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Terms
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- Passive Tension
- Tension due to stretch
- Latissimus Dorsi
- Back muscle that causes shoulder extension, adduction, horizontal abduction and horizontal abduction
- Gluteus Maximus
- Posterior muscle that causes hip extension
- C-7/ T-18/ L-6/ S-5
- Numbers of vertebrae in the horse
- nasalis
- changes size of nasal openings
- Type II A Muscle Fiber
- Fast twitch; can be trained to act like I or II B; red
- INFRASPINATUS
- O-INFRASPINOUS FOSSA OF THE SCAPULA/ I- GREATER TUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS/ A- LATERALLY ROTATES HUMERUS
- Biceps Femoris
- Ischium and femur, tibia, fibula, extends thigh and flexes lower leg
- Distal
- Farther away from the body
- Incisive Bone
- Most rostral bone of upper jaw-contains upper incisors and forms part of the hard palate
- sartorius
- abducts and laterally rotates femur, origin is iliac crest, insertion is proximal tibia/patella
- Membrane Bone
- Made as fibrous membrane templates are calcified in the fetus (skull bones-fontanel)
- Chondroclasts
- Cells that beak down cartilage
- Physiology
- Study of how things function
- Calcaneus
- Fibular tarsal bone (most important), heel bone/hock, large projection caudally, the achilles tendon attaches to it
- Arch
- Has 2 halves that curve upwards to meet on the midline. They are dorsal and lateral boundaries of the vertebral foramen
- Hip Dysplasia
- Shallow acetabulum and deformed femoral head... leads to arthritis, genetic in larger breeds, especially german shepards
- gluteus maximus
- heaviest muscle in body, extends/straightens leg at hip during walking
- Gastrocnemius
- Calf muscle that causes plantaflexion e.g. jumping
- True Ribs
- Articulate with the sternum on their own
- Type II B Muscle Fiber
- Fast twitch; built for power; white
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Middle fibers)
- abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
- TEMPORALIS
- O-TEMPORAL BONE/ I-CORONOID PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE/ A-ELEVATES AND RETRACTS MANDIBLE
- perimysium
- covering of the fasciculi
- Flexor digitorum profundus - Insertion
- Base of the distal phalanxes of the four fingers
- Flexion
- Bending or Decreasing the angle between bones
- z line
- dark line in the middle of the i band where actin attaches
- nasalis
- changes size of nasal openings
- TERES MINOR
- O-LATERAL BORDER OF THE SCAPULA/ I-GREATER TUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS/ A-ADDUCTS AND LATERALLY ROTATES HUMERUS
- Greenstick Fracture
- partial fracture - will bend on one side and break on the other
- Teres minor - Insertion
- Posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- Drawer Sign
- Bend leg slightly, move femur and tibia in opposite directions to see if there is looseness, Tested if suspected torn cruciate ligament, + means that there is a problem and animal needs surgery
- Is a Type I Muscle Fiber slow or fast twitch
- Slow
- Pili
- for protection from cold, sun, particles, produced by hair bulb and enclosed in hair follicle
- Tensor Fascia Latae
- Ilium, Iliotibial tract, Flexes, abducts, and medially rotates thigh
- Impacted Fracture
- one end of a bone is wedged into the adjoining bone
- Partial Thickness and full thickness
- 1st and 2nd degree burns are "partial thickness", 3rd are full thickness
- GRACILIS
- O-INFERIOR RAMIS OF THE PUBIS/ I- PROXIMAL MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE TIBIA/ A- ADDUCTS THE THIGH
- Scoliosis
- Abnormal lateral curvature of thoracic spine
- Cold thermoregulation
- Shiver (ATP produces heat): shivering thermogenesis. Blood moves deeper. Arrector pili raised (goose bumps) smooth muscle
- sternocleidomastoid
- rotates face to opposite side, laterally flexes head to same side, origin is manubrium of sternum, insertion is mastoid process of temporal bone
- Infraspinatus - Action
- External rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- Supraspinatus - Insertion
- Superiorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- Latissimus dorsi - Origin
- Posterior crest of the ilium, back of the sacrum and spinous processes of the lumbar and lower six thoracic vertebrae (T6-T12); slips from the lower three ribs
- Coxofemoral Luxation
- Dislocated hip
- Acne
- Blocked sebaceous glands
- Ribs
- Same number as thoracic vertebrae. Articulate dorsally with the thoracic vertebrae, articulate ventrally with the sternum. Ventral portion is cartilage
- TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
- O: ANTEROLATERAL SURFACE OF THE TIBIA/ I: METATARSAL 1/ A: DORSIFLEXES THE FOOT
- Soleus
- Insertion: calcaneous via calcanal tendon
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Anterior fibers)
- abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
- Cyanosis
- blue, the bluish coloration of the skin due to the presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood vessels near the skin surface
- Gluteals
- "Rump muscles" extend hip, and abduct limb ORIGIN: Ilium INSERTION: Greater Trochanter of the femur
- GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
- O-SACRUM AND POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE OF ILIUM/ I-GLUTEAL TUBEROSITY OF FEMUR/ A- EXTENDS FEMUR ADN LATERALLY ROTATES FEMUR
- Lumbar
- Vertebrae of the small of the back. Have large transverse process, may be flexible in some species (dog and cat) or stiff (cow)
- Ilium
- Largest of the three bones of the pelvis. Cranial portion of each ox coxae. wing, body
- orbicularis oris
- o: mandible and maxilla; i: skin and muscle around mouth; closes and protrudes lips
- Plantaris
- Innervation: Tibial Nerve
- transverse abdominus
- compresses abdomen, deepest layer of ab muscles
- Coracobrachialis - Origin
- Coracoid process of the scapula
- Latissimus dorsi - Action
- adduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
- Transverse Plane
- Right angles to the median plane
- Sarcomere
- The smallest functional unit of muscle tissue
- trapezius
- upper back
- Median Plane
- Cuts body in half longitudally
- Quadriceps
- Anterior thigh muscle that causes extension at the knee
- Illiopsoas
- Anterior muscle that causes hip flexion
- Coracobrachialis
- Origin: coracoid process of the scapula; Insertion: medial shaft of the humerus at about its middle; Action: flexes the humerus,assists to adduct the humerus; Blood: muscular branches of the brachial artery;Nerve: musculocutaneous nerve, C5,6,(C7)
- Cartilage Bone
- Made from cartilage bars in the fetus that become calcified over time
- deltoid
- prime mover for upper arm/shoulder abductor, flexes/extends humerus
- internal oblique
- compresses abdomen, middle layer; fibers point up to the head
- Strap muscle fiber
- long and narrow. Thigh.
- Paresis
- Muscle weakness or partial paralysis
- Flexor pollicis longus - Innervation
- Median nerve, palmar interosseous branch (C8, T1)
- biceps femoris
- part of hamstrings group, flexes knee and extends thigh, rotates thigh laterally
- longissimus capitus
- helps maintain posture, extends head and rotates face/head to same side
- TEMPORALIS
- O-TEMPORAL BONE/ I-CORONOID PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE/ A-ELEVATES AND RETRACTS MANDIBLE
- Wart
- virus
- Endosteum
- Inner layer of the compact an cancellous bone
- RECTUS ABDOMINUS
- O- SUPERIOR RAMUS OF PUBIS/ I- XIPHOID PROCESS AND COSTAL CARTILAGE OF RIBS 5 TO 7/ A- COMPRESS ABDOMEN AND FLEX VERTEBRAL COLUMN
- Ethmoid Foramina
- Openings that let the olfactory nerve leave the brain and enter the nasal passages
- SEMITENDINOSIS
- O: ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY/ I: PROXIMAL MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE TIBIA/ A: EXTENDS THIGH AND FLEXES LEG
- Foramen Magnum
- A large hole in the occipital bone for the passage of nerves into the spinal cord
- Strains
- Tearing or overstretching of a muscle. Tendons attach muscles to bone.
- Marrow
- Fills up the center of most living bones, where blood cells are made
- Characteristics of Epidermis
- Stratified squamous epithelium, outermost layers dead, most have 4 layers but soles of feet and palms of hands have 5, avascular (no blood vessels)
- Olecranon Fossa
- On caudal surface of distal humerus. Depression where anconeal process of olecranon locks when elbow is locked in extended position
- Posterior Deltoid
- Rear part of shoulder muscle that causes shoulder extension and horizntal abduction
- Coracobrachialis - Origin
- Coracoid process of the scapula
- Subscapularis - Innervation
- Upper and lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
- rigor mortis
- a few hours after death Ca is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum causeing a muscle contraction, since no ATP is produced Ca cant actively be pumped back in. muscle contraction is continuous
- Physiology
- Study of how things function
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Posterior fibers)
- abduction, extension, horizontal abduction, and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
- rhomboid major
- adducts scapula
- rectus abdominis
- o: pubis; i: sternum ; flexes vertebral column
- Gastrocnemius
- planter flextion of the foot, between knee and ankle
- Flexor digitorum superficialis - Action
- Flexion of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints, flexion of the wrist, weak flexion of the elbow
- mentalis
- protrudes lower lip and wrinkles chin, sad
- Gastrocnemius
- Innervation: Tibial Nerve
- Plantaris
- Insertion: posterior portion of calcaneous
- Paresis
- Muscle weakness or partial paralysis
- SARTORIUS
- O-ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE OF THE ILIUM/ I-PROXIMAL MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE TIBIA/ A- FLEXES AND ROTATES THIGH LATERALLY AND FLEXES THE LEG THUS PLACING THE HEAL ON OPPOSITE KNEE
- Extensor digitorum - Origin
- Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
- Urticaria or hives
- itching from allergy, stress or drug reactions
- Supination
- moving bones so radius and ulna are parallel
- supinator
- rotates forearm laterally
- Subscapularis - Origin
- Entire anterior surface of the subscapular fossa
- Gluteus Medius
- Ilium, femur, Abduction and medial rotation of thigh
- Decubitis (pressure) ulcer
- Bedsore
- palmaris longus
- flexes wrist
- Proximal
- Near to the body proper
- Flexor digitorum profundus - Innervation
- Median nerve (C8, T1) to the second and third fingers, Ulnar nerve (C8, T1) to the fourth and fifth fingers
- Quadriceps Femoris
- Cranial thigh muscles, extend stifle
- Typical vertebra
- is anterior
- Rectus Femoris
- Ilium, patella, tibia, extends knee, flexes thigh
- external oblique
- o: lower 8 ribs; i: illiac crest; flexes and rotates vertebral column
- Foramen Magnum
- A large hole in the occipital bone for the passage of nerves into the spinal cord
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis - Origin
- Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
- deltoids
- shoulder
- Femur
- Long bone. Head articulates with the acetabulum. Distally it articulates with the patella.
- involuntary muscles-ex
- smooth muscles found in the internal organs and cardiac muscles
- auricular
- wiggle ears
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Posterior fibers)
- abduction, extension, horizontal abduction, and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
- Tuber coxae
- Lateral most projection, hook bone
- GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
- O-SACRUM AND POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE OF ILIUM/ I-GLUTEAL TUBEROSITY OF FEMUR/ A- EXTENDS FEMUR ADN LATERALLY ROTATES FEMUR
- Three types of muscle fibers oblique to the tendon
- Unipennate, Bipennate, Multipennate
- Subscapularis - Innervation
- Upper and lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
- Lateral
- Away from the midline
- Biceps Femoris
- Ischium and femur, tibia, fibula, extends thigh and flexes lower leg
- Brachialis - Innervation
- Musculocutaneous nerve and sometimes branches from radial and median nerves (C5, C6)
- Latissimus dorsi - Origin
- Posterior crest of the ilium, back of the sacrum and spinous processes of the lumbar and lower six thoracic vertebrae (T6-T12); slips from the lower three ribs
- supraspinatus
- origin is supraspinatus fossa of scapula and insertion is greater tubercle of humerus. helps prevent downward dislocation of humerus
- Adductor
- Move the limb towards the body
- Fascicle
- A bundle of muscle fibers
- Fibula
- Lateral to the tibia. Sort of like the ulna, can extend from stifle to tarsus, or may be fused with tibia, or only partially present like in the horse
- Flexor carpi radialis - Innervation
- Median nerve (C6, C7)
- Gastrocnemius
- Insertion: Calcaneous via calcaneal tendon
- gluteus maximus
- butt
- fasciculi
- muscles made of bundles called
- aponeuroses
- broad fibrous sheets attaches to coverings of adjacent muscles
- ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
- O-RAMUS OF THE ISCHIUM/ I-LINEA ASPERA/ O- ADDUCTS THIGH
- Exostosis
- Benign bone tumor
- Ethmoid Turninates
- Curled sheets of bone sometimes called scrolls, which are covered in mucous membrane
- pectineus
- O: superior ramus of pubis; I: tibial tuberosity, medial side
- Vastus Medialis
- Femur, patella, tibia, extends lower leg
- Atrophy
- Loss of muscle mass due to lack of use or loss of innervation
- SUBSCAPULARIS
- O-SUBSCAPULAR FOSSA OF SCAPULA/ I- LESSER TUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS/ A- MEDIALLY ROTATES THE ARM
- Pronator quadratus - Action
- Pronation of the forearm
- pectoralis major
- prime mover for shoulder flexion and adduction
- Athelete's foot (tinea pedis)
- fungus of foot
- Anconeus - Insertion
- Posterior surface of the lateral olecranon process and proximal one-fourth of the ulna
- Metacarpals
- Hand bones. 5 bones numbered from 1-5, medial to lateral
- Semimembranosus
- Medial portion of the hamstring
- Antagonist
- Muscle acts in opposition to the agonist, often lengthening to do so
- PSOAS MAJOR
- O-BODY AND TRANSVERSE PROCESS OF THE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE/ I-LESSER TROCHANTER VIA ILIOPSOAS/ A- WITH PSOAS MAJOR FLEXES THIGH; FLEXES VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND PELVIS ON FEMUR AS IN SIT UP
- semimembranosus
- O: ischial tuberosity; I: posterior surface of medial condyle of tibia
- Latissimus dorsi - Insertion
- Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus, just anterior to the insertion of the teres major.
- Coracobrachialis - Insertion
- Middle of the medial border of the humeral shaft
- Humerus
- Upper arm bone, long bone, 2 ends with shaft in middle
- Triceps brachii - Origin
- Long head- infraglenoid tubercle below inferior lip of glenoid fossa of the scapula, Lateral head- upper half of the posterior surface of the humerus, Medial head- distal two-thirds of the posterior surface of the humerus
- Teres minor - Action
- External rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumoral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- tibialis anterior
- dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
- Brachialis - Origin
- Distal half of the anterior shaft of the humerus
- pectoralis major
- O: clavicle; sternum | I: humerus | A: adduction; medial rotation; extension; flexion
- Pronator teres - Origin
- Distal part of the medial condyloid ridge of the humerus and medial side of the proximal ulna
- Rhomboidal
- Wide, flat muscle. Rectangular. Rhomboids
- Loss of muscle mass due to lack of use or loss of innervation
- Atrophy
- internal oblique
- o: illiac crest; i: last 3 ribs; flexes and rotates vertebral column
- internal oblique
- compresses abdomen, middle layer; fibers point up to the head
- Triceps
- Extends elbow, ORIGIN: scapula/humerus INSERTION: Olecranon of ulna
- Coxofemoral Luxation
- Dislocated hip
- Tendon Sheath
- Elongated bursa. Surrounds a tendon, Found along long tendons in bone
- Flat Bone Characteristic
- Gives a lot of protection
- vastus lateralis
- part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee
- Infraspinatus - Action
- External rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- Muscle
- Used for movement- skeletal, striated and cardiac
- Infraspinatus - Insertion
- Posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- SOLEUS
- A-PLANTAR FLEXES FOOT
- Cervical
- Vertebrae of the neck, most cranial
- Hypertrophy
- Increase in size of muscles
- Peroneus brevis
- Innveration: superficial peroneal nerve
- Patellar Luxation
- If the trochlea is not deep enough , the patella can pop out of the groove and cause lameness, termed _________.
- Metacarpals
- Hand bones. 5 bones numbered from 1-5, medial to lateral
- Sliding Filament Theory
- The Theory of how muscles generate force.
- biceps brachii
- powerful flexor of forearm; origin is glenoid process and coracoid process of scapula, insertion is radial tuberosity
- Os Coxae
- Hip, pelvis
- Jaundice
- Liver can't excrete bile, get rid of bilirubin, skin and whites of eyes are yellow
- Titin is a
- protein that connects M lines to Z lines
- Stratum spinosum
- 8-10 layers, keratin causes spiny appearance, little mitosis
- soleus
- plantar flexes the foot, origin is lateral surface of head of fibula, insertion is calcaneus
- tibialis posterior
- Innervation: Sciatic nerve, tibial branch
- Supraspinatus - Innervation
- Suprascapular nerve (C5)
- hamstrings
- back of thigh
- Vastus Medialis
- Femur, patella, tibia, extends lower leg
- Pronator teres - Action
- Pronation of the forearm, weak flexion of the elbow
- Active Insufficiency
- When muscles aren't able to generate as much force in a shortened or lengthened position.
