Final A&P
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- What are proteins building blocks?
- amino acids
- How many amino acids chained together make a protein
- 100
- What form of lipid are 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule backbone
- Triglyceride
- What form of lipid is used as the major component of plasma membranes
- Phosphlipids
- A phosphate molecule and 2 fatty acids make up what form of lipid
- phospholipid
- Which form of lipid has a hydrophobic part and a hydrophilic part
- phospholipids
- Which form of lipid is an example of cholesterol needed for stabilizing plasma membranes
- steriods
- What are three types of steriod hormones
- testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
- Which macromolecule is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
- Protein
- What are the 4 function of proteins
- Structural reasons, communication, membrane transport, enzyme
- What is the structure of proteins?
- collagen and keratin
- Where is the structure of protein (colagen) found
- in skin and bones
- Where is the structure of protein (keratin) found
- dead skin, nails
- What does membrane transport do
- allows certain substances in and out of the cell
- What is the function of an enzyme (catalyst)
- speeds things up
- What are the 4 types of macromolecules
- Lipids, proteins, nucleic acid, carbohydrates
- What does the macromolecule nucleic acid include
- DNA & RNA
- What is ATP?
- our form of energy, also called a nucleotide
- What is the plasma membrane made up of?
- bilayer components, phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins
- What are the three types of membrane proteins
- Channel proteins, protein gates, protein pump
- What does a channel protein do?
- helps transport anything small enough that can come in and out
- What does a protein gate do?
- selects what can get through
- What is the function of a protein pump?
- uses ATP energy to move substances against the grain
- What is cytoplasm
- everything in the cell except the nucleus
- What is in the cytoplasm
- Cytosol
- What is cytosol
- fluid of the cell (mostly water)
- What are organelles
- structures suspended in the cytosol that perform functions for the cell
- What is found in the cytoplasm
- cytolsol and organelles
- What ist he control center of a cell that contains DNA and RNA
- nucleus
- What does the nucleous envelope of the nucleus contains and what is it used for
- contains pores for transportations of materials
- Do RBC contain a nucleous
- no
- What is the name of the series of membrane hallways or tunnels throughout the cytosol
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- What part of the cell is used for controlling the movement of some materials in the cell?
- endoplasmic reticulum
- Which part of the cell has organelles called ribosomes embedded in their walls where phospoilids are made
- rough ER
- What is the function of ribosomes in the cell
- location where proteins are made
- What part of the cell stores calcium ions
- smooth ER
- What part of the cell destroys and detoxifies toxins?
- smooth ER
- What is the golgi complex?
- a series of stacked membrane tunnels
- What is the function of the golgi complex?
- the next stop after the rought er, corrects any mistakes made during production of proteins
- What part of the cell surrounds the finished product in a membrane bubble?
- golgi complex
- what part of the cell contains destructive enzymes in its walls
- lysosome
- What part of the cell engulfs bacteria, debris and old ineffective organelles
- lysosome
- What is the considered the "mighty powerhouse" of the cell?
- mitochondria
- What part of the cell has oval shaped organeles with lots of membrane folds inside
- mitochondria
- what pare of the cell is the energy provider for the cell
- mitochondria
- what part of the cell produces ATP
- mitochondria
- What is the function of the centrioles
- hep a cell produce cilia or flagella
- What are cilia
- hairlike extensions of a cells free surface
- What is the function of cilia
- move material across cell surface * helps with cell division
- What is the tail like extension off the plasma membrane used for motility
- flagellum
- What are two examples of flagellum
- sperm cell, bacteria
- What are microvilli
- small holes in the plasma membranes free surface
- What are the three parts of centrioles
- microvilli, flagellum, cilia
- What is the function of microvilli
- absorption and some sensory processes
- What is plasma membrane transport
- different ways things come in an dout of cell
- Which form of transport happpens on its own and does not require ATP
- passive mechanisms
- What is simple diffusion
- movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration
- What is facilitated diffusion
- movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration, protein channels help it happen
- What is osmosis
- movement of H2O from high water conce. to low H20 concent.
- Which form of movement requires ATP
- active transport
- Movement from lower concentration to higher concentration is a form of what transport?
