IB History Review
Review for IB History of the Americas and 20th Century Topics.
Terms
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- Vietnamization
- turning the war over to the South Vietnamese
- Night of the Long Knives
- purge of members in the SA that were a threat to Hitler's power
- Glasnost
- Gorbachev introduced free speech, freedom of religion, unions, and other freedoms
- Yenan Terror
- Mao's movement used to instill ideology and fear and brainwash his followers using denunciation rallies and a Chinese KGB
- Solidarity
- Polish free trade union that became a political party
- Cheka
- secret police set up by Lenin that arrested "enemies of the revolution."
- mass line
- trained communists were sent to listen to the people in order to appeal and adapt their policies
- COMECON
- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; Set up in 1949 to coordinate industries and trade of Eastern European countries
- Red Guard
- students; Mao's army; was to agitate and organize the masses
- Triple Entente
- France, Russia, and Britain
- Eisenhower Doctrine
- US pledged military and economic aid to Middle Eastern nations threatened by communism
- Flexible Response
- an array of military options that depended on the gravity of the crisis at hand
- Black Shirts
- Italian Fascists groups that were supporters of Mussolini
- Berlin Wall
- Built under Khrushchev to keep East Berliners from going West where conditions were better
- Triple Alliance
- Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
- Red Terror
- the campaign of mass arrests and executions conducted by the Bolshevik government
- Lebensraum
- "living space" that Hitler sought to support an Aryan population
- Operation Rolling Thunder
- intended to escalate the Vietnam war; authorized the bombing of North Vietnam
- Gosplan
- Group responsible for administering 5 year plans; dictated all things related to work and production
- Peace with Honor
- Nixon's policy of withdrawing from Vietnam, but with honor
- Enabling Act
- enabled Hitler to get rid of the Reichstag parliament and pass laws without reference to parliament
- Helsinki conference
- August 1975; all countries recognized borders set out after WWII, including invasion of Germany; agreed to respect human rights - freedom of speech and freedom to move from country to country
- Great Terror
- purges of communist officials, intelligentsia, church members, army officers, kulaks, and counter revolutionaries, eliminating opposition
- Locarno Treaties
- settled Germany's border disputes after WWI
- Nazi-Soviet Pact
- Stalin tried to appeal to West to make front against fascism, but West refused
- Perestroika
- "restructuring", Gorbachev tried to revive the Soviet economy by introducing the elements of capitalism; small businesses were allowed and private ownership in agriculture
- Reichstag Fire
- gave Hitler an excuse for the Enabling act convincing the government that Germany was under threat from Communism
- Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
- policy to build up nuclear arsenal so much that the other side will be afraid to attack
- Kellogg-Briand Pact
- treaty between the United States and other Powers providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy after WWI; failed
- Bolsheviks
- Radical Marxist political party founded by Lenin; seized power during the Russian Revolution.
- Gestapo
- the secret state police in Nazi Germany
- Hundred Flowers
- campaign to seek out political opponents by allowing them temporarily to speak out
- March on Rome
- Mussolini's attempt to seize power; king asked Mussolini to become premier in a coalition cabinet if the Fascists would only have three posts
- Reagan Doctrine
- US would foster and support irregular forces to overthrow pro-Soviet governments in the Third world
- Johnson Doctrine
- domestic revolution in the Western Hemisphere would no longer be a local matter when "the object is the establishment of a Communist dictatorship"
- New Look Foreign Policy
- US would build up Strategic Air Command because of fear of the effects of the Domino Theory
- Acerbo Law
- 1923 electoral reform that would give 2/3 of the seats to the party with the most votes; it enabled Mussolini to create a dictatorship
- Anti-Rightist Campaign
- eliminated anyone who spoke out against Mao during the Hundred Flowers campaign
- Domino Theory
- If one country was allowed to fall to communism, then others surrounding it would fall too
- Gleischaltung
- consolidated power by putting all parts of German society under Nazi control
- Ping Pong Diplomacy
- Nixon sends US athletes to China to help ease tensions between the two countries
- Five Year Plans
- Created under Stalin to rapidly modernize Russia's industry - 1st: heavy industry, 2nd: diversification, 3rd: weapons production; attempted to rapidly modernize industry
- Central Powers
- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
- Agent Orange
- a herbicide used in the Vietnam War to defoliate forest areas
- Cult of Personality
- religion, education, youth programs, and propaganda all designed to raise support
- Blitzkrieg
- "lightening war", quick surprise bombing of cities
- Red Army
- army of the Soviet Union
- Special Period
- an extended period of economic crisis that began in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union
- SS
- special police force in Nazi Germany founded as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in 1925