- rectus femoris
- o: pelvis; i: tibial tuberosity; helps flex hip and extend knee
- gastrocnemius
- plantar flexes foot, flexes leg at knee when foot is dorsiflexed
- Rostral
- On the head, towards the nose
- DIGASTRIC
- O-MASTOID PROCESS/ I- MANDIBLE VIA A PULLY TENDON ON THE HYOID/ A- DEPRESSES THE MANDIBLE
- Infraspinatus - Origin
- Medial aspect of the infraspinatus fossa just below the spine of the scapula
- Spine
- Ridge down middle of scapula, can palpate in thin animals
- latissimus dorsi
- adducts and extends upper arm/shoulder, rotates humerus medially
- Neck
- Between the head and shaft of the femur, sawed off to relieve symptoms of hip dysplasia
- Gluteus Maximus
- Ilium, sacrum, coccyx, femur, extension, and lateral rotation of thigh
- gracilis
- adducts femur/thigh
- Platysmus
- Neck muscle, helps frown
- Biceps brachii - Innervation
- musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6)
- Smooth Muscle
- completly involuntary
- Ligament
- Strong dense tissue that connects bone to bone
- Circumduction
- moving bone or limb in a circle
- longissimus capitus
- helps maintain posture, extends head and rotates face/head to same side
- hernia
- protrusion of fat or intestine from abdominal wall
- extensor digitorum longus
- o: proximal tibia and radius; i: distal toes 2-5; extends toes and dorsiflexes foot
- intercostals muscles
- o: bottom half of ribs ; i: top half of ribs ; raise and depress ribcage for breathing
- Xiphoid
- Last sternebrae
- Ribs
- Same number as thoracic vertebrae. Articulate dorsally with the thoracic vertebrae, articulate ventrally with the sternum. Ventral portion is cartilage
- Arthritis
- Inflammation or infection of the joint
- tibialis anterior
- dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
- Adductor Femoris
- Ischium and pubis, femur, adducts, flexes and laterally rotates thigh
- neuromuscular junction
- connesction to a fiber from a motor neuron
- Muscle Classification can be what to the tendon
- Parallel or Oblique
- rhomboid major
- adducts scapula
- frontalis
- o: cranial aponeurosis; i: skin of eyebrows; raises brows
- Deltoid
- Common site for injections - Shoulder
- a bands
- dark areas, contain myosin and actin overlapping
- GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
- O-SACRUM AND POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE OF ILIUM/ I-GLUTEAL TUBEROSITY OF FEMUR/ A- EXTENDS FEMUR ADN LATERALLY ROTATES FEMUR
- Pectoralis Major - Origin
- Upper fibers (clavicular head)- medial half of the anterior surface of the clavicle. Lower fibers (Sternal head)- anterior surface of the costal cartilage of the first six ribs, and adjacent portion of the sternum.
- 1 square inch of the integumentary system contains
- >3 million cells, 15 ft of blood vessels, 4 yards nerves, 650 sweat glands, 100 oil glands, 1500 sensory receptors
- Coracobrachialis - Action
- Flexion of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal adduction of the glenohumeral joint
- Subluxation
- Partial dislocation- vertebrae
- Deep wound healing (injury beyond stratum basale)
- Inflammatory phase (blood clot forms), migratory phase (cells migrate), proliferative phase (continues), maturation phase (scab falls off)
- Flexor carpi radialis - Origin
- Medial epicondyle of the humerus
- SUPRASPINATUS
- O-SUPRASINOUS FOSSA OF THE SCAPULA/ I-GREATER RUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS/ A- INITIATES ABDUCTION OF THE HUMERUS
- Flexor carpi radialis - Insertion
- Base of the second and third metacarpals, anterior (palmar surface)
- tendon
- the strong connective tissue cords that attach skeletal muscles to bones
- Biceps brachii - Insertion
- Tuberosity of the radius and bicipital aponeurosis
- extensor carpi radialis
- abducts wrist and flexes hand at wrist, origin is medial epicondyle of humerus, insertion is base of 2 and 3 metacarpals
- Kyphosis
- exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (hunchback)
- Infraspinatus - Innervation
- Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
- Thoracic
- Surrounds the heart and lungs
- external oblique
- origin is lower 8 ribs, compresses abdomen; most external of abdominal muscles
- semimembranosus
- part of hamstrings group
- Patellar Ligaments
- Really a tendon, Important to keep patella riding in the patellar groove
- Tibialis Anterior
- Shin muscle that causes dorsiflexion e.g bringing toes towards the shin
- Teres minor - Innervation
- Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
- Palmaris longus - Action
- Flexion of the wrist, weak flexion of the elbow
- Flexor pollicis longus - Action
- Flexion of the thumb carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints, Flexion of the wrist, Abduction of the wrist
- FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS
- O-MEDIAL EPICONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS/ I-METACARPALS 2 AND 3/ A-FLEXES AND ABDUCTS HANDS
- tendon
- the strong connective tissue cords that attach skeletal muscles to bones
- Coracobrachialis - Innervation
- Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7)
- Triceps brachii - Origin
- Long head- infraglenoid tubercle below inferior lip of glenoid fossa of the scapula, Lateral head- upper half of the posterior surface of the humerus, Medial head- distal two-thirds of the posterior surface of the humerus
- Tibia
- Shin bone. On medial side of the leg. Bears most of the weight
- Extensor pollicis longus - Insertion
- Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb (dorsal surface)
- Palmaris longus - Insertion
- Palmer aponeurosis of the second, third, fourth, and fifth metacarpals
- Long
- More length than width, used for locomotion ex: femur, humerus
- BRACHIORADIALIS
- O-RIDGE ABOVE LATERAL EPICONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS/ I-ABOVE THE STYLOID PROCESS ON THE RADIUS/ A-FLEXES FOREARM
- Fibrosis
- formation of scar tissue
- Cannon Bone
- Metacarpal 3 forms this in equines
- Pastern Bone
- The name of P-2 in large animals
- Titin
- Connects from M line to Z line
- Vestigial Clavicle
- Boney attachment to scapula in cats
- Scapula
- Shoulder blade, flat bone, no boney attachment to rest of skeleton in most species
- sartorius
- O: anterior superior iliac spine; I: tibial tuberosity, medial side
- triceps brachii
- o: shoulder girdle and proximal humerus; i: olecrenon process of ulna; extends elbow
- voluntary muscles-ex
- skeletal muscles of the arm and leg
- Teres minor - Action
- External rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumoral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- soleus
- plantar flexes the foot, origin is lateral surface of head of fibula, insertion is calcaneus
- Subscapularis - Insertion
- Lesser tubercle of the humerus
- ILIACUS
- O-ILIAC FOSSA/ I-LESSER TROCHANTER VIA ILIOPSOAS TO FEMUR/ A-WITH PSOAS MAJOR FLEXES THIGH; FLEXES VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND PELVIS ON FEMUR AS IN SIT UP
- Trochlea
- Patella rides in this groove of the distal femur
- Coracobrachialis - Innervation
- Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7)
- Coracobrachialis - Innervation
- Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7)
- Adipose
- Fat storage. White in most animals. Yellow in Gurnsey cattle and horses. Brown in newborns
- Hypertrophy
- Increase in size of cells
- rhomboid major
- adducts scapula
- Infraspinatus - Origin
- Medial aspect of the infraspinatus fossa just below the spine of the scapula
- Flexor carpi ulnaris - Innervation
- Ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
- triceps brachii
- extends arm at elbow
- Passive Tension
- Tension due to muscle stretch
- Head
- Smooth, rounded proximal end of humerus that articulates with glenoid cavity
- palmaris longus
- flexes wrist
- Fascicle
- A bundle of muscle fibers
- popliteus
- O: lateral epicondyle of femur; I: posterior surface of tibia (Proximal)
- Gross
- What we can see with the naked eye
- Cancellous
- Spongy, light weight found near ends of bone for shock absorption
- Cervical
- Vertebrae of the neck, most cranial
- SUBSCAPULARIS
- O-SUBSCAPULAR FOSSA OF SCAPULA/ I- LESSER TUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS/ A- MEDIALLY ROTATES THE ARM
- Gastrocnemius
- Femur, via achilles tendon onto calcaneal tendon, flexes lower leg, plantarflexes foot
- brachialis
- flexes elbow
- Burns
- First degree (surface), second degree (epidermis, maybe upper part of dermis), third degree (subcutaneous, if extensive may need grafting)
- transverse abdominus
- compresses abdomen, deepest layer of ab muscles
- involuntary muscles-ex
- smooth muscles found in the internal organs and cardiac muscles
- sartorius
- abducts and laterally rotates femur, origin is iliac crest, insertion is proximal tibia/patella
- sternocleidomastoid
- rotates face to opposite side, laterally flexes head to same side, origin is manubrium of sternum, insertion is mastoid process of temporal bone
- Triceps
- Extends elbow, ORIGIN: scapula/humerus INSERTION: Olecranon of ulna
- Teres minor - Insertion
- Posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- Drawer Sign
- Bend leg slightly, move femur and tibia in opposite directions to see if there is looseness, Tested if suspected torn cruciate ligament, + means that there is a problem and animal needs surgery
- Patellar Luxation
- If the trochlea is not deep enough , the patella can pop out of the groove and cause lameness, termed _________.
- sternocleidomastoid
- rotates face to opposite side, laterally flexes head to same side, origin is manubrium of sternum, insertion is mastoid process of temporal bone
- Abduction
- Moving bones or limb away from the midline
- Muscle weakness or partial paralysis
- Paresis
- motor neurons
- of the nervous system and stimulates skeletal muscles
- pectoralis major
- prime mover for shoulder flexion and adduction
- Soleus
- Action: Planter flexes, inverts, and adducts foot
- serratus anterior
- O: first 8-9 ribs | I: inside of vertebral border of scapula | A: protraction and upward rotation of shoulder
- Fetlock Bone
- The name of P-1 in large animals
- Sagittal Plane
- Slices that are parallel to the median plane
- iliopsoas
- o: illium and lumbar vertebrae; i: femur; flexes hip
- Origin
- end is attached to the relatively less movable bone (proximal)
- Leukoplakia or vitiligo
- condition of the mouth that involves the formation of white leathery spots on the mucous membranes of the tongue and inside of the mouth, vitiligo is similar but not in the mouth. possibly auto-immune
- gluteous maximus
- rump area, large
- TESOR FASCIAE LATAE
- O-ILIAC CREST/ I-BY WAY OF ILIOTIBIAL TRACT OF TIBIA/ A- ASSIST IN FLEXION, ABDUCTION AND MEDIAL ROTATION OF THE THIGH
- EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS
- O-LATERAL EPICONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS/ I- METACARPAL 2/ A- EXTEND AND ABDUCTS HANDS
- Sacroiliac Joint
- Where the two halves of the pelvis articulate dorsally
- Anconeus - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C7, C8)
- Red Marrow
- Active bone marrow
- Masseter
- powerful chewing muscle
- Phalanges
- Ruminants walk on their finger tips, each 'finger' has p-1, p-2, and p-3/ p-3 has hoof attached to it
- Triceps Brachii
- Upper arm muscle that causes elbow extension
- Orbicularis oculi
- muscle that allows winking, blinking
- Latissimus dorsi - Insertion
- Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus, just anterior to the insertion of the teres major.
- Semitendinosus
- Lateral portion of the hamstring
- Articular Surface
- The end of the bone that is articulating with another bone joint, surfaces of bone are covered with cartilage which makes them shiny and smooth
- Muscle Fiber
- One single muscle tissue cell. Has its own components that make a cell.
- buccinator
- o: maxilla and mandible; i: orbicularis oris; holds food in mouth, sucks in cheeks
- Supraspinatus - Insertion
- Superiorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS
- O-MEDIAL EPICONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS/ I-METACARPALS 2 AND 3/ A-FLEXES AND ABDUCTS HANDS
- Osteoclast
- Cells that break down bone
- Flexion
- To bend a joint
- Flexor carpi ulnaris - Action
- Flexion of the wrist, adduction of the wrist, together with the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle, weak flexion of the elbow
- Quadriceps Femoris
- Cranial thigh muscles, extend stifle
- Properties of Dermis
- vascularized (temperature, blood pressure, nutrients, metabolic waste), glands, follicles and receptors
- Coccygeal
- Vertebrae of the tail. Variable number
- Plantar
- Caudal surface of the hind legs from the ankle to the toes
- Teres major - Insertion
- Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus just posterior to the insertion of the latissimus dorsi
- external oblique
- origin is lower 8 ribs, compresses abdomen; most external of abdominal muscles
- platysma
- o: connective tissue covering chest muscles; i: tissue around mouth; pulls corner of mouth down
- Cranial
- Towards the head
- Flexor carpi radialis - Innervation
- Median nerve (C6, C7)
- False Ribs
- Are joined to the sternum by cartilage
- Pronation
- Moving bones so radius and ulna are NOT parallel
- When a muscle is completely shortened or lengthened
- it can't produce much
- Osteogenesis
- Bone formation
- Pronator quadratus - Action
- Pronation of the forearm
- Deltoid Muscle, Insertion
- Deltoid tuberosity on the lateral humerus.
- Osteochondrosis dessicans
- OCD- degeneration of articular cartilage in joint-flaps
- Ruminants
- MT 3 and MT 4 are fused like in the front leg
- gluteus maximus
- heaviest muscle in body, extends/straightens leg at hip during walking
- Subscapularis - Innervation
- Upper and lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
- muscular dystrophy
- disorder that causes proteins in muscle cells to weaken and deteriorate, some types are inherited, most common Duchenne
- Fixators
- Muscles that stabilize proximally to allow the agonist to work effectively
- Extensor pollicis brevis - Action
- Extension of the thumb at the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joint, Weak wrist extension, Wrist abduction
- Gluteus Maximus
- Ilium, sacrum, coccyx, femur, extension, and lateral rotation of thigh
- System
- Groups of organs working together to do a common job
- SEMITENDINOSIS
- O: ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY/ I: PROXIMAL MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE TIBIA/ A: EXTENDS THIGH AND FLEXES LEG
- Glands in integumentary system
- In the dermis, all are exocrine. Sebaceous (oil) glands secrete sebum that softens and lubricates skin and hair. Sudoriferous (sweat glands) control temperature, excretes some waste materials (eccrine glands are all over, apocrine glands (in axillary, pubic and nipple regions), mammary glands, ceruminous glands (produce cerumen or earwax)
- Flexion
- To bend a joint
- Humerus
- Upper arm bone, long bone, 2 ends with shaft in middle
- FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS
- O-MEDIAL EPICONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS/ I-METACARPALS 2 AND 3/ A-FLEXES AND ABDUCTS HANDS
- External Oblique
- Lower 8 ribs, Ilium and linea alba, flexion and rotation at waist
- Supinator - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6)
- Gastrocnemius
- Calf muscle that causes plantaflexion e.g. jumping
- nasalis
- changes size of nasal openings
- Yellow Marrow
- Fatty marrow that can become active
- soleus
- plantar flexes the foot, origin is lateral surface of head of fibula, insertion is calcaneus
- Peroneus brevis
- Innveration: superficial peroneal nerve
- coracobrachialis
- flexes humerus, antagonist of supraspinatus
- Dens
- Cranial projection of the axis that fits into the atlas
- Coracobrachialis
- Origin: coracoid process of the scapula; Insertion: medial shaft of the humerus at about its middle; Action: flexes the humerus,assists to adduct the humerus; Blood: muscular branches of the brachial artery;Nerve: musculocutaneous nerve, C5,6,(C7)
- Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
- In contact with dermis, stem cells; mitosis, replace more superficial cells. Keratinocytes and melanocytes (produce keratine and menanin)
- tibialis posterior
- Innervation: Sciatic nerve, tibial branch
- gracilis
- adducts femur/thigh
- tibialis anterior
- dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
- gastrocnemius
- plantar flexes foot, flexes leg at knee when foot is dorsiflexed
- Soleus
- Action: Planter flexes, inverts, and adducts foot
- Hyperplasia
- Increase in number of cells
- Teres major - Origin
- Posteriorly on the inferior third of the lateral border of the scapula and just superior to the inferior angle
- rectus abdominis
- straight (rectus) abdominal muscle
- Kaposi's sarcoma
- bruise like cancer
- Soleus
- Fibula, tibia, calcaneal tendon onto calcaneus, plantarflexes foot
- palmaris longus
- flexes wrist
- Neoplasms (tumors)
- Benign or malignant
- semitendinosus
- part of hamstrings group
- Cardiac muscle
- Intercalated discs
- origin
- less moveable of the two bones is considered to be the starting point of the muscle
- Dewclaws
- MC-2 and MC-5 form these in ruminants
- Pectoral
- Chest muscles-adduct the thoracic limbs
- BICEPS FEMORIS
- O-ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY AND THE LINEA ASPERA/ I-HEAD OF FIBULA/ A-EXTENDS THIGH AND FLEXES LEG
- Cannon Bone
- Metacarpals 3 & 4 are fused together to form this in ruminants
- Median Plane
- Cuts body in half longitudally
- orbicularis oculi
- blink eye, smile
- rhomboid major
- adducts scapula
- Syndactyly
- "mulefoot" in cattle, Recessive gene, foot looks like a horses foot, toes are fused together
- Insertion
- Distal. The more movable of the attachment sites of the muscle
- Abductor pollicis longus - Insertion
- Base of the first metacarpal (dorsal lateral surface)
- 6th step in muscle contation
- myosin head attaches to myosin binding site and bends cause actin and myosin and myofilaments to slide past each other
- Plantaris
- Innervation: Tibial Nerve
- zygomaticus major
- smiling muscle, raises corners of mouth upwards
- tibialis anterior
- dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Posterior fibers)
- abduction, extension, horizontal abduction, and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
- Flexor carpi radialis - Insertion
- Base of the second and third metacarpals, anterior (palmar surface)
- Hypodermis
- Subcutaneous layer, attaches dermis to underlying tissue, adipose, areolar connective tissues (energy reserve and padding), vascular
- Leukoplakia or vitiligo
- condition of the mouth that involves the formation of white leathery spots on the mucous membranes of the tongue and inside of the mouth, vitiligo is similar but not in the mouth. possibly auto-immune
- Extensor digitorum - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6-C8)
- Sprain
- Stretching of ligaments around joint
- Flat
- Protection, skull bones and ribs
- Extensor carpi radialis longus - Insertion
- Base of the second metacarpal (dorsal surface)
- Scoliosis
- Abnormal lateral curvature of thoracic spine
- Supraspinatus - Insertion
- Superiorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- Stay Apparatus
- In horses, allows for them to sleep standing up, locks leg in place, due to three patellar ligaments
- Metatarsal Bones
- Similar to metacarpal bones. Foot bones
- nasalis
- changes size of nasal openings
- Supraspinatus - Origin
- Medial two-thirds of the supraspinatus fossa
- gluteus maximus
- heaviest muscle in body, extends/straightens leg at hip during walking
- triceps brachii
- extends arm at elbow
- trapezius
- upper back
- Epiphyseal Line
- No more growth
- MASSETER
- O-ZYGOMATIC ARCH AND BONE/ I-RAMUS OF MANDIBLE/ A-ELEVATES AND PROTRUDES MANDIBLE
- Tarsus
- Hock joint or ankle. Cuboidal bones similar to wrist bones. Usually 7 bones.