- active transport
- Which form of transport requires protein pump and ATP
- active transport
- What are groups of cells with similar functions called?
- tissues
- What are the 4 types of tissues
- epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
- What are the thin layer or layers of cells found as coverings or linings on the body surfaces called?
- Epithelial tissue
- How many layers does a simple epithelial tissue have
- 1
- How many layers does a stratified epithelial tissue have
- 2 or more
- What are the shapes of epithelial tissue
- squamous, cuboidal, columnar
- Which tissue has a messy look and has cilia?
- pseudostratified columnar
- Which tissue is a catch all group (everything thrown in)
- connective tissue
- What are some functions of connective tissue
- binding of organs, support, protect, transport.
- What is the most common tissue and widely varing in appearance?
- connective tissue
- Which tissue contains fibers (proteins) and ground substance and dispersed cells
- connective tissue
- What does connective tissue protect?
- physical and immune
- What does connective tissue transport
- gases, nutrients, waste
- Which cells are found in connective tissue?
- fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes (WBC) and adipocyte
- Which cells found in connective tissue produce fibers and ground substance?
- fibroblasts
- Which cells found in connective tissue are a type of WBC that eats bacteria and infected cells
- macrophages
- What type of cell found in the connective tissue patrols the tissue?
- leukocytes (WBC)
- What type of cell found in the connective tissue stores triglycerides
- adipocyte
- What types of fibers are found in connective tissue
- collagen and elastin
- What is the most commmon protein in the body and is found in connective tissue?
- collagen
- Which fiber (protein) found in connective tissue doesn't stretch and is tough but flexible
- collagen
- Where do you find collagen?
- skin, tendon
- What fiber found in connective tissue is a protein that stretches and recoils back again
- Elastin
- What is the function of ground substances
- fills spaces between cells and fibers.
- What does ground substance protect against?
- compression and other damage
- What are the types of fibrous connective tissue
- Areolar, reticular, adipose, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood
- Which type of fibrous connective tissue has random organization and lots of blood vessels
- areolar
- Which type of fibrous connective tissue has meshlike arrangement of fibers and is found in spleen, lymph nodes
- reticular
- What form of transport is movement from lower concent. to higher concent and requires protein pump and ATP
- active transport
- Which type of fibrous tissue stores energy and provides a cushion
- Adipose
- What type of fibrous tissue has cells that fill w/trigylcerides?
- Adipose
- What are two types of dense connective tissue
- Regular * Dense
- Which type of tissue contains little to no blood vessles
- Cartilage
- What are the three types of cartilage tissues
- hyaline, elastic cartilgae and fibrocartilage
- WHere is hyaline cartilage found?
- tip of nose, larnyx and trachea
- Where is elastic cartilage found
- ear
- Which tissue is highly excitable capable of carrying signal from cell to cell
- nervous tissue
- What are the 3 types of muscle tissue
- skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
- Which type of muscle tissue is multi culcleated
- skeletal
- What type of muscle tissue contains verticle structures called interraled disks
- cardiac
- What type of muscle tissue is used in swallowing and fece excretion
- smooth
- What are the three types of membranes
- cutaneous, muscous and serous
- what is the function of muscous membrane
- lines passage ways connected to outside environment
- What is the function of serous membranes
- found in lining body cavities, abdominal pelvic area and outside of our organs
- What is a membrane?
- 2 or 3 layers of tissue that work closely together
- #1 barrier against getting sick?
- skin
- What are functions of the skin
- protection, regulation, sensation and vit. D production
- What does skin protect from?
- physical, immunity and uv radiation
- What does the skin regulate?
- temp and H2O content of your body
- What is the outermost layer of the skin which is made up of epithelial tissue?
- epidermis
- What are the 3 layers of the skin
- epidermis, dermis and hypodermis
- What are the 5 layers of epidermis?
- stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosom, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
- What is the deepest layers of the skin?
- stratum basale
- What are the 3 different cells found in skin layer, stratum basale?