- Marshall Plan
- 1947, aid given to war torn countries of Europe
- Collectivisation
- Peasants were forced to work on collective farms
- Cominform
- established to strengthen links between various communist parties
- NATO
- military alliance that constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party
- Truman Doctrine
- US policy to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures
- Berlin Airlift
- Allies provided food and supplies to those in Berlin during the Berlin Blockade
- Appeasement
- policy of European leaders of appeasing Hitler in order to maintain peace but failed as Hitler only escalated his efforts
- Kennedy Doctrine
- containment of communism and the reversal of Communist progress in the Western Hemisphere
- Destalinization
- Khrushchev's Secret Speech stripped the legitimacy of Stalinist rivals, boosting his power domestically
- SIOP (Single Integrated Operational Plan)
- Kennedy's plan for the possible launching of a first strike against the eastern bloc
- Battle for Land
- public works program of draining marshland
- OAS
- Organization of American States
- Marshall Mission
- U.S. negotiated a cease-fire between KMT and CCP; KMT demilitarized many troops without helping them to integrate back into civilian life; the troops joined the CCP and gave them former Japanese weapon stockpiles
- April Theses
- Lenin drafts a document rejecting the Provisional Government of Russia established by the Duma
- Denazification
- getting rid of German culture society, press, economy, and politics
- Cultural Revolution
- A radical reform in China initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 and carried out by the Red Guard to get rid of art, teachers, members of the CCP, and anything countering the revolution
- Massive Retaliation
- US would "roll back" communism using nuclear weapons
- Lateran Accords
- gave recognition to the Fascist Party in exchange for recognition of Papal power over the Vatican
- Beer Hall Putsch
- Hitler's failed coup d'etat that led to his imprisonment where he wrote his book gained public attention
- Rapid Deployment Force
- created by Carter to respond to crisis in foreign places immediately
- Nuclear Use Theorists (NUTs)
- during Regan's administration, they thought the US could fight and win a nuclear war
- Cuban Missile Crisis
- the 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba
- 26th of July Movement
- revolutionary group of Cuban exiles organized by Castro
- Détente
- reduction of tension between the Soviet Union and the US
- Berlin Blockade
- a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy
- Nixon Doctrine
- US would honor existing defense commitments, but in the future, countries would have to fight their own wars without the support of American ground troops
- Peaceful Coexistance
- denied that war was the inevitable outcome of capitalism and accepted the possibility of a peaceful transition from capitalism to socialism
- Great Leap Forward
- the five-year plan for 1958 which was an attempt to quickly modernize China; collectivization and export of food for industry caused it to fail
- Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
- vaporization of nuclear missiles from spaces and accelerated arms race
- Allies
- France, Russia, Britain, and Italy
- Ostpolitik
- Willy Brandt's policy of "opening toward the east" that increased relations between West and East Germany in 1972
- Rapid Industrialization
- Stalin's attempt to free Russia from dependence on capitalist states for goods
- SA
- aka Sturm Abteilung; Nazi militia created by Hitler that helped him to power but was eclipsed by the SS after 1943
- Iron Curtain Speech
- speech by Churchill that was seen as an ultimatum or call to war against the USSR
- Cointelpro
- CIA can turn intelligence operations on domestic activities
- Nuremberg Rallies
- showed the Germans the Nazis' power
- Nuremberg Laws
- discrimination against Jews
- Moncada Attack
- Castro's failed attack on the Moncada military barracks
- Containment
- US foreign policy to prevent the expansion of communism
- Brezhnev Doctrine
- USSR claimed the right to interfere in the internal affairs of its satellite states to "safeguard socialism"
- Secret Speech
- Khrushchev denounced the cult of personality that surrounded Stalin and said that the purges were a crime
- Bay of Pigs
- an unsuccessful attempt by United States-backed Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro
- Battle for Births
- Mussolini's failed attempt to increase the Italian population
- Carter Doctrine
- US would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in the Persian gulf region
- Prague Spring
- 1968; Dubcek's reforms in Czechoslovakia to lift censorship, trade with the West, and form political groups; Condemned by Brezhnev
- Rectification Movement
- first deceptive ideology movement by the CCP, presented as a positive "rectification" opportunity but was actually a campaign against intellectuals
- ARVN
- Army of the Republic of Vietnam, Northern Army
- Concordat
- Hitler's treaty with the pope to protect Catholic interests and to get papal validation of the Nazi Party
- Warsaw Pact
- an organization of communist states in Central and Eastern Europe, created by Khrushchev in response to NATO
- Munich Conference
- Hitler promised that Germany would seek no further territory once it acquired the Sudtenland