- Greater Tubercle
- Non-articular knob lateral to head. Point of shoulder when palpating joint
- Hypodermis
- Subcutaneous layer, attaches dermis to underlying tissue, adipose, areolar connective tissues (energy reserve and padding), vascular
- Process
- Projections from the vertebrae
- EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
- O-RIBS 5 TO 12/ I-ILIAC CREAST AND LINEA ALBA/ A-CONTRACTION OF BOTH COMPRESSES ABDOMEN AND CONTRACTION OF ONE BENDS VERTEBRAL COLUMN LATERALLY
- extensor carpi
- extension at the wrist
- Flexor carpi radialis - Action
- Flexion of the wrist, abduction of the wrist, weak flexion of the elbow, weak pronation of the forearm
- tibialis posterior
- O: interosseous membrane; tibia; fibula | I: metatarsels; tarsels |A: plantarflexion; inversion
- Lumbar
- Vertebrae of the small of the back. Have large transverse process, may be flexible in some species (dog and cat) or stiff (cow)
- Myofibril
- A series of sarcomeres
- Kyphosis
- exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (hunchback)
- Extensor digiti minimi - Origin
- Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
- Crainium
- Bones that surround the cranial cavity
- Myosin
- A protein present in muscle fibers that aids in contraction and makes up the majority of muscle fiber
- Palmaris longus - Action
- Flexion of the wrist, weak flexion of the elbow
- orbicularis oris
- spincter muscle used for "puckering up" and whistling
- trapezius
- origins are occipital bone and spines of cervical/thoracic vertebrae. insertions are clavicle and spine/acromion process of scapula. elevates scapula, carries tension
- Isotonic Contraction
- Involves movement of the muscle contracting
- Palmar
- Caudal surface of front legs from wrist to toes
- orbicularis oculi
- blink eye, smile
- Extensor carpi ulnaris - Action
- Extension of the wrist, adduction of the wrist together with the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, weak extension of the elbow
- Infraspinatus - Origin
- Medial aspect of the infraspinatus fossa just below the spine of the scapula
- Cardiac muscle
- Found only in the heart
- SEMITENDINOSIS
- O: ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY/ I: PROXIMAL MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE TIBIA/ A: EXTENDS THIGH AND FLEXES LEG
- Pectoralis Major - Insertion
- Flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to the lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
- Ewings
- Malignant bone tumor
- Pronate
- Turning appendage down (toward ground)
- Atrophy
- Loss of muscle mass due to lack of use or loss of innervation
- Manubrium
- First sterebrae, at the thoracic inlet
- PSOAS MAJOR
- O-BODY AND TRANSVERSE PROCESS OF THE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE/ I-LESSER TROCHANTER VIA ILIOPSOAS/ A- WITH PSOAS MAJOR FLEXES THIGH; FLEXES VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND PELVIS ON FEMUR AS IN SIT UP
- ILIACUS
- O-ILIAC FOSSA/ I-LESSER TROCHANTER VIA ILIOPSOAS TO FEMUR/ A-WITH PSOAS MAJOR FLEXES THIGH; FLEXES VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND PELVIS ON FEMUR AS IN SIT UP
- rectus femoris
- part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee
- Antagonist
- Muscles that oppose the movement of the agonist
- PSOAS MAJOR
- O-BODY AND TRANSVERSE PROCESS OF THE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE/ I-LESSER TROCHANTER VIA ILIOPSOAS/ A- WITH PSOAS MAJOR FLEXES THIGH; FLEXES VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND PELVIS ON FEMUR AS IN SIT UP
- Osteochondrosis dessicans
- OCD- degeneration of articular cartilage in joint-flaps
- EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS
- O-LATERAL EPICONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS/ I- METACARPAL 2/ A- EXTEND AND ABDUCTS HANDS
- Aging of integumentary system
- Thinner and more prone to damage, fewer immune cells, less vitamin D produced, decrease in melanocyte activity (gray hair), less secretion, skin dries easily, sweat glands less active, fewer capillaries to lose heat, dermis loses elasticity and strength (wrinkles)
- Sesamoids
- Extra bones which are located in tendons on the caudal surface of the limb to give them extra leverage and strength
- motor neurons
- of the nervous system and stimulates skeletal muscles
- Triceps brachii - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C7, C8)
- Phalanges
- Digits or fingers. 5 in dogs cats and humans. Each digit has 3 bones except thumb (digit one or dewclaw) which has 2
- BUCCINATOR
- O-AVEOLAR PROCESS OF MAXILLA AND MANDIBLE/ I-ORBICULARIS ORIS/ A- COMPRESSES CHEAK AS IF BLOWING OR SUCKING
- Mandible
- Has 2 halves, they join at the symphysis which is a common area for fractures, articulates with the temporal bone to form temporo-mandibular-joint. contains all lower teeth
- Endogenous Infection
- Caused by a navel infection, occurs in young animals
- Stay Apparatus
- In horses, allows for them to sleep standing up, locks leg in place, due to three patellar ligaments
- Sarcomere
- The smallest functional unit of muscle tissue
- ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
- O-RAMUS OF THE ISCHIUM/ I-LINEA ASPERA/ O- ADDUCTS THIGH
- Gastrocnemius
- Calf Muscle, flexes stifle and extends hock, achilles tendon ORIGIN: Femur INSERION: Calcaneus-by achilles tendon
- external oblique
- origin is lower 8 ribs, compresses abdomen; most external of abdominal muscles
- Triceps Brachii
- Upper arm muscle that causes elbow extension
- biceps
- two, muscle in the upper arm that has two heads or connecting points
- involuntary muscles-d
- under the control of the subconscious regions of the brain
- Hypertrophy
- Increase in size of muscles
- Osteocytes
- Osteoblasts that have been surrounded by bone, and are trapped
- Facial Bones
- Bones that make up the face that dont surround the cranial cavtiy
- Atrophy
- Muscle shrinkage, decrease in size of muscles
- Body
- Solid, rounded mass of bone that makes up the ventral part of vertebrae
- Olecranon
- Proximal part of ulna. Point of elbow. Funny bone. Has anconeal process that fits into the olecranon fossa
- Orbicularis oculi
- muscle that allows winking, blinking
- deltoid
- prime mover for upper arm/shoulder abductor, flexes/extends humerus
- Sartorius
- Ilium, tibia, flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh, flexes lower leg
- fascia
- fibrous connective tissue, extends to the tendons which attach to coverings of adjacent muscles
- abdominal aponeuroses
- tendons of various abdominal muscles that interlace at midline
- Teres minor - Innervation
- Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
- Irregular Bone Characteristics
- Protective
- Palmaris longus - Innervation
- Median nerve (C6, C7)
- temporalis
- o: temporal bone; i: mandible; closes jaw
- Extensor pollicis longus - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6-C8)
- Hyperplasia
- Increase in number of cells
- longissimus capitus
- helps maintain posture, extends head and rotates face/head to same side
- Semimembranosus
- Ischium, tibia, extends thigh, flexes lower leg
- Circumduction
- moving bone or limb in a circle
- Antagonist
- Muscle acts in opposition to the agonist, often lengthening to do so
- External Oblique
- Lower 8 ribs, Ilium and linea alba, flexion and rotation at waist
- gastrocnemius
- plantar flexes foot, flexes leg at knee when foot is dorsiflexed
- Osteogenesis
- Bone formation
- Extensor pollicis brevis - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6, C7)
- hernia
- protrusion of fat or intestine from abdominal wall
- soleus
- plantar flexes the foot, origin is lateral surface of head of fibula, insertion is calcaneus
- Anconeus - Origin
- Posterior surface of the lateral condyle of the humerus
- myoneural junction
- point of which the motor nerve contacts a muscle fiber
- buccinator
- compresses cheek, allowing for rapid changes in volume of mouth cavity
- gastrocnemius
- O: 2 heads: medial and lateral epicondyle of fibula; I: calcaneal tuberosity
- Composition of Bone
- 1/3 Organic matter. 2/3 Ca++ and Phosphorus hydorapatite
- muscle fibers
- each fasciuli is made of..
- GASTROCNEMIUS
- O-ABOVE LATERAL AND MEDIAL CONDYLE OF FEMUR/ I-CALCANEUS BY WAY OF ACHILLES TENDON/ A-PLANTAR FLEXES THE FOOR AND FLEXES LEG
- Cranial Nerve I
- The olfactory nerve
- Patellar Ligaments
- Really a tendon, Important to keep patella riding in the patellar groove
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- carcinoma type that may occur in many different organs, including the skin, mouth, esophagus, prostate, lungs, and cervix. It is a malignant tumor of epithelium that shows squamous cell differentiation.
- Extensor digiti minimi - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6-C8)
- 1 square inch of the integumentary system contains
- >3 million cells, 15 ft of blood vessels, 4 yards nerves, 650 sweat glands, 100 oil glands, 1500 sensory receptors
- nasalis
- changes size of nasal openings
- Diaphysis
- Shaft or middle region of long bone that contains layer of spongy bone
- iliopsoas
- O: lumbar vertebrae; ilium | I: lesser trochanter of femur | A: flexes hip joint
- Glenoid Cavity
- Articulates with humerus to form shoulder joint
- Red Marrow
- Active bone marrow
- Axis
- C-2, has large, broad dorsal spinous projections and cranial projection that fits into C-1
- Rectus abdominis
- flexes veribral column, runs down medial stmoach
- Cloven Hoofed
- 2 toed animal
- Transverse Process
- Project laterally
- Femur
- Long bone. Head articulates with the acetabulum. Distally it articulates with the patella.