- Keratinocyte, melanocytes, tactile cells
- What cell of the stratum basale makes up most of the skin
- keratinocytes
- What cell of the the stratum basale contains protein keratin
- keratinocyes
- What cell in the stratum basale produces melanin and absorbs UV
- Melanocytes
- What cell in the stratum basale is involved with neurons to detect pressure
- tactile cells
- What zone of the skin contains many layers of kertinocyes
- Stratum spinosum
- What zone of the skin contains dendritic cells and patrolling wbc
- stratum spinosum
- Which zone of the skin contains dead cells
- stratum granulosum
- In which zone do keratinocytes product lipids that prevent water from passing through
- stratum granulosum
- Which zone is found with thick skin
- stratum lucidim
- Which zone of the skin is made of dead keratinocyes (skin that comes off)
- stratum corneum
- Which layer of the skin contains connnective tissue, hair follicles, sweat glands, blood vessels and nuerons
- dermis
- What does the dermis contains?
- connective tissue, hair follicles, sweat glands, blood vessles and neurons
- Which layer of skin contains adipose tissue
- hypodermis
- What does adipose regulate in the hypodermic
- temperature
- Which layer of skin contains lots of blood vessels
- hypodermis
- Which layer of the skin is considered subcutaneous
- hypodermis
- What is the function of bone tissue
- support, movement, blood cell reproduction, potection and storage of minerals
- What are 4 types of bone
- flat, short, long and irregular
- charge outside the neuron reverses in polarity to become negative is called what
- polarization
- What happens when you wrap myelin around axon
- helps move more quickly
- What is the largest part of the brain?
- cerebrum
- Which part of the brain is convulated (lots of folds)
- cerebrum
- Why are there folds in the brains?
- to make more surface area.
- What are two parts of the cerebrum?
- gyri and sulci
- What is the outer layer of the cerebrum called?
- cerebral cortx
- What matter is the cerebral cortex made up of?
- gray matter
- What seperates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
- longitudal fissure
- What is the link between the left and right side of the brain?
- corpous collosum
- What is the function of the frontal lobe?
- foresight, planning, emotions, personality, memory, aggression
- What is the function of the partietal lobe
- primary reception area (all physical feelings take place)
- What is the function of the occipital lobe?
- primary vision area
- What is the function of the temporal lobe?
- auditory, hearing, smell, close to ears
- What does the diencephalon consist of
- thalamus and hypothalamus
- Which part of the diencephalon directs incoming signals to the appropriate part of the brain?
- thalamus
- What part of the diencephalon maintains homeostasis
- Hypothalamus
- What part of the brain stem helps with visual tracking
- mid brain
- what part of the brain stem helps with auditory location
- mid brain
- What part of the brain is known as the pneumotaxic center
- pons
- What part of the brain helps regulate breathing rate with out us needing to do it
- pons
- What part ofthe brain controls bladder and facial expressions
- pons
- What is the function of the pons?
- pneumotaxic cetner, bladder control, regulate breathing and facial expressions
- What part of the brain helps pons control breathing and heart rate control
- medulla oblongata
- What does the medulla oblongata help control
- the pons control breathing
- Which part of the brain coordinates skeletal muscles like movement/dancing
- cerebellum
- What part of the brain is the first part to feel alcohol
- cerebellum
- What produces cerebrospinal fluid?
- ependysmal cells
- Where does the cerebrospinal fluid circulate around
- CNS and through central nervous systems
- What are 3 purposes of cerebrospinal fluid
- buoyancy, protection, chemical stability
- What is the function of blood
- transportation, protection and regulation
- What does blood transport
- nutrients, waste, gases, hormones, heat
- What does blood protect?
- WBC formed in bone marrow, infection, small proteins producted by your body called antibody (infection)
- What does blood regulate?
- H2O and Ph
- What 2 main categories are found in our blood
- formed elements and plasma
- What are the 3 formed elements
- erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
- What are RBC called?
- erythrocytes
- What are WBC called
- Luekocytes
- What are thrombocytes called
- platelets
- What is plasma made up of?
- H20, nutrients, waste, gases, hormones, antibodies, electrolytes (ions)
- Where are coronary vessels located in regards to the heart?
- on the anterior surface of the heart
- What is the function of coronary vessels?
- bring oxygenated, nutrient rich blood to the heart tissue
- What causes myocardial infarction?
- blocked coronary arteries lead to insuffient oxygen being delivered to myocardium.
