension of temper
- an example of a private protective children's organization is
- Children's Defense Fund
- ideal reciprocity is
- the golden rule
- a major difference between P and V is that
- P addresses basic cognitive functions like motor skills, while V does not
- temper can be modified by
- parenting
- an example used by Kohlberg is
- the Heinz dilemma
- Erikson's Initiative vs. Guilt theory states
- that sometimes an overly strict superego (societal norms) cause a child to feel guilty and destroys initiative
- REM sleep is vital for
- central nervous system growth and is an indication of brain function
- info-processing theory for language acquisition states
- children search for consistency and patterns
- central conceptual structures are
- networks of concepts that are generalized to other things (neo-Piaget)
- intelligence and personality are difficult to study because they are
- polygenic
- canalization is
- the tendency of heritability to restrict development of some characteristics to a few outcomes
- discontinuous development is
- when new and different ways of understanding emerge at specific times
- emotional contagion is
- when young infants pick up emotional cues
- culture has a profound effect on
- self-esteem
- an example of a private elderly organization is
- AARP
- trait statements (you're so smart) can contribute to
- learned helplessness
- plasticity is
- ability to change - advocated by nurturists
- Behaviorism/Social Learning Theory is:
- continuous, many courses (varies by person), nurture, and both early and late experiences