- Condyles
- Rounded knobs at distal end of humerus that articulate with radius and ulna to form elbow joint
- shin splints
- soreness of the front lower leg, strain or flexor digitorium longus commonly caused by running or walking up and down hills
- Muscle
- Made up of fasicicles
- sartorius
- abducts and laterally rotates femur, origin is iliac crest, insertion is proximal tibia/patella
- orbicularis oris
- o: mandible and maxilla; i: skin and muscle around mouth; closes and protrudes lips
- Triceps brachii - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C7, C8)
- Pronator quadratus - Insertion
- Distal fourth of the anterior side of the radius
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Middle fibers)
- abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
- biceps
- arm
- biceps femoris
- part of hamstrings group, flexes knee and extends thigh, rotates thigh laterally
- Equines
- MT 3 forms the cannon bone. MT 2 and MT 4 form the splint bones
- linea alba
- midline of chest where abdominal aponeuroses meet
- Brachialis - Insertion
- Coronoid process of the ulna
- Glenoid Cavity
- Articulates with humerus to form shoulder joint
- hernia
- protrusion of fat or intestine from abdominal wall
- Dogs & Cats
- MT 2-5, MT 1 is usually absent unless a dewclaw is present
- 3 pigments of skin
- melanin, carotene, hemoglobin (not resident)
- pectoralis major
- prime mover for shoulder flexion and adduction
- i bands
- light areas, contain only actin
- tibialis anterior
- o: proximal tibia; i: 1st cuneiform (tarsal); dorsiflexes and inverts foot
- Malignant melanoma
- worst kind, most rare but deadliest
- Muscle Fiber
- A single muscle tissue cell
- rectus femoris
- O: anterior inferior iliac spine; I: tibial tuberosity
- orbicularis oris
- spincter muscle used for "puckering up" and whistling
- Teres major - Origin
- Posteriorly on the inferior third of the lateral border of the scapula and just superior to the inferior angle
- Anatomy
- The study of structure of organisms
- Gluteals
- "Rump muscles" extend hip, and abduct limb ORIGIN: Ilium INSERTION: Greater Trochanter of the femur
- Coracobrachialis - Origin
- Coracoid process of the scapula
- extensor hallucis longus
- O: fibula | I: big toe | A: extends big toe; assists in dorsiflexion
- Synergist
- Muscles that assist the action of the agonist
- SOLEUS
- A-PLANTAR FLEXES FOOT
- Deltoid
- Shoulder muscle that causes shoulder abduction
- BICEPS FEMORIS
- O-ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY AND THE LINEA ASPERA/ I-HEAD OF FIBULA/ A-EXTENDS THIGH AND FLEXES LEG
- extensor digitorum longus
- O: tibia; fibula | I: middle and distal phalnges of toes | A: dorsiflexion; extends toes
- Palmaris longus - Insertion
- Palmer aponeurosis of the second, third, fourth, and fifth metacarpals
- GASTROCNEMIUS
- O-ABOVE LATERAL AND MEDIAL CONDYLE OF FEMUR/ I-CALCANEUS BY WAY OF ACHILLES TENDON/ A-PLANTAR FLEXES THE FOOR AND FLEXES LEG
- semimembranosus
- part of hamstrings group
- Reticular layer
- Collagen, elastin, strong and stretchable. If stretched too far, it tears causing striae or linea albicans (stretch marks). It's innervated, has effectors (muscles, glands) and receptors
- Flexor carpi radialis - Action
- Flexion of the wrist, abduction of the wrist, weak flexion of the elbow, weak pronation of the forearm
- Collarbone
- Boney attachment to scapula in humans
- subscapularis
- O: inner surface of scapula | I: lesser tubercle of humerus | A: medial rotation of humerus
- Stratum lucidum
- only in soles or palms, 3-5 layers, clear with no nuclei, flat and dead
- TERES MINOR
- O-LATERAL BORDER OF THE SCAPULA/ I-GREATER TUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS/ A-ADDUCTS AND LATERALLY ROTATES HUMERUS
- Temporal Bones
- Make up sides of head, has three sections
- Latissimus dorsi - Action
- adduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
- supinator
- O: lateral epicondyle of humerus | I: radius | A: supinate forearm
- The Cell
- The basic unit of living things
- biceps femoris
- part of hamstrings group, flexes knee and extends thigh, rotates thigh laterally
- Teres major - Action
- Extension of the glenohumoral joint, particularly from the flexed position to the posteriorly extended position, internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, particularly from the abducted position down to the side and toward the midline of the body
- Cranial
- Towards the head
- Insertion
- attachment to a bone which moves in the ordinary active in the body (distal)
- myoneural junction
- point of which the motor nerve contacts a muscle fiber
- Phalanx
- 3 bones in each digit (except digit 1), known as P-1, P-2, P-3, or proximal, middle and distal. P-3 has the nail attached to it
- Gracilis
- Pubis, tibia, adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg
- Articular Cavity
- Space between bones
- Flexor carpi radialis - Action
- Flexion of the wrist, abduction of the wrist, weak flexion of the elbow, weak pronation of the forearm
- Sagittal Plane
- Slices that are parallel to the median plane
- Muscle spindles are responsible for
- deep tendon reflexes
- Subscapularis - Origin
- Entire anterior surface of the subscapular fossa
- Gastrocnemius
- Origin: Femoral condyles
- EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
- O-RIBS 5 TO 12/ I-ILIAC CREAST AND LINEA ALBA/ A-CONTRACTION OF BOTH COMPRESSES ABDOMEN AND CONTRACTION OF ONE BENDS VERTEBRAL COLUMN LATERALLY
- Gastrocnemius
- Femur, via achilles tendon onto calcaneal tendon, flexes lower leg, plantarflexes foot
- Supraspinatus - Origin
- Medial two-thirds of the supraspinatus fossa
- Orbicularis oris muscle
- muscle that allows you to move your lips
- Rotation
- Moving the bone around in a central axis
- Biceps Brachii
- Upper arm muscle that causes elbow flexion
- Abductor
- Moves the limb away from the body
- Epiphysis
- End of the bone
- Infraspinatus - Innervation
- Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
- Osseous
- Bone Tissue
- Semitendinosus
- Ischium, tibia, extends thigh, flexes lower leg
- Vastus Intermedius
- Femur, patella, tibia, extends lower leg
- latissimus dorsi
- O: thoracic vertebrae | I: humerus | A: extension; adduction; medial rotation
- Ringworm
- fungus
- Pelvic Symphysis
- Where the two halves of the pelvis join ventrally
- Transverse Abdominis
- Ilium, Linea alba and pubic crest, compresses abdominal wall
- Spine
- Ridge down middle of scapula, can palpate in thin animals
- Caudal
- Towards the tail
- digastric
- opens jaw
- Teres major - Innervation
- Lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
- Sacroiliac Joint
- Where the two halves of the pelvis articulate dorsally
- INTERNAL OBLIQUE
- O-ILIAC CREAST AND INGUINAL LIGAMENTS AND THORACIC LUMBAR FASCIA/ I- LOWER RIBS ABD LINEA ASPERA/ A- CONTRACTION OF BOTH COMPRESSES ABDOMEN AND CONTRACTION OF ONE BENDS VERTEBRAL COLUMN LATERALLY
- internal oblique
- compresses abdomen, middle layer; fibers point up to the head
- Smooth
- Non-striated involuntary muscle w/only one nucleus- found on internal organs
- RECTUS FEMORIS
- O-ANTERIOR INFERIOR ILIAC SPINE/ I-TIBIAL TUBEROSITY/ A-FLEXES THIGH
- zygomaticus major
- smiling muscle, raises corners of mouth upwards
- BRACHIALIS
- A-PRINICIPLE FLEXOR OF FOREARM
- Abductors
- Muscles that cause abduction
- Active Tension
- Tension due to muscle contraction
- biceps
- two, muscle in the upper arm that has two heads or connecting points
- Paralysis
- Complete loss of muscle function
- Abductor pollicis longus - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6, C7)
- sarcoplasmic reticulim
- channels
- Vertebral arch
- is posterior
- GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
- O-SACRUM AND POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE OF ILIUM/ I-GLUTEAL TUBEROSITY OF FEMUR/ A- EXTENDS FEMUR ADN LATERALLY ROTATES FEMUR
- biceps brachii
- powerful flexor of forearm; origin is glenoid process and coracoid process of scapula, insertion is radial tuberosity
- Palmaris longus - Innervation
- Median nerve (C6, C7)
- Articular Surface
- The end of the bone that is articulating with another bone joint, surfaces of bone are covered with cartilage which makes them shiny and smooth
- Medullary Cavity
- Hollow Center / Children - red bone marrow / adult - yellow bone marrow (fat)
- Cervical Vertebrae - 2nd
- Axes - allows for the rotation movement of the head
- Synovial Fluid
- Lubricates, nourishes, and keeps the joint moveable
- TEMPORALIS
- O-TEMPORAL BONE/ I-CORONOID PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE/ A-ELEVATES AND RETRACTS MANDIBLE
- Deltoid Muscle, Origin
- ant fibers- anterior lateral third of the clavicle, Mid fibers- lateral aspect of the acromion, Post. fibers- inferior edge of the spine of the scapula.
- Plantaris
- Insertion: posterior portion of calcaneous
- sarcomere
- distance from one z line to the next
- gluteus medius
- o: illiam; i: proximal femur; abducts thigh
- linea alba
- midline of chest where abdominal aponeuroses meet
- Myofibril
- A series of sarcomeres; several are contained within one muscle fiber
- Applied
- Use knowledge of anatomy to help in diagnosis/treatment
- voluntary muscles-d
- a person consciously shooses which muscles to contract and how long and how hard to contract them
- Long Bones
- Humerous, Radius, Ulna, Femur, Fibula and Tibia
- Teres minor - Insertion
- Posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- fascia
- fibrous connective tissue that wrap around each muscle
- buccinator
- compresses cheek, allowing for rapid changes in volume of mouth cavity
- RHOMBOIDEUS MAJOR
- O-SPINOUS PROCESS OF VERTEBRAE T2 TO T5/ I-MEDIAL BORDER OF THE SCAPULA/ A-ADDUCTS THE SCAPULA
- Contusion
- bruise
- Gastrocnemius
- Action: Flexes knee; plantar flexes, inverts, and adducts foot
- Teres major - Action
- Extension of the glenohumoral joint, particularly from the flexed position to the posteriorly extended position, internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, particularly from the abducted position down to the side and toward the midline of the body
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Middle fibers)
- abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
- Teres minor - Action
- External rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumoral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- Stratum lucidum
- only in soles or palms, 3-5 layers, clear with no nuclei, flat and dead
- Meniscus
- Inside the joint. Cartilage plates which help make the ends of the bones fit together better, can get torn
- Greater Trochanter
- Large knob on the proximal end of the femur for muscle attachments
- Supinator - Insertion
- Lateral surface of the proximal radius just below the head
- biceps
- arm
- Flexor carpi radialis - Insertion
- Base of the second and third metacarpals, anterior (palmar surface)
- latissimus dorsi
- back
- Cartilage
- Gristle type tissue. Discs between vertebrae, ear, joint surface
- Vertebrae
- Becomes progressively larger down to the sacrum and then become successively smaller.
- Anconeus - Action
- Extension of the elbow
- Pectoralis major
- abducts humerus
- Strains
- Tearing or overstretching of a muscle. Tendons attach muscles to bone.
- deltoid
- prime mover for upper arm/shoulder abductor, flexes/extends humerus
- Gastrocnemius
- Insertion: Calcaneous via calcaneal tendon
- Obturator Foramen
- Holes in the pubis of the pelvis that make it more light weight
- Phalanges
- Ruminants walk on their finger tips, each 'finger' has p-1, p-2, and p-3/ p-3 has hoof attached to it
- biceps femoris
- O: 2 heads: long-ischial tuberosity, short: linea aspera of femur; I: head of fibula
- flexor carpi
- flexion at the wrist
- External oblique
- broad, thin muscle that cover superior abdomen
- Muscles
- ends in tendons
- Nasal Bones
- Dorsal bones of face-form roof of nasal cavity
- semitendinosus
- part of hamstrings group
- longissimus capitus
- helps maintain posture, extends head and rotates face/head to same side
- Xiphoid
- Last sternebrae
- Tibia
- Shin bone. On medial side of the leg. Bears most of the weight
- Platysmus
- Neck muscle, helps frown
- Dorsal
- Towards the back
- Soleus
- Fibula, tibia, calcaneal tendon onto calcaneus, plantarflexes foot
- Isotonic Contraction
- Involves movement of the muscle contracting
- intercostals muscles
- o: bottom half of ribs ; i: top half of ribs ; raise and depress ribcage for breathing
- vastus lateralis
- O: greater trochanter and linea aspera; I: tibial tuberosity
- Type II B Muscle Fiber
- Fast twitch; built for power; white
- myocardium
- cardiac muscle
- Process
- Projections from the vertebrae
- Cannon Bone
- Metacarpal 3 forms this in equines
- Flat Bones
- Cranial, sternum, ribs and scapula
- soleus
- plantar flexes the foot, origin is lateral surface of head of fibula, insertion is calcaneus
- Gastrocnemius
- Enables one to stand on tip toes & is enlarged in dancers (calf of leg)
- iliocostalis
- O: posterior iliac crest of os coxa; I: posterior angle of ribs
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Anterior fibers)
- abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
- Subscapularis - Action
- Internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- Abductor
- Moves the limb away from the body
- Triangular
- Pectoralis Major
- adductor brevis
- O: pubic bone | I: linea aspera of femur | A: adducts thigh; can flex and medially rotate thigh
- EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS
- O-LATERAL EPICONDYLE OF HUMERUS/ I-METACARPAL 5/ A-EXTEND AND ADDUCTS THE HAND
- SUBSCAPULARIS
- O-SUBSCAPULAR FOSSA OF SCAPULA/ I- LESSER TUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS/ A- MEDIALLY ROTATES THE ARM
- sartorius
- abducts and laterally rotates femur, origin is iliac crest, insertion is proximal tibia/patella
- VASTUS LATERALIS
- O-LINEA ASPERA/ I-TIBIAL TUBEROSITY/ A- EXTENDS THE LEG
- BRACHIALIS
- A-PRINICIPLE FLEXOR OF FOREARM
- rectus abdominus
- major spine flexor, forms 6 pack and translates to "straight muscle of abdomen"
- Extensor pollicis brevis - Origin
- Posterior surface of the lower middle radius
- insertion
- more moveable bone is considered to be where the muscle ends
- Teres minor - Innervation
- Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
- Superficial
- Near the surface of the body
- Flexor
- Bend the joint th way it wants to bend
- platysma
- sheet-like muscle in neck that pulls mouth (jaw) downward
- rhomboid major
- adducts scapula
- Manubrium
- First sterebrae, at the thoracic inlet
- sternocleidomastoid
- rotates face to opposite side, laterally flexes head to same side, origin is manubrium of sternum, insertion is mastoid process of temporal bone
- Athelete's foot (tinea pedis)
- fungus of foot
- Latissimus Dorsi
- Back muscle that causes shoulder extension, adduction, horizontal abduction and horizontal abduction
- Biceps Femoris
- flex the knee
- TRAPEZIUS
- O-OCCIPITAL BONE AND SPINOUS PROCESS OF VERTEBRAE C7 TO T12 I-ACROMION PROCESS AND SPINE OF SCAPULA AND THE ACROMIAL END OF THE CLAVICLE/ A-UPPER PART EXTENDS HEAD AND ELEVATES SCAPULA AND CLAVICLE, LOWER PART DEPRESSES SCAPULA TOGETHER
- Functions of integumentary system
- Thermoregulation, protection (physical and immune), sensory (in dermis and hypodermis), excretion (sensible and insensible), storage (nutrients, esp. adipose), blood reservoir (10% of vessels), synthesis (vitamin d3 and melanin), absorption (gases, UV light, water, vitamins)
- Gracilis
- Pubis, tibia, adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg
- Is a Type IIA muscle fiber slow or fast twitch
- Fast
- Talipes
- Clubfoot - congenital anomalies
- Acne
- Blocked sebaceous glands
- Epiphyseal Plate
- Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies
- Irregular
- Unpaired bones. Ex: vertebrae, sternebrae, os penis, few skull bones
- Flat Bones
- Cranial, sternum, ribs and scapula
- Peroneus brevis
- Action: Everts and plantar flexes foot
- triceps brachii
- extends arm at elbow
- serratus anterior
- pulls scapula downward and forward
- Elastic
- Stretches and returns to original shape... around abdomen and walls of arteries
- Transverse Process
- Project laterally
- Actin
- Protein that composes microfilaments. Found in cytoskeleton myofibrils of muscle fiber, spindle fibers during cell division
- Gelatinous Marrow
- Broken down marrow, in old and starving animals
- serratus anterior
- pulls scapula downward and forward
- STERNOCLEOIDMASTOID
- O-CLAVICLE AND MANUBRIUM/ I-MASTOID PROCESS/ A- CONTRACTION OF 1 ROTATES HEAD TOWARD OPPOSITE SIDE
- Hemoglobin
- gives fair-skinned people a pink hue to their skin due to the lack of melanin in the epidermis, which makes it almost transparent
- Incisive Bone
- Most rostral bone of upper jaw-contains upper incisors and forms part of the hard palate
- Polydactyly
- Extra fingers/toes
- erector spinea
- o: illiac crests, ribs 3-12, vertebrae; i: rubs thoracic and cervical vertebrae; extends back
- abdominal aponeuroses
- tendons of various abdominal muscles that interlace at midline
- Fixator
- Muscles that stabilize proximally to allow the agonist to work effectively
- ILIACUS
- O-ILIAC FOSSA/ I-LESSER TROCHANTER VIA ILIOPSOAS TO FEMUR/ A-WITH PSOAS MAJOR FLEXES THIGH; FLEXES VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND PELVIS ON FEMUR AS IN SIT UP
- Thoracic
- Vertebrae of the chest or thorax. Have large dorsal spines that tend to slant caudally. Small transverse process that articulate with the ribs
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis - Action
- Extension of the wrist, abduction of the wrist, weak flexion of the elbow
- Paraplegia
- Paralysis of all or some of the muscles in th trunk and lower extremities
- Triceps brachii - Action
- All heads- extension of the elbow, Long head- extension, adduction, and horizontal abduction of the shoulder joint
- Adductors
- Muscles that cause adduction
- levator scapulae
- O: C1-C4 transverse processes | I: superior medial border of scapula | A: elevation of shoulder
- Paralysis of all or some of the muscles in the trunk and LE's
- Paraplegia
- Tibialis posterior
- Insertion: Tarsals and metatarsal 2-4
- Olecranon
- Proximal part of ulna. Point of elbow. Funny bone. Has anconeal process that fits into the olecranon fossa
- Extensor carpi ulnaris - Insertion
- Base of the fifth metacarpal (dorsal surface)
- TESOR FASCIAE LATAE
- O-ILIAC CREST/ I-BY WAY OF ILIOTIBIAL TRACT OF TIBIA/ A- ASSIST IN FLEXION, ABDUCTION AND MEDIAL ROTATION OF THE THIGH
- White Marrow
- Hard fatty marrow, cannot become active
- Active Tension
- Tension due to muscle contraction
- Infraspinatus - Innervation
- Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
- Sternohyoideus
- Manubrium, clavicle, hyoid bone, depresses hyoid and larynx
- Flexor
- Bend the joint th way it wants to bend
- Flexion
- Bending or Decreasing the angle between bones
- Supraspinatus - Action
- Abduction, Stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- BICEPS FEMORIS
- O-ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY AND THE LINEA ASPERA/ I-HEAD OF FIBULA/ A-EXTENDS THIGH AND FLEXES LEG
- RECTUS FEMORIS
- O-ANTERIOR INFERIOR ILIAC SPINE/ I-TIBIAL TUBEROSITY/ A-FLEXES THIGH
- triceps
- back of arm
- Pronator quadratus - Origin
- Distal fourth of the anterior side of the ulna
- Triceps bracii
- extend the elbow joint
- Pronate
- Turning appendage down (toward ground)
- triceps brachii
- O: long head (scapula); medial & lateral heads (humerus) | I: ulna | A: extends elbow; extends shoulder
- Muscle
- Contains several fascicles
- Coffin Bone
- The name of P-3 in large animals
- Impetigo
- infection caused by staphylococcus or streptococcus bacteria
- three types of muscles
- skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, caridac muscle
- Intercalated Discs
- Attachment sites between the transverse lines between cardiac muscle cells
- Abductor pollicis longus - Origin
- Posterior aspect of the radius and midshaft of the ulna
- vastus medialis
- O: intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur; I: tibial tuberosity
- TERES MINOR
- O-LATERAL BORDER OF THE SCAPULA/ I-GREATER TUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS/ A-ADDUCTS AND LATERALLY ROTATES HUMERUS
- Haversian Canals
- Channels in bone which contain the bone's blood vessels
- Teres minor - Origin
- Posteriorly on the upper and middle aspect of the lateral border of the scapula
- origin
- less moveable of the two bones is considered to be the starting point of the muscle
- Foramen magmum
- Large opening in the occipital bone
- Layers of the epidermis
- Bottom to top: Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Corneum
- vastus lateralis
- part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee
- muscle spasms
- quick involuntary contraction and relaxation of a single muscle in a group of muscles
- Extensor pollicis longus - Origin
- Posterior lateral surface of the lower middle ulna
- BUCCINATOR
- O-AVEOLAR PROCESS OF MAXILLA AND MANDIBLE/ I-ORBICULARIS ORIS/ A- COMPRESSES CHEAK AS IF BLOWING OR SUCKING
- Obturator Foramen
- Holes in the pubis of the pelvis that make it more light weight
- Cervical Vertebrae - 1st
- Atlas - allows for the rotation movement of the head
- Passive Tension
- Tension due to muscle stretch
- Pectoralis major
- abducts humerus
- Supinator - Action
- Supination of the forearm
- TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
- O: ANTEROLATERAL SURFACE OF THE TIBIA/ I: METATARSAL 1/ A: DORSIFLEXES THE FOOT
- Pectoralis Major
- Chest muscle that causes shoulder flexion, adduction and horizontal adduction
- Pronator teres - Innervation
- Median nerve (C6, C7)
- Semimembranosus
- Ischium, tibia, extends thigh, flexes lower leg
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Strong bandlike muscle involved in "wry neck" known as torticollis (flexes and rotates the head)
- transverse abdominus
- compresses abdomen, deepest layer of ab muscles
- INFRASPINATUS
- O-INFRASPINOUS FOSSA OF THE SCAPULA/ I- GREATER TUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS/ A- LATERALLY ROTATES HUMERUS
- Semitendinosus
- Ischium, tibia, extends thigh, flexes lower leg
- Endosteum
- Inner layer of the compact an cancellous bone
- Lordosis
- Exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar or cervical spine (hollowback)
- Supraspinatus - Innervation
- Suprascapular nerve (C5)
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Most common skin cancer, rarely fatal, but can be disfiguring
- DIGASTRIC
- O-MASTOID PROCESS/ I- MANDIBLE VIA A PULLY TENDON ON THE HYOID/ A- DEPRESSES THE MANDIBLE
- Cardiac muscle
- has branched cells
- Deltoid Muscle, Origin
- ant fibers- anterior lateral third of the clavicle, Mid fibers- lateral aspect of the acromion, Post. fibers- inferior edge of the spine of the scapula.