- How do we control pumping of the heart?
- There are nerves and speciliazed muscle cells within parts of the heart wall. Help initiate contractions and relaxations of the heart cells
- Sinoatrial (SA) node located where?
- upper right corner of the right atrium
- Which structure of the conduction system is called the pacemaker
- SA node
- Which structure of the conduction system sends signals through both atria that cuases them to contract?
- SA node
- What part of the brain tells the brain what pace to set for heart beats?
- medulla oblongata
- Atrioventricular (AV) node is located where?
- lower left corner of the right atrium
- Which AV nodes responds to signals from the SA node
- AV node
- Which conduction node sends electrical signals down the atrioventicular bundle to the interventicular septum
- AV node
- What is the nerve from the AV node tot he top of the interventicular septum?
- AV bundle
- Which part of the conduction system splits to form bundle branches?
- AV bundle
- What are the nerves that travel down the septum to the apex of the heart, where they turn and branch as they travel back up
- bundle branches
- once bundles branches turn the corner they become??
- purkinje fibers
- What are purkinje fibers?
- numerous small nerves that travel from apex of the heart up through walls
- How is atrial contraction measures on the EKG?
- P waves
- What is the AV node signal that cuases venticular contraction measured on an EKG?
- QRS complex
- How is the ventricular relaxation measured on an EKG?
- T Wave
- Which node is responsible for the P wave on an EKG?
- SA node
- What is tachycardia
- heart rate above 100 bpm
- What is bradycardia
- heart rate below 60 bpm
- What part of the brain helps the SA node to fire at only 60-80bpm
- medulla oblongata and vagus nerve
- What is the stroke volume of the heart
- amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles during one heartbeat
- What is the cardiac output of the heart
- the amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles during one minute
- What is the function of the respiratory system
- collect O2 from the air and deliver it to the RBC. Also remove CO2 from blood
- What are openings into the nasal cavity called?
- nares
- Which part of the respiratory sytem contains guard hairs to trap large particles
- nares
- Which part of the resp. system have musous membranes that help trap partricles and humidify the air
- nasal cavity
- where does air spin making it warmer?
- nasal cavity
- What are the three areas of the pharynx?
- nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
- What is the upper part of the pharynx called?
- nasopharnyx
- What is the middle part of the pharynx called?
- Oropharynx
- What is the lower part of the pharynx called?
- laryngopharynx
- What is the flap of cartilage that gets pressed down when you swallow to prevent choking?
- epiglottis
- What is the opening to the larynx called?
- glottis
- Which part of the resp. system contains vestibular folds and vocal cords
- larynx
- What closes when you swallow to prevent choking?
- vestibular folds
- What muscles vibrate in moving air to produce sound
- vocal cords
- what muscles lengthen and shorten in the resp. system
- vocal cords
- What is the bronchial tree of the respiratory system in order?
- trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveolus
- That is the rigid tube that has C shaped rings of cartilage in the resp. system
- trachea
- what is the trachea lined with?
- pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue containing celia.
- what helps keep the lower resp. tract clean
- mucus and celia
- What is the continuation of airway that lacks supportive cartilage
- bronchioles
- what are groups of airsacs that expand and fill with air when you breath in?
- alveolar sacs
- What are alveolus
- individual air sacs and site of gas exchange
- What cells are alveoulus made of?
- simple cells?
- how many alveolus per lung
- 1 million
- What is movement of air called?
- ventilation
- what requires muscles to draw air in and force air out?
- ventilation
- What is boyles law of gases?
- if the volume of a gas increases, the pressure of gas will decrease.
- How do gases move?
- from areas of higher pressure to lower pressure
- How do we breathe?
- we change the pressure inside and change pressure by changing space
- What happens to the diaphram when it contracts?
- it lowers
- What happens to the space in the chest when the diaphram contracts?
- it increases the space in the chest and lowers the pressure.
- What balances the lower pressure of a diaphragm contracting?
- air from outside of body moving in
- What happens to diaphragm when it relaxes?
- it rises
- What happens to the space in the chest when the diaphragm relaxes
- it decreases
- What are the shape of alveolus cells?
- squamous
- What is the function of great alveolar cells?
- repair damage and secrete surfactant