- Supraspinatus - Innervation
- Suprascapular nerve (C5)
- Internal Oblique
- Lmbodorsal fascia, Lower 4 ribs, Flexion and rotation at waist
- Masseter
- powerful chewing muscle
- Rectus Femoris
- Ilium, patella, tibia, extends knee, flexes thigh
- What protein is pulled toward the center of the sarcomere by the myocin during contraction
- Actin
- coracobrachialis
- flexes humerus, antagonist of supraspinatus
- Vertebrae
- Becomes progressively larger down to the sacrum and then become successively smaller.
- Gelatinous Marrow
- Broken down marrow, in old and starving animals
- sternocleidomastoid
- stern/o (sternum), cleid/o (clavicle), single insertion (mastoid process)
- Flat
- Protection, skull bones and ribs
- Organ
- Groups of tissues that work together
- Deltoid Muscle, Insertion
- Deltoid tuberosity on the lateral humerus.
- Carpal Bones
- Wrist bones. Front 'knee' of horse and other large animals. 6-8 short bones in 2 rows
- vastus intermedius
- O: anterolateral surface of femur; I: tibial tuberosity
- Acromion
- Knob at end of scapula. Can feel in large animals, help guide injections
- Sternum
- Makes up the floor of the chest (ventral) Made of individual sternebrae, that have cartilage between them. Eventually all fuse together with age, typically 7 or 8 found in common species
- Supraspinatus - Origin
- Medial two-thirds of the supraspinatus fossa
- Petrous Temporal Bone
- Contains the inner ear
- Extensor pollicis longus - Action
- Extension of the thumb at the carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints, Extension of the wrist, Abduction of the wrist, Weak supination of the forearm from a pronated position
- Triceps bracii
- extend the elbow joint
- Anconeus - Origin
- Posterior surface of the lateral condyle of the humerus
- FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS
- O-MEDIAL EPICONDYLE OF HUMERUS/ I-MEDIAL CARPALS AND METACARPAL 5/ A-FLEXES AND ADDUCTS HANDS
- serratus anterior
- pulls scapula downward and forward
- Acromion
- Knob at end of scapula. Can feel in large animals, help guide injections
- SARTORIUS
- O-ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE OF THE ILIUM/ I-PROXIMAL MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE TIBIA/ A- FLEXES AND ROTATES THIGH LATERALLY AND FLEXES THE LEG THUS PLACING THE HEAL ON OPPOSITE KNEE
- Simple Fracture
- Closed - Fracture does not pierce through the skin
- Osteology
- The study of bones
- Nails
- protect digits, plates of keratinezed epidermal cells
- brachialis
- flexes elbow
- Cranium
- Surrounds the brain
- Supraspinatus - Action
- Abduction, Stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- 2nd step in muscle contration
- ACH diffuese across synapitic cleft and attches to ACH reccepotrs on the sarcolemma
- Glands in integumentary system
- In the dermis, all are exocrine. Sebaceous (oil) glands secrete sebum that softens and lubricates skin and hair. Sudoriferous (sweat glands) control temperature, excretes some waste materials (eccrine glands are all over, apocrine glands (in axillary, pubic and nipple regions), mammary glands, ceruminous glands (produce cerumen or earwax)
- Abrasion
- Scrape or surface damage, stratum basale cells migrate, mitosis
- VASTUS MEDIALIS
- O- LINEA ASPERA/ I- TIBIAL TUBEROSITY/ A-EXTENDS THE LEG
- deltoid
- o: scalpular spine and clavicle; i: humerus (deltoid tuberosity); abducts the arm
- Subscapularis - Action
- Internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- Polydactyly
- Extra fingers/toes
- VASTUS LATERALIS
- O-LINEA ASPERA/ I-TIBIAL TUBEROSITY/ A- EXTENDS THE LEG
- transverse tubules
- channels perpendicular to myofibrils that extend through fiber
- Adductor Femoris
- Ischium and pubis, femur, adducts, flexes and laterally rotates thigh
- Cartilage Bone
- Made from cartilage bars in the fetus that become calcified over time
- Deltoid Muscle, Origin
- ant fibers- anterior lateral third of the clavicle, Mid fibers- lateral aspect of the acromion, Post. fibers- inferior edge of the spine of the scapula.
- Acetabulum
- Hip socket. Formed by all three bones of the pelvis. Where the femur articulates
- SUPRASPINATUS
- O-SUPRASINOUS FOSSA OF THE SCAPULA/ I-GREATER RUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS/ A- INITIATES ABDUCTION OF THE HUMERUS
- Teres minor - Insertion
- Posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- gluteus minimus
- O: ilium | I: greater trochanter of femur | A: abducts and medially rotates thigh
- semitendinosus
- O: ischial tuberosity | I: tibia | A: flexes knee; medially rotates tibia; extends thigh/hip
- Hemiplegia
- Partial or complete loss of muscle function on one side of the body
- Epiphyseal Plate
- Area of long bone where growth occurs
- epimysium
- covering of the muscle
- GRACILIS
- O-INFERIOR RAMIS OF THE PUBIS/ I- PROXIMAL MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE TIBIA/ A- ADDUCTS THE THIGH
- Periosteum
- Outer most fibrous layer that supplies blood and nerves to the bone
- Layers of the epidermis
- Bottom to top: Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Corneum
- Tuber Ischii
- Caudal prominence of the Ishium
- Brachialis - Action
- True flexion of the elbow
- sartorius
- O: anterior superior iliac spine; I: tibial tuberosity, medial side
- Chestnut
- Remnant of MC-1 forms this on the medial side of the leg in equines
- biceps brachii
- powerful flexor of forearm; origin is glenoid process and coracoid process of scapula, insertion is radial tuberosity
- Latissimus dorsi - Origin
- Posterior crest of the ilium, back of the sacrum and spinous processes of the lumbar and lower six thoracic vertebrae (T6-T12); slips from the lower three ribs
- Collagen
- Fibrous tissue that adds strength to other tissues; gelatin, capsule around muscles
- semitendinosus
- part of hamstrings group
- Biceps bracii
- flex the elbow joint
- Dermatitis
- skin inflammation
- Pronator quadratus - Origin
- Distal fourth of the anterior side of the ulna
- latissimus dorsi
- adducts and extends upper arm/shoulder, rotates humerus medially
- Diaphysis
- Shaft or middle region of long bone that contains layer of spongy bone
- Biceps brachii - Action
- Flexian of the elbow, supination of the forearm, weak flexion of the shoulder joint, weak abduction of the shoulder joint when the shoulder joint is in external rotation
- endomysium
- covering of the muscle fibers (cells)
- orbicularis oris
- spincter muscle used for "puckering up" and whistling
- Ligament
- Strong dense tissue that connects bone to bone
- mentalis
- protrudes lower lip and wrinkles chin, sad
- Peroneus brevis
- Origin: midlateral margin of fibula
- Gastrocnemius
- planter flextion of the foot, between knee and ankle
- Tissue
- Specialized groups of cells with the same function
- Orbicularis oris muscle
- muscle that allows you to move your lips
- semitendinosus
- O: ischial tuberosity; I: proximal medial surface of tibia
- Concentric Contraction
- Muscle contracts isotonically by shortening
- Burns
- First degree (surface), second degree (epidermis, maybe upper part of dermis), third degree (subcutaneous, if extensive may need grafting)
- 7th step in muscle contation
- ATP unsticks the myosin heads and recocks it for next movement
- Soleus
- Insertion: calcaneous via calcanal tendon
- Skeletal muscle
- also called striated
- Rectus abdominis
- flexes veribral column, runs down medial stmoach
- Flexor pollicis longus - Origin
- Middle anterior surface of the radius and the anterior medial border of the ulna just distal to the coronoid process; occasionally a small head is present attaching on the medial epicondyle of the humerus
- Tendon
- Strong dense tissue that connects muscle to bone
- linea alba
- midline of chest where abdominal aponeuroses meet
- Active insufficiency is most noticeable in
- a 2-joint muscle. Hamstrings and finger flexors
- latissimus dorsi
- adducts and extends upper arm/shoulder, rotates humerus medially
- Skeletal Muscle
- voluntary
- Extension
- Increasing the angle between bones
- internal oblique
- compresses abdomen, middle layer; fibers point up to the head
- Pectoral
- Chest muscles-adduct the thoracic limbs
- actin
- thin protien myofibril
- Osteocytes
- Bone cells
- antagonistic pairs
- muscles are often arranged around joints, they produce opposite actions
- Pronator teres - Insertion
- Middle third of the lateral surface of the radius
- Teres major - Insertion
- Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus just posterior to the insertion of the latissimus dorsi
- Palmar
- Caudal surface of front legs from wrist to toes
- Supinator - Origin
- Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and neighboring posterior part of the ulna
- Impetigo
- infection caused by staphylococcus or streptococcus bacteria
- External oblique
- broad, thin muscle that cover superior abdomen
- Cervical Vertebrae - 1st
- Atlas - allows for the rotation movement of the head
- Phalanges
- Equines walk on their middle finger, which has P-1, P-2 and P-3, P-3 has the hoof attached to it
- Triceps brachii - Insertion
- Olecranon process of the ulna
- Anconeus - Insertion
- Posterior surface of the lateral olecranon process and proximal one-fourth of the ulna
- Teres major - Origin
- Posteriorly on the inferior third of the lateral border of the scapula and just superior to the inferior angle
- Cribriform Plate
- Has openings called ethmoid foramina, part of the ethmoid bones
- C-7/T-13/ L-6/ S-5
- Numbers of vertebrae in the cow
- Stifle Joint
- Formed by the articulation of the femur, patella and tibia
- erector spinae
- O: iliac crest; sacrum; lumbar spinous processes | I: iliocostalis = ribs; spinalis = spinous processes & skull; longissimus = ribs, transverse processes & mastoid process | A: extend vertebral column; maintain upright posture
- Malignant melanoma
- worst kind, most rare but deadliest
- Biceps brachii - Origin
- Long head- supraglenoid tubercle above the superior lip of the glenoid fossa, Short head- coracoid process of the scapula and upper lip of the glenoid fossa in conjunction with the proximal attachment of the coracobrachialis
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Most common skin cancer, rarely fatal, but can be disfiguring
- Biceps
- Flexes the elbow and extends the shoulder
- rectus abdominis
- stomach
- Infraspinatus - Innervation
- Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
- Greenstick Fracture
- partial fracture - will bend on one side and break on the other
- Plantaris
- Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of femur
- gastrocnemius
- calf
- EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS
- O-LATERAL EPICONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS/ I- METACARPAL 2/ A- EXTEND AND ABDUCTS HANDS
- TRAPEZIUS
- O-OCCIPITAL BONE AND SPINOUS PROCESS OF VERTEBRAE C7 TO T12 I-ACROMION PROCESS AND SPINE OF SCAPULA AND THE ACROMIAL END OF THE CLAVICLE/ A-UPPER PART EXTENDS HEAD AND ELEVATES SCAPULA AND CLAVICLE, LOWER PART DEPRESSES SCAPULA TOGETHER
- Muscle Spindle
- Lie parallel to the muscle fibers; detect changes in muscle length and speed
- Deep
- Near the center of the body
- Subscapularis - Origin
- Entire anterior surface of the subscapular fossa
- Exogenous Infection
- Created by a puncture into the joint
- gracilis
- adducts femur/thigh
- Teres major - Action
- Extension of the glenohumoral joint, particularly from the flexed position to the posteriorly extended position, internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, particularly from the abducted position down to the side and toward the midline of the body
- Fetlock Bone
- The name of P-1 in large animals
- SARTORIUS
- O-ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE OF THE ILIUM/ I-PROXIMAL MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE TIBIA/ A- FLEXES AND ROTATES THIGH LATERALLY AND FLEXES THE LEG THUS PLACING THE HEAL ON OPPOSITE KNEE
- Long
- More length than width, used for locomotion ex: femur, humerus
- Frontalis
- forehead muscle (Raises eyebrow andfacial expressions)
- Pectoralis Major - Origin
- Upper fibers (clavicular head)- medial half of the anterior surface of the clavicle. Lower fibers (Sternal head)- anterior surface of the costal cartilage of the first six ribs, and adjacent portion of the sternum.
- mentalis
- protrudes lower lip and wrinkles chin, sad
- DJD or Arthritis
- Damage to joint can lead to this
- SUPRASPINATUS
- O-SUPRASINOUS FOSSA OF THE SCAPULA/ I-GREATER RUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS/ A- INITIATES ABDUCTION OF THE HUMERUS
- Peristalsis
- A rythmic, wavelike motion that progressively moves through a tube organ such as the small intestine
- Extensor carpi ulnaris - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6-C8)
- EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS
- O-LATERAL EPICONDYLE OF HUMERUS/ I-METACARPAL 5/ A-EXTEND AND ADDUCTS THE HAND
- Extensor digitorum - Action
- Extension of the second, third, fourth, and fifth phalanges at the metacarpophalangeal joints, Extension of the wrist, weak extension of the elbow
- Subscapularis - Origin
- Entire anterior surface of the subscapular fossa
- semimembranosus
- O: ischial tuberosity | I: medial epicondyle of tibia | A: flexes leg at knee; rotates flexed log laterally; extend thigh at hip joint
- Neck
- Between the head and shaft of the femur, sawed off to relieve symptoms of hip dysplasia
- involuntary muscles-d
- under the control of the subconscious regions of the brain
- Foramen magmum
- Large opening in the occipital bone
- Albinism
- melanocytes can't sythesize melanin
- Latissimus dorsi - Action
- adduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
- rectus abdominis
- stomach
- Illiopsoas
- Anterior muscle that causes hip flexion
- Supinator - Origin
- Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and neighboring posterior part of the ulna
- MASSETER
- O-ZYGOMATIC ARCH AND BONE/ I-RAMUS OF MANDIBLE/ A-ELEVATES AND PROTRUDES MANDIBLE
- What protein maintains the position of the myosin in the center and prevents it from being pulled apart
- Titin
- Linea Alba
- The sheet of fibrous connective tissue that connects the abdominal muscles from each side on the ventral midline
- Degenerative Joint Disease
- DJD- another name for arthritis, secondary to structural deformities that cause abnormal articulation of bones
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis - Insertion
- Base of the third metacarpal (dorsal surface)
- STERNOCLEOIDMASTOID
- O-CLAVICLE AND MANUBRIUM/ I-MASTOID PROCESS/ A- CONTRACTION OF 1 ROTATES HEAD TOWARD OPPOSITE SIDE
- trapezius
- origins are occipital bone and spines of cervical/thoracic vertebrae. insertions are clavicle and spine/acromion process of scapula. elevates scapula, carries tension
- rectus abdominus
- major spine flexor, forms 6 pack and translates to "straight muscle of abdomen"
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6, C7)
- True Ribs
- Articulate with the sternum on their own
- buccinator
- compresses cheek, allowing for rapid changes in volume of mouth cavity
- semimembranosus
- o: ischial tuberosity; i: proximal tibia; flex knee and extend hip
- Pectoralis Major - Innervation
- Upper fibers- lateral pectoral nerve (C5-C7). Lower fibers- medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)
- Sprain
- Tearing or overstretching of a ligament. Ligaments attach bone to bone.
- Pectoralis Major - Action (Upper fibers, clavicular head)
- internal rotation, horizontal adduction, flexion up to about 60 degrees, abduction (once the arm is abducted 90 degrees, the upper fibers assist in further abduction), and the adduction (with the arm below 90 degrees of abduction) of the glenohumeral joint.
- Elastic
- Stretches and returns to original shape... around abdomen and walls of arteries
- The Length-Tension Relation states that the number of sarcomeres can
- change over time to optimize the length-tension relationship
- internal oblique
- compresses abdomen, middle layer; fibers point up to the head
- Vestigial Clavicle
- Boney attachment to scapula in cats
- Aging of integumentary system
- Thinner and more prone to damage, fewer immune cells, less vitamin D produced, decrease in melanocyte activity (gray hair), less secretion, skin dries easily, sweat glands less active, fewer capillaries to lose heat, dermis loses elasticity and strength (wrinkles)
- Ventral
- Towards the belly
- Talipes
- Clubfoot - congenital anomalies
- Tibialis posterior
- Origin: proximal tibia and fibula, interosseous membrane
- Periosteum
- Outer most fibrous layer that supplies blood and nerves to the bone
- triceps brachii
- extends arm at elbow
- extensor carpi radialis
- abducts wrist and flexes hand at wrist, origin is medial epicondyle of humerus, insertion is base of 2 and 3 metacarpals
- buccinator
- compresses cheek, allowing for rapid changes in volume of mouth cavity
- deltoid
- prime mover for upper arm/shoulder abductor, flexes/extends humerus
- TESOR FASCIAE LATAE
- O-ILIAC CREST/ I-BY WAY OF ILIOTIBIAL TRACT OF TIBIA/ A- ASSIST IN FLEXION, ABDUCTION AND MEDIAL ROTATION OF THE THIGH
- motor end plate
- specialized area of neuromuscular junction on the muscle fiber
- rectus abdominis
- straight (rectus) abdominal muscle
- gastrocnemius
- calf
- Reticular layer
- Collagen, elastin, strong and stretchable. If stretched too far, it tears causing striae or linea albicans (stretch marks). It's innervated, has effectors (muscles, glands) and receptors
- Closed Reductions
- manual manipulation of the ends of the fractured bone so that normal alignment is maintained
- Extension
- Increasing the angle between bones
- Tuber sacrale
- Dorsal-medial portion that articulates with the sacrum
- gastrocnemius
- plantar flexes foot, flexes leg at knee when foot is dorsiflexed
- voluntary muscles-ex
- skeletal muscles of the arm and leg
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Have no joint cavity, Bones held together by cartilage. Examples are growth plates, disks between vertebrae and the pelvic symphysis
- triceps brachii
- extends arm at elbow
- Posterior Deltoid
- Rear part of shoulder muscle that causes shoulder extension and horizntal abduction
- supinator
- rotates forearm laterally
- Sprain
- Tearing or overstretching of a ligament. Ligaments attach bone to bone.
- Tibialis Anterior
- Shin muscle that causes dorsiflexion e.g bringing toes towards the shin
- Supinator - Insertion
- Lateral surface of the proximal radius just below the head
- Compact
- Beneath periosteum, very dense, makes up shaft of bone
- abdominal aponeuroses
- tendons of various abdominal muscles that interlace at midline
- Teres minor - Origin
- Posteriorly on the upper and middle aspect of the lateral border of the scapula
- Chestnut
- Remnant of MC-1 forms this on the medial side of the leg in equines
- Origin
- end is attached to the relatively less movable bone (proximal)
- Extensor digiti minimi - Insertion
- Base of the middle and distal phalanxes of the fifth phalange (dorsal surface)
- Teres minor - Innervation
- Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
- Extensor digitorum - Insertion
- Four tendons to bases of middle and distal phalanxes of four fingers (dorsal surface)
- Cribriform Plate
- Has openings called ethmoid foramina, part of the ethmoid bones
- Osteoblast
- Cells that make bone
- Flexor carpi ulnaris - Origin
- Medial epicondyle of the humerus, Posterior aspect of the proximal ulna
- linea alba
- midline of chest where abdominal aponeuroses meet
- Pronator teres - Origin
- Distal part of the medial condyloid ridge of the humerus and medial side of the proximal ulna
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Have no joint cavity, Bones held together by cartilage. Examples are growth plates, disks between vertebrae and the pelvic symphysis
- Phalanx
- 3 bones in each digit (except digit 1), known as P-1, P-2, P-3, or proximal, middle and distal. P-3 has the nail attached to it
- gluteous maximus
- rump area, large
- zygomaticus major
- smiling muscle, raises corners of mouth upwards
- Tendon Sheath
- Elongated bursa. Surrounds a tendon, Found along long tendons in bone
- Actin
- Protein that composes microfilaments. Found in cytoskeleton myofibrils of muscle fiber, spindle fibers during cell division
- Energy in the form of what is needed to contract or release a muscle
- ATP
- EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
- O-RIBS 5 TO 12/ I-ILIAC CREAST AND LINEA ALBA/ A-CONTRACTION OF BOTH COMPRESSES ABDOMEN AND CONTRACTION OF ONE BENDS VERTEBRAL COLUMN LATERALLY
- Facial Bones
- Bones that make up the face that dont surround the cranial cavtiy
- Short Bone Characteristic
- Can withstand alot of pressure
- Myofibrils
- Micorsopic, fiber-like structures that occupy most cytoplasm in skeletal muscle cells
- Papillary layer
- Top 1/5 of dermis, most is areolar connective tissue, dermal papillae "fingerprints"
- Lesion
- Wounded or damaged area
- 1st step in muscle contration
- depolarization of axonal termincal, causes synaptic vesicles to release ACH into synaptice cleft
- semimembranosus
- part of hamstrings group
- DIGASTRIC
- O-MASTOID PROCESS/ I- MANDIBLE VIA A PULLY TENDON ON THE HYOID/ A- DEPRESSES THE MANDIBLE
- Open Reductions
- manipulating ends of fractures under direct vision using an incision
- latissimus dorsi
- adducts and extends upper arm/shoulder, rotates humerus medially
- mysathemia gravis
- delayed muscle contraction of weak facial and neck muscles; treatment remove antibodies or tymus, stop acetylcholinesterase activity
- Passive Insufficiency
- Motion of joint limited by length of 2-joint muscle due to being unable to stretch across both joints. Hamstrings
- Body
- Solid, rounded mass of bone that makes up the ventral part of vertebrae
- Pectoralis Major - Origin
- Upper fibers (clavicular head)- medial half of the anterior surface of the clavicle. Lower fibers (Sternal head)- anterior surface of the costal cartilage of the first six ribs, and adjacent portion of the sternum.
- Muscle spindles detect changes in muscle ? and ? of length change
- length speed
- buccinator
- o: maxilla and mandible; i: orbicularis oris; holds food in mouth, sucks in cheeks
- Epidermis and dermis
- Epidermis is superficial epithelium, dermis is underlying area of connective tissues
- Navicular Disease
- Degeneration of the navicular bone over time that leads to chronic lameness
- biceps brachii
- powerful flexor of forearm; origin is glenoid process and coracoid process of scapula, insertion is radial tuberosity
- brachialis
- flexes elbow
- latissimus dorsi
- o: lower spine and illiac crest; i: proximal humerus; extends and adducts humerus
- rectus abdominus
- major spine flexor, forms 6 pack and translates to "straight muscle of abdomen"
- Sacromere
- Basic contracting unit of muscle cell consits of actin and myosin filaments between z-lines in a muscle cell
- Teres major - Origin
- Posteriorly on the inferior third of the lateral border of the scapula and just superior to the inferior angle
- Teres major - Insertion
- Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus just posterior to the insertion of the latissimus dorsi
- three types of muscles
- skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, caridac muscle
- MASSETER
- O-ZYGOMATIC ARCH AND BONE/ I-RAMUS OF MANDIBLE/ A-ELEVATES AND PROTRUDES MANDIBLE
- GASTROCNEMIUS
- O-ABOVE LATERAL AND MEDIAL CONDYLE OF FEMUR/ I-CALCANEUS BY WAY OF ACHILLES TENDON/ A-PLANTAR FLEXES THE FOOR AND FLEXES LEG
- Temporal Bulla
- Bulb like cavity that contains the middle ear where the stirrup, anvil and hammer are
- Dermatitis
- skin inflammation
- Flexor carpi ulnaris - Innervation
- Ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
- coracobrachialis
- flexes humerus, antagonist of supraspinatus
- biceps femoris
- o: ischial tuberosity; i: proximal tibia; flex knee and extend hip
- Pelvic Limb
- Hind Leg
- Gluteus Medius
- Ilium, femur, Abduction and medial rotation of thigh
- Epiphyseal Plate
- Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies
- False Ribs
- Are joined to the sternum by cartilage
- Flexor carpi ulnaris - Insertion
- Pisiform, hamate, and base of the fifth metacarpal (palmer surface)
- Hemiplegia
- Partial or complete loss of muscle function on one side of the body
- White Marrow
- Hard fatty marrow, cannot become active
- rhomboideus
- O: C7; T1; T2-T5 | I: medial border of scapula | A: retraction of shoulder
- Biceps bracii
- flex the elbow joint
- adductor muscles
- o: pelvis; i: proximal femur; flexes hip
- TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
- O: ANTEROLATERAL SURFACE OF THE TIBIA/ I: METATARSAL 1/ A: DORSIFLEXES THE FOOT
- Origin
- Proximal. The more stable of the attachment sites of the muscle
- Collagen
- Fibrous tissue that adds strength to other tissues; gelatin, capsule around muscles
- vastus lateralis
- part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee
- Navicular Disease
- Degeneration of the navicular bone over time that leads to chronic lameness
- Tibialis posterior
- Origin: proximal tibia and fibula, interosseous membrane
- Peroneus brevis
- Insertion: base of metatarsal 5
- supinator
- rotates forearm laterally
- biceps femoris
- part of hamstrings group, flexes knee and extends thigh, rotates thigh laterally
- Palatine Bones
- Form most caudal portion of hard palate
- auricular
- wiggle ears
- Rule of nines, lund and browder chart
- Determine percentage of body burned in an injury
- Peroneus brevis
- Action: Everts and plantar flexes foot
- coracobrachialis
- flexes humerus, antagonist of supraspinatus
- gluteus maximus
- o: sacrum and illiam; i: proximal femur; extends hip
- masseter
- o: temporal bone; i: mandible; closes jaw
- Subluxation
- Partial dislocation- vertebrae
- Rectus Abdominis
- Pubic bone, Ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process, flexion at waist
- VASTUS MEDIALIS
- O- LINEA ASPERA/ I- TIBIAL TUBEROSITY/ A-EXTENDS THE LEG
- Osteoblast
- Cells that make bone
- Muscle Spindle
- Lie parallel to the muscle fibers; detect changes in muscle length and speed
- Maxilla
- Forms most of the upper jaw, and part of the hard palate, contains upper molars, premolars, and canines
- Sphincter
- Circular muscles around an opening
- Atlas
- C-1, Has large transverse processes called wings and no dorsal process... articulates with the skull
- Pectoralis Major - Innervation
- Upper fibers- lateral pectoral nerve (C5-C7). Lower fibers- medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)
- Latissimus dorsi - Insertion
- Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus, just anterior to the insertion of the teres major.
- vastus medialis
- O: femur | I: quadriceps tendon | A: extends knee
- Urticaria or hives
- itching from allergy, stress or drug reactions
- Irregular Bone Characteristics
- Protective
- Adduct
- To move a limb back towards the body
- Gluteus Maximus
- Posterior muscle that causes hip extension
- Os Coxae
- Hip, pelvis
- Melanin
- only melanin is made in the skin. Melanin can be gradated into many different shades. It is this ability of Melanin that gives different races different skin coloration. A special type of cells known as melanocytes produces melanin, Melanocytes are primarily found in the stratum germinativum. Whenever the skin has had an exposure to sunlight, the stratum germinativum cells, phagocytize or eat the skin pigment melanin. After an amount of time, melanin accumulates within the stratum germinativum cells, and tends to form a protective pigment "umbrella". These "umbrellas of melanin pigment shields DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation
- buccinator
- compresses cheek, allowing for rapid changes in volume of mouth cavity
- semimembranosus
- O: ischial tuberosity; I: posterior surface of medial condyle of tibia
- Peristalsis
- A rythmic, wavelike motion that progressively moves through a tube organ such as the small intestine
- Tibialis posterior
- Insertion: Tarsals and metatarsal 2-4
- Yellow Marrow
- Fatty marrow that can become active
- abdominal aponeuroses
- tendons of various abdominal muscles that interlace at midline
- pectoralis minor
- O: ribs 3-5 | I: coracoid process of scapula | A: protraction, depression and downward rotation of shoulder
- serratus anterior
- pulls scapula downward and forward
- Muscle Fibers
- Actin and Myosin
- linea alba
- midline of chest where abdominal aponeuroses meet
- Functions of integumentary system
- Thermoregulation, protection (physical and immune), sensory (in dermis and hypodermis), excretion (sensible and insensible), storage (nutrients, esp. adipose), blood reservoir (10% of vessels), synthesis (vitamin d3 and melanin), absorption (gases, UV light, water, vitamins)
- semimembranosus
- part of hamstrings group
- rectus femoris
- part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee
- Multipennate
- multi-tendons and multi-feathered. Deltoid.
- biceps femoris
- O: long = ischial tuberosity; short = linea aspera of femur | I: lateral side of fibula | A: flexes leg; rotates tibia laterally; long = extends thigh/hip
- zygomaticus major
- smiling muscle, raises corners of mouth upwards
- tibialis anterior
- O: tibia | I: tarsel | A: dorsiflexion; inversion
- Adduction
- Moving bones or limb toward the midline
- gracilis
- O: pubic bone | I: tibia | A: adducts thigh; flexes leg at knee
- Deep wound healing (injury beyond stratum basale)
- Inflammatory phase (blood clot forms), migratory phase (cells migrate), proliferative phase (continues), maturation phase (scab falls off)
- trapezius
- origins are occipital bone and spines of cervical/thoracic vertebrae. insertions are clavicle and spine/acromion process of scapula. elevates scapula, carries tension
- Superficial
- Near the surface of the body
- Deltoid
- Common site for injections - Shoulder
- Sarcomeres run from
- Z line to Z line
- sarcolemma
- cell membrane
- 3rd step in muscle contration
- Sodium diffues into the cell
- hamstrings
- back of thigh
- sternocleidomastoid
- rotates face to opposite side, laterally flexes head to same side, origin is manubrium of sternum, insertion is mastoid process of temporal bone
- Pectoralis Major
- Chest muscle that causes shoulder flexion, adduction and horizontal adduction
- Rotation
- Moving the bone around in a central axis
- Tendon
- Strong dense tissue that connects muscle to bone
- Flexor pollicis longus - Insertion
- Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb (palmer surface)
- Sesamoids
- Extra bones which are located in tendons on the caudal surface of the limb to give them extra leverage and strength
- gastrocnemius
- plantar flexes foot, flexes leg at knee when foot is dorsiflexed
- Fibula
- Lateral to the tibia. Sort of like the ulna, can extend from stifle to tarsus, or may be fused with tibia, or only partially present like in the horse
- DIGASTRIC
- O-MASTOID PROCESS/ I- MANDIBLE VIA A PULLY TENDON ON THE HYOID/ A- DEPRESSES THE MANDIBLE
- Stratum corneum
- Most superficial, "horn-like" cornified or keratinized, 15-30 layers flat and dead, 15-30 days from stratum basale then 10-14 days until lost, tightly connected
- Nervous
- Conducts never signals; found in the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
- Thermoregulation
- Negative feedback, thermoreceptors to brain, temperature control center sends message to effectors
- smoth muscle
- involuntary, found in the walls of the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels
- 5th step in muscle contration
- calcium moves troponin complex and tropomyosin out of the way
- Trapezius
- shoulder muscle that moves scapula
- Teres minor - Origin
- Posteriorly on the upper and middle aspect of the lateral border of the scapula
- Psoriasis
- Chronic, noninfectious, raised, reddened round plaques covered by silvery white scales
- TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
- O: ANTEROLATERAL SURFACE OF THE TIBIA/ I: METATARSAL 1/ A: DORSIFLEXES THE FOOT
- semitendinosus
- o: ischial tuberosity; i: proximal tibia; flex knee and extend hip
- Compound Fracture
- Open - bone pierces the skin
- EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS
- O-LATERAL EPICONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS/ I- METACARPAL 2/ A- EXTEND AND ABDUCTS HANDS
- biceps femoris
- O: 2 heads: long-ischial tuberosity, short: linea aspera of femur; I: head of fibula
- Deltoid
- Shoulder muscle that causes shoulder abduction
- external oblique
- origin is lower 8 ribs, compresses abdomen; most external of abdominal muscles
- Insertion
- attachment to a bone which moves in the ordinary active in the body (distal)
- digastric
- opens jaw
- Myosin
- A protein present in muscle fibers that aids in contraction and makes up the majority of muscle fiber
- Microscopic
- Need a microscope to see it
- abductor muscles
- o: pelvis; i: femur; press thighs together
- Endogenous Infection
- Caused by a navel infection, occurs in young animals
- Articulation
- Another name for joint
- Chondroclasts
- Cells that beak down cartilage
- Short
- More 'square' shock absorbers, wrist and ankle bones
- gracilis
- adducts femur/thigh
- Peroneus brevis
- Insertion: base of metatarsal 5
- Pronation
- Moving bones so radius and ulna are NOT parallel
- pectoralis major
- prime mover for shoulder flexion and adduction
- transverse abdominus
- compresses abdomen, deepest layer of ab muscles
- Clavicle
- Boney attachment to scapula in birds, aka the wishbone
- Adductor
- Move the limb towards the body
- gluteus maximus
- O: dorsal ilium, sacrum, coccyx; I: gluteal tuberosity
- Anterior Deltoid
- Front part of shoulder muscle that causes shoulder flexion and horizontal adduction
- abdominal aponeuroses
- tendons of various abdominal muscles that interlace at midline
- Agonist
- Muscle directly responsible for the movement
- temporalis
- o: temporal bone; i: mandible; closes jaw
- Flexor carpi radialis - Action
- Flexion of the wrist, abduction of the wrist, weak flexion of the elbow, weak pronation of the forearm
- Vastus Intermedius
- Femur, patella, tibia, extends lower leg
- RECTUS ABDOMINUS
- O- SUPERIOR RAMUS OF PUBIS/ I- XIPHOID PROCESS AND COSTAL CARTILAGE OF RIBS 5 TO 7/ A- COMPRESS ABDOMEN AND FLEX VERTEBRAL COLUMN
- Adipose
- Fat storage. White in most animals. Yellow in Gurnsey cattle and horses. Brown in newborns
- Palmaris longus - Origin
- Medial epicondyle of the humerus
- Paraplegia
- Paralysis of all or some of the muscles in th trunk and lower extremities
- Gastrocnemius
- Innervation: Tibial Nerve
- biceps femoris
- part of hamstrings group, flexes knee and extends thigh, rotates thigh laterally
- Infraspinatus - Action
- External rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- mentalis
- protrudes lower lip and wrinkles chin, sad
- Thin protein filaments
- Actin
- Fast twitch muscles are built for
- power
- Simple Fracture
- Closed - Fracture does not pierce through the skin
- Smooth
- Non-striated involuntary muscle w/only one nucleus- found on internal organs
- Soleus
- Innervation: Sciatic Nerve, tibial branch
- platysma
- sheet-like muscle in neck that pulls mouth (jaw) downward
- Skeletal
- Multinucleated, striated, voluntary muscle that enables conscious movement of an animal, moves the bones of the skeleton
- Plantaris
- Action: flexes knee; plantar flexes foot
- Synergist
- Muscles that assist the action of the agonist
- Connective
- Binds other tissues together, protection and leverage
- Marrow
- Fills up the center of most living bones, where blood cells are made
- vastus lateralis
- part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee
- longissimus capitus
- helps maintain posture, extends head and rotates face/head to same side
- Cannon Bone
- Metacarpals 3 & 4 are fused together to form this in ruminants
- Semimembranosus
- Medial portion of the hamstring
- Hot thermoregulation
- Perspire, evaporation cools skin, vessels dilate, blood nears surface of skin
- Hamstrings
- Posterior thigh muscle that causes knee flexion
- Short Bone Characteristic
- Can withstand alot of pressure
- Distal
- Farther away from the body
- Fibrosis
- formation of scar tissue
- serratus anterior
- pulls scapula downward and forward
- external obliques
- O: lower 8 ribs | I: iliac spine and crest; linea alba | A: compresses abdominal contents
- peroneus brevis
- O: lateral shaft of fibula; I: 5th metatarsal tendon
- platysma
- o: connective tissue covering chest muscles; i: tissue around mouth; pulls corner of mouth down
- Irregular
- Unpaired bones. Ex: vertebrae, sternebrae, os penis, few skull bones
- trapezius
- origins are occipital bone and spines of cervical/thoracic vertebrae. insertions are clavicle and spine/acromion process of scapula. elevates scapula, carries tension
- vastus lateralis
- O: greater trochanter and linea aspera of femur | I: quadriceps tendon | A: extends knee
- VASTUS LATERALIS
- O-LINEA ASPERA/ I-TIBIAL TUBEROSITY/ A- EXTENDS THE LEG
- Gastrocnemius
- Origin: Femoral condyles
- Four types of muscle fibers parallel to the tendon
- Strap, Fusiform, Rhomboidal, Triangular
- Thick Filaments
- Myosin proteins
- Pronator quadratus - Innervation
- Median nerve (palmar interosseous branch) (C6, C7)
- Erythema
- Reddening of skin
- soleus
- o: proximal tibia and fibula; i: calcaneus; plantar flexes the foot
- Abduct
- To move a limb away from the body
- Rule of nines, lund and browder chart
- Determine percentage of body burned in an injury
- Brachialis - Action
- True flexion of the elbow
- rectus abdominus
- major spine flexor, forms 6 pack and translates to "straight muscle of abdomen"
- Gastrocnemius
- Action: Flexes knee; plantar flexes, inverts, and adducts foot
- Linea Alba
- The sheet of fibrous connective tissue that connects the abdominal muscles from each side on the ventral midline
- Cranium
- Surrounds the brain
- gluteus maximus
- O: iliac crest; sacrum; cocyx | I: femur | A: extends and laterally rotates thigh; abducts and adducts thigh
- Frontalis
- forehead muscle (Raises eyebrow andfacial expressions)
- Supinator - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6)
- Anconeus - Action
- Extension of the elbow
- Flexor digitorum superficialis - Insertion
- Each tendon splits and attaches to the sides of the middle phalanx of four fingers (palmer surface)
- BUCCINATOR
- O-AVEOLAR PROCESS OF MAXILLA AND MANDIBLE/ I-ORBICULARIS ORIS/ A- COMPRESSES CHEAK AS IF BLOWING OR SUCKING
- INFRASPINATUS
- O-INFRASPINOUS FOSSA OF THE SCAPULA/ I- GREATER TUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS/ A- LATERALLY ROTATES HUMERUS
- trapezius
- o: occipital bone and all cervical and thoracic vertebrae; i: scalpular spine and clavicle; extends neck and adducts
- Zygomaticus
- smiling muscle
- pectoralis major
- chest
- Cyanosis
- blue, the bluish coloration of the skin due to the presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood vessels near the skin surface
- GRACILIS
- O-INFERIOR RAMIS OF THE PUBIS/ I- PROXIMAL MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE TIBIA/ A- ADDUCTS THE THIGH
- Supraspinatus - Action
- Abduction, Stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- Bone
- Calcified cartilage. Living tissue constantly being remodled
- latissimus dorsi
- o: lower spine and illiac crest; i: proximal humerus; extends and adducts humerus
- BRACHIORADIALIS
- O-RIDGE ABOVE LATERAL EPICONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS/ I-ABOVE THE STYLOID PROCESS ON THE RADIUS/ A-FLEXES FOREARM
- Trochlea
- Patella rides in this groove of the distal femur
- Abrasion
- Scrape or surface damage, stratum basale cells migrate, mitosis
- Extension
- To straighten a joint
- Fusiform muscle fiber
- Fat in the middle. Biceps.
- BRACHIORADIALIS
- O-RIDGE ABOVE LATERAL EPICONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS/ I-ABOVE THE STYLOID PROCESS ON THE RADIUS/ A-FLEXES FOREARM
- Flexor carpi ulnaris - Origin
- Medial epicondyle of the humerus, Posterior aspect of the proximal ulna
- Osteocytes
- Bone cells
- SUPRASPINATUS
- O-SUPRASINOUS FOSSA OF THE SCAPULA/ I-GREATER RUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS/ A- INITIATES ABDUCTION OF THE HUMERUS
- pectoralis major
- prime mover for shoulder flexion and adduction
- orbicularis oris
- spincter muscle used for "puckering up" and whistling
- vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medius
- o: femur; i: tibial tuberosity; extends knees powerfully
- masseter
- O: zygomatic arch | I: mandible and coronoid process | A: elevates mandible; closes jaw
- Tissue
- Specialized groups of cells with the same function
- Latissimus dorsi - Innervation
- Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)
- Pronator teres - Insertion
- Middle third of the lateral surface of the radius
- occipitalis
- o: occiptal bone; i: scalp; pulls scalp posteriorly
- iliocostalis
- O: posterior iliac crest of os coxa; I: posterior angle of ribs
- Diaphysis
- Shaft of the bone
- extensor carpi radialis
- abducts wrist and flexes hand at wrist, origin is medial epicondyle of humerus, insertion is base of 2 and 3 metacarpals
- Skeletal
- Multinucleated, striated, voluntary muscle that enables conscious movement of an animal, moves the bones of the skeleton
- Anconeus - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C7, C8)
- Brachialis - Innervation
- Musculocutaneous nerve and sometimes branches from radial and median nerves (C5, C6)
- Nasal Bones
- Dorsal bones of face-form roof of nasal cavity
- Rectus Abdominis
- Pubic bone, Ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process, flexion at waist
- Thick protein filaments
- Myocin
- Osteocytes
- Osteoblasts that have been surrounded by bone, and are trapped
- frontalis
- o: cranial aponeurosis; i: skin of eyebrows; raises brows
- orbicularis oculi
- blink eye, smile
- Thick Filaments
- Myosin proteins
- Type II A Muscle Fiber
- Fast twitch; can be trained to act like I or II B; red
- Synovial Joints
- The classic joints, (stifle joint, elbow joint, fetlock joint).
- Buccinator
- compresses cheeks
- visceral muscle
- the muscle found in the walls of internal organs such as the stomach
- INFRASPINATUS
- O-INFRASPINOUS FOSSA OF THE SCAPULA/ I- GREATER TUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS/ A- LATERALLY ROTATES HUMERUS
- Antagonists
- Muscles that oppose the movement of the agonist
- pectoralis major
- prime mover for shoulder flexion and adduction
- Coracobrachialis - Insertion
- Middle of the medial border of the humeral shaft
- Pubis
- Smallest of the three bones. Forms much of the ventral floor of the pelvic canal. Has a hole in it called the obturator foramen which make it more light weight. two halves meet at the pelvic symphysis
- Ewings
- Malignant bone tumor
- Osteology
- The study of bones
- Nasal Septum
- Divides the nasal cavity in half
- Abductor pollicis longus - Action
- Abduction of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint, Abduction of the wrist, Extension of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint, Weak supination of the forearm from a pronated position, Weak flexion of the wrist joint
- biceps femoris
- part of hamstrings group, flexes knee and extends thigh, rotates thigh laterally
- Pili
- for protection from cold, sun, particles, produced by hair bulb and enclosed in hair follicle
- Tensor Fascia Latae
- Ilium, Iliotibial tract, Flexes, abducts, and medially rotates thigh
- SEMITENDINOSIS
- O: ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY/ I: PROXIMAL MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE TIBIA/ A: EXTENDS THIGH AND FLEXES LEG
- action
- type of movement a muscle produces
- Coracobrachialis - Action
- Flexion of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal adduction of the glenohumeral joint
- Thin Filaments
- Actin proteins
- Cold thermoregulation
- Shiver (ATP produces heat): shivering thermogenesis. Blood moves deeper. Arrector pili raised (goose bumps) smooth muscle
- Coracobrachialis - Action
- Flexion of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal adduction of the glenohumeral joint
- Pronator teres - Innervation
- Median nerve (C6, C7)
- auricular
- wiggle ears
- Muscles
- ends in tendons
- sternocleidomastoid muscle
- O: sternum and clavicle | I: mastoid process of temporal bone | A: tilts head
- Thoracic
- Vertebrae of the chest or thorax. Have large dorsal spines that tend to slant caudally. Small transverse process that articulate with the ribs
- Subscapularis - Insertion
- Lesser tubercle of the humerus
- Radius and Ulna
- 2 bones of forearm. Side by side. Fused together in cows and horses. If fused, flexibility is lost
- Subscapularis - Innervation
- Upper and lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
- external oblique
- origin is lower 8 ribs, compresses abdomen; most external of abdominal muscles
- Luxation
- Dislocation- femur pops out of acetabulum
- deltoid
- prime mover for upper arm/shoulder abductor, flexes/extends humerus
- Frontal Bones
- More rostral to parietal bones, make up caudal part of eye socket, have large sinus under them that communicate with the nasal passages, location from which horns and antlers grow
- SEMI MEMBRANOS
- O-ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY/ I-MEDIAL CONDYLE OF THE TIBIA/ A-EXTENDS THIGH AND FLEXES LEG
- C-7/ T-13/ L-7/ S-3
- Numbers of vertebrae in the dog and cat
- Tarsus
- Hock joint or ankle. Cuboidal bones similar to wrist bones. Usually 7 bones.
- Triceps brachii - Action
- All heads- extension of the elbow, Long head- extension, adduction, and horizontal abduction of the shoulder joint
- tibialis anterior
- dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
- rectus femoris
- part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee
- Short
- More 'square' shock absorbers, wrist and ankle bones
- Ethmoid Turninates
- Curled sheets of bone sometimes called scrolls, which are covered in mucous membrane
- Pastern Bone
- The name of P-2 in large animals
- Teres major - Innervation
- Lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
- Rostral
- On the head, towards the nose
- brachialis
- o: humerus; i: ulna; elbow flexion
- VASTUS LATERALIS
- O-LINEA ASPERA/ I-TIBIAL TUBEROSITY/ A- EXTENDS THE LEG
- Head
- Smooth, rounded proximal end of humerus that articulates with glenoid cavity
- Flexor carpi radialis - Insertion
- Base of the second and third metacarpals, anterior (palmar surface)
- Deltoid Muscle, Innervation
- Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
- Sacral
- Vertebrae that articulates with the pelvis. Usually fused together in most species. Articulate with tuber sacrale of the ilium. Has dorsal process
- Shoulder
- Joint with greatest range of motion
- DJD or Arthritis
- Damage to joint can lead to this
- Surface area of integumentary system
- 15-20 square feet
- sartorius
- abducts and laterally rotates femur, origin is iliac crest, insertion is proximal tibia/patella
- Semitendinosus
- Lateral portion of the hamstring
- Bone
- Calcified cartilage. Living tissue constantly being remodled
- Greater Tubercle
- Non-articular knob lateral to head. Point of shoulder when palpating joint
- supraspinatus
- O: supraspinous fossa of scapula | I: greater tubercle of humerus | A: enforce joint security of glenohumeral joint; abduction
- Teres major - Innervation
- Lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
- ILIACUS
- O-ILIAC FOSSA/ I-LESSER TROCHANTER VIA ILIOPSOAS TO FEMUR/ A-WITH PSOAS MAJOR FLEXES THIGH; FLEXES VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND PELVIS ON FEMUR AS IN SIT UP
- FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS
- O-MEDIAL EPICONDYLE OF HUMERUS/ I-MEDIAL CARPALS AND METACARPAL 5/ A-FLEXES AND ADDUCTS HANDS
- Compact
- Beneath periosteum, very dense, makes up shaft of bone
- Soleus
- Origin: head and proximal fibula, posteromedial tibia
- Partial or complete loss of muscle function on ONE side of the body
- Hemiplegia
- FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS
- O-MEDIAL EPICONDYLE OF HUMERUS/ I-MEDIAL CARPALS AND METACARPAL 5/ A-FLEXES AND ADDUCTS HANDS
- FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS
- O-MEDIAL EPICONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS/ I-METACARPALS 2 AND 3/ A-FLEXES AND ABDUCTS HANDS
- serratus anterior
- pulls scapula downward and forward
- Deltoid Muscle, Insertion
- Deltoid tuberosity on the lateral humerus.
- Muscle spindles lie
- parallel to the muscle fibers
- Proximal
- Near to the body proper
- Vertebral arch
- is posterior
- Articular Cavity
- Space between bones
- internal oblique
- o: illiac crest; i: last 3 ribs; flexes and rotates vertebral column
- orbicularis oculi
- blink eye, smile
- soleus
- O: fibula; tibia | I: calcaneal tendon | A: plantarflexion
- Flexor digitorum profundus - Action
- Flexion of the four fingers at the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints, flexion of the wrist
- deltoid
- prime mover for upper arm/shoulder abductor, flexes/extends humerus
- Parietal Bones
- More rostral to occipital bones
- Extensor
- Straighten out the joint
- Tuber Ischii
- Caudal prominence of the Ishium
- Tendon
- Fibrous connective tissue bands that connect skeletal muscles to bones
- digastric
- opens jaw
- Abduct
- To move a limb away from the body
- TRAPEZIUS
- O-OCCIPITAL BONE AND SPINOUS PROCESS OF VERTEBRAE C7 TO T12 I-ACROMION PROCESS AND SPINE OF SCAPULA AND THE ACROMIAL END OF THE CLAVICLE/ A-UPPER PART EXTENDS HEAD AND ELEVATES SCAPULA AND CLAVICLE, LOWER PART DEPRESSES SCAPULA TOGETHER
- Golgi Tendon Organ
- Located in the tendon, both at muscle origin and insertion; detect changes in tendon tension
- Axis
- C-2, has large, broad dorsal spinous projections and cranial projection that fits into C-1
- Stratum granulosum
- Granular, 3-5 layers, flattened; accumulating proteins especially carotene
- Teres major - Innervation
- Lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
- Epiphysis
- End of the bone
- Lateral
- Away from the midline
- rectus femoris
- part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee
- Biceps brachii - Origin
- Long head- supraglenoid tubercle above the superior lip of the glenoid fossa, Short head- coracoid process of the scapula and upper lip of the glenoid fossa in conjunction with the proximal attachment of the coracobrachialis
- semitendinosus
- part of hamstrings group
- Carpal Bones
- Wrist bones. Front 'knee' of horse and other large animals. 6-8 short bones in 2 rows
- Hemoglobin
- gives fair-skinned people a pink hue to their skin due to the lack of melanin in the epidermis, which makes it almost transparent
- supinator
- rotates forearm laterally
- Coracobrachialis - Action
- Flexion of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal adduction of the glenohumeral joint
- trapezius
- origins are occipital bone and spines of cervical/thoracic vertebrae. insertions are clavicle and spine/acromion process of scapula. elevates scapula, carries tension
- extensor carpi radialis
- abducts wrist and flexes hand at wrist, origin is medial epicondyle of humerus, insertion is base of 2 and 3 metacarpals
- flexor digitorum longus
- O: tibia | I: bases of distal phlanges of toes | A: flexes 4 lateral digits; plantarflexion; aids with inversion; supports foot longitudinal arches; helps toes grip the ground
- Irregular Bones
- Vertebrae, Malleus, incus, stapes
- supraspinatus
- origin is supraspinatus fossa of scapula and insertion is greater tubercle of humerus. helps prevent downward dislocation of humerus
- pectineus
- O: superior ramus of pubis; I: tibial tuberosity, medial side
- Epithelial
- Covers and lines the body; skin, mucous membranes...
- Nasal Septum
- Divides the nasal cavity in half
- Tuber coxae
- Lateral most projection, hook bone
- Tetraplegia
- Paralysis of the trunk and LE's and some or all of the UE's
- Atrophy
- Muscle shrinkage, decrease in size of muscles
- tibialis anterior
- dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
- Accessory structures of integumentary system
- Hair (pili), glands, and nails
- Sacromere
- Basic contracting unit of muscle cell consits of actin and myosin filaments between z-lines in a muscle cell
- abdominal aponeuroses
- tendons of various abdominal muscles that interlace at midline
- Joint Capsule
- Surrounds the joint cavity, has 2 layers
- mitochondria
- has many for more energy
- Coffin Bone
- The name of P-3 in large animals
- action
- type of movement a muscle produces
- plantaris
- O: femur | I: calcaneus | A: weakly assists plantarflexion
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Middle fibers)
- abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
- Petrous Temporal Bone
- Contains the inner ear
- Pectoralis Major - Insertion
- Flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to the lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
- SEMI MEMBRANOS
- O-ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY/ I-MEDIAL CONDYLE OF THE TIBIA/ A-EXTENDS THIGH AND FLEXES LEG
- Osteoclast
- Cells that break down bone
- Extensor carpi radialis longus - Innervation
- Radial nerve (C6, C7)
- Biceps brachii - Insertion
- Tuberosity of the radius and bicipital aponeurosis
- Tendon
- Fibrous connective tissue bands that connect skeletal muscles to bones
- TESOR FASCIAE LATAE
- O-ILIAC CREST/ I-BY WAY OF ILIOTIBIAL TRACT OF TIBIA/ A- ASSIST IN FLEXION, ABDUCTION AND MEDIAL ROTATION OF THE THIGH
- Radius and Ulna
- 2 bones of forearm. Side by side. Fused together in cows and horses. If fused, flexibility is lost
- nasalis
- changes size of nasal openings
- Partial Thickness and full thickness
- 1st and 2nd degree burns are "partial thickness", 3rd are full thickness
- Latissimus dorsi - Innervation
- Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)
- Characteristics of Epidermis
- Stratified squamous epithelium, outermost layers dead, most have 4 layers but soles of feet and palms of hands have 5, avascular (no blood vessels)
- Luxation
- Dislocation- femur pops out of acetabulum
- Greater Trochanter
- Large knob on the proximal end of the femur for muscle attachments
- Supination
- moving bones so radius and ulna are parallel
- extensor carpi
- extension at the wrist
- Complete loss of muscle function
- Paralysis
- palmaris longus
- flexes wrist
- Extensor pollicis brevis - Insertion
- Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb (dorsal surface)
- Pectoralis Major - Insertion
- Flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to the lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
- Splint Bones
- MC-2 and MC-4 form these in equines. They are attached to the cannon bone by ligaments that can get inflamed and swell up to make blemishes
- Ossification
- Process by which bone forms in body
- platysma
- sheet-like muscle in neck that pulls mouth (jaw) downward
- The Cell
- The basic unit of living things
- Gastrocnemius
- Enables one to stand on tip toes & is enlarged in dancers (calf of leg)
- INTERNAL OBLIQUE
- O-ILIAC CREAST AND INGUINAL LIGAMENTS AND THORACIC LUMBAR FASCIA/ I- LOWER RIBS ABD LINEA ASPERA/ A- CONTRACTION OF BOTH COMPRESSES ABDOMEN AND CONTRACTION OF ONE BENDS VERTEBRAL COLUMN LATERALLY
- Extension
- To straighten a joint
- Gross
- What we can see with the naked eye
- Dorsal Plane
- Cuts body into upper and lower halves
- Fibrous Joint
- No joint cavity, bones are held together by fibrous tissue, found between splints and cannon bone. Found between skull bones (sutures) teeth in sockets
- Isometric Contraction
- Muscle contracts but there is no movement, muscle stays the same length
- Isometric Contraction
- Muscle contracts but there is no movement, muscle stays the same length
- biceps brachii
- powerful flexor of forearm; origin is glenoid process and coracoid process of scapula, insertion is radial tuberosity
- pectoralis major
- o:sternum, clavicle, 1-6 ribs ; i: proximal humerous ; adducts and flexes humerus
- Sphincter
- Circular muscles around an opening
- SOLEUS
- A-PLANTAR FLEXES FOOT
- Hypodermis
- It is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are Fibroblasts, Adipose Cells, and Macrophages
- biceps brachii
- powerful flexor of forearm; origin is glenoid process and coracoid process of scapula, insertion is radial tuberosity
- Flexor carpi radialis - Origin
- Medial epicondyle of the humerus
- Nails
- protect digits, plates of keratinezed epidermal cells
- latissimus dorsi
- adducts and extends upper arm/shoulder, rotates humerus medially
- FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS
- O-MEDIAL EPICONDYLE OF HUMERUS/ I-MEDIAL CARPALS AND METACARPAL 5/ A-FLEXES AND ADDUCTS HANDS
- Golgi Tendon Organ
- Located in the tendon, both at muscle origin and insertion; detect changes in tendon tension
- Internal Oblique
- Lmbodorsal fascia, Lower 4 ribs, Flexion and rotation at waist
- Stratum spinosum
- 8-10 layers, keratin causes spiny appearance, little mitosis
- Deltoid Muscle, Innervation
- Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
- Coccygeal
- Vertebrae of the tail. Variable number
- Jaundice
- Liver can't excrete bile, get rid of bilirubin, skin and whites of eyes are yellow
- Equines
- MT 3 forms the cannon bone. MT 2 and MT 4 form the splint bones
- Sartorius
- Ilium, tibia, flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh, flexes lower leg
- cardiac muscle
- involuntary, found only in yhe heart, cells can contract without being stimulated by an electrical impulse
- rectus abdominus
- major spine flexor, forms 6 pack and translates to "straight muscle of abdomen"
- Type I Muscle Fiber
- Slow twitch; built for endurance; red
- Slow twitch muscles are built for
- endurance
- gluteus maximus
- heaviest muscle in body, extends/straightens leg at hip during walking
- Occipital Bones
- Back of head. Caudal bone of skull, articulates with atlas, Has large opening that allows the spinal cord to leave the brain to enter the spinal canal
- Coracobrachialis - Innervation
- Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7)
- deltoids
- shoulder
- voluntary muscles-d
- a person consciously shooses which muscles to contract and how long and how hard to contract them
- internal oblique
- compresses abdomen, middle layer; fibers point up to the head
- biceps brachii
- O: scapula | I: radial tuberosity (radius) | A: flexes shoulder; flexes elbow; supinates hand
- Flexor carpi ulnaris - Insertion
- Pisiform, hamate, and base of the fifth metacarpal (palmer surface)
- trapezius
- O: occipital protuberance; C7; all T vertebrae | I: clavicle and scapular spine | A: retraction; elevation; depression; upward rotation of shoulder
- zygomaticus major
- smiling muscle, raises corners of mouth upwards
- Meniscus
- Inside the joint. Cartilage plates which help make the ends of the bones fit together better, can get torn
- mentalis
- protrudes lower lip and wrinkles chin, sad
- Anterior Deltoid
- Front part of shoulder muscle that causes shoulder flexion and horizontal adduction
- Syndactyly
- "mulefoot" in cattle, Recessive gene, foot looks like a horses foot, toes are fused together
- triceps brachii
- extends arm at elbow
- Erythema
- Reddening of skin
- SARTORIUS
- O-ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE OF THE ILIUM/ I-PROXIMAL MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE TIBIA/ A- FLEXES AND ROTATES THIGH LATERALLY AND FLEXES THE LEG THUS PLACING THE HEAL ON OPPOSITE KNEE
- C-7/ T-18/ L-6/ S-5
- Numbers of vertebrae in the horse
- orbicularis oculi
- o: frontal bone; i: tissue around eyes; blinks and closes eyes
- Irregular Bones
- Vertebrae, Malleus, incus, stapes
- gluteus maximus
- heaviest muscle in body, extends/straightens leg at hip during walking
- Vastus Lateralis
- Femur, patella, tibia, extends lower leg, stabilizes knee
- Abdomino-Pelvic
- Surrounds all the organs in the 'belly,' intestine, uterus, kidneys etc...
- Comminuted Fracture
- fracture lines are multiple and the bone is splintered and crushed
- myocardium
- cardiac muscle
- Shoulder
- Joint with greatest range of motion
- Tibialis posterior
- Action: Plantar flexes, inverts, and adducts food
- Pubis
- Smallest of the three bones. Forms much of the ventral floor of the pelvic canal. Has a hole in it called the obturator foramen which make it more light weight. two halves meet at the pelvic symphysis
- INTERNAL OBLIQUE
- O-ILIAC CREAST AND INGUINAL LIGAMENTS AND THORACIC LUMBAR FASCIA/ I- LOWER RIBS ABD LINEA ASPERA/ A- CONTRACTION OF BOTH COMPRESSES ABDOMEN AND CONTRACTION OF ONE BENDS VERTEBRAL COLUMN LATERALLY
- Articulation
- Another name for joint
- Soleus
- Origin: head and proximal fibula, posteromedial tibia
- gracilis
- adducts femur/thigh
- Connective
- Binds other tissues together, protection and leverage
- zygomaticus
- o: zygomatic bone; i: skin and muscle at corner of lips; raises corners of mouth
- Extensor Digitorum Longus
- Tibia, Phalanges of toes 2-5, extend toes 2-5 and dorsiflexes ankle
- sternocleidomastoid
- o: sternum, clavicle; i: temporal bone; flexes neck, rotates head
- Long Bones - Characteristic
- Very Strong, Broad at ends where they join other bones, large surface area for muscle attachment
- Splint Bones
- MC-2 and MC-4 form these in equines. They are attached to the cannon bone by ligaments that can get inflamed and swell up to make blemishes
- Atlas
- C-1, Has large transverse processes called wings and no dorsal process... articulates with the skull
- Epithelial
- Covers and lines the body; skin, mucous membranes...
- Titin
- Connects from M line to Z line
- Bursa
- Sac filled w/synovial fluid (between the tendon and bone) over use leads to bursitis
- Pectoralis Major - Action (Lower fibers, sternal head)
- internal rotation, horizontal adduction, adduction and extension of the glenohumeral joint from a flexed position to the anatomical position.
- Onychectomy
- Dewclaw procedure
- Plantaris
- Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of femur
- Trapezius
- shoulder muscle that moves scapula
- Palmaris longus - Origin
- Medial epicondyle of the humerus
- Agonists
- Main muscle used to produce a movement
- Pectoralis Major - Action (Upper fibers, clavicular head)
- internal rotation, horizontal adduction, flexion up to about 60 degrees, abduction (once the arm is abducted 90 degrees, the upper fibers assist in further abduction), and the adduction (with the arm below 90 degrees of abduction) of the glenohumeral joint.
- flexor carpi radialis
- O: medial epicondyle of humerus | I: 2nd and 3rd metacarpels | A: flexes hand at the wrist; aids in wrist abduction
- Maxilla
- Forms most of the upper jaw, and part of the hard palate, contains upper molars, premolars, and canines
- semimembranosus
- part of hamstrings group
- Teres major - Insertion
- Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus just posterior to the insertion of the latissimus dorsi
- Sarcomere
- The smallest functional unit of muscle tissue
- peroneus brevis
- O: lateral shaft of fibula; I: 5th metatarsal tendon
- Thoracic
- Surrounds the heart and lungs
- brachialis
- flexes elbow
- Origin
- Proximal. The more stable of the attachment sites of the muscle
- rectus femoris
- part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee
- Hot thermoregulation
- Perspire, evaporation cools skin, vessels dilate, blood nears surface of skin
- Epiphyseal Plate
- Area of long bone where growth occurs
- Transverse Plane
- Right angles to the median plane
- Ergot
- Remnant of MC-5 forms this on the palmar surface of the lower leg in equines
- vastus intermedius
- O: anterolateral surface of femur; I: tibial tuberosity
- Abdomino-Pelvic
- Surrounds all the organs in the 'belly,' intestine, uterus, kidneys etc...
- Epiphyseal Line
- No more growth
- VASTUS MEDIALIS
- O- LINEA ASPERA/ I- TIBIAL TUBEROSITY/ A-EXTENDS THE LEG
- Cloven Hoofed
- 2 toed animal
- h band
- contain only myosin
- Pectoralis Major - Innervation
- Upper fibers- lateral pectoral nerve (C5-C7). Lower fibers- medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)
- orbicularis oculi
- o: frontal bone; i: tissue around eyes; blinks and closes eyes
- Agonist
- The main muscle used to produce a movement
- Pronator teres - Action
- Pronation of the forearm, weak flexion of the elbow
- Fibrous Joint
- No joint cavity, bones are held together by fibrous tissue, found between splints and cannon bone. Found between skull bones (sutures) teeth in sockets
- orbicularis oris
- spincter muscle used for "puckering up" and whistling
- adductor magnus
- O: pubic bone; ischium | I: gluteal tuberosity of femur; linea aspera of femur | A: adducts thigh
- Sprain
- Stretching of ligaments around joint
- platysma
- sheet-like muscle in neck that pulls mouth (jaw) downward
- supinator
- rotates forearm laterally
- Hamstrings
- Posterior thigh muscle that causes knee flexion
- rectus femoris
- O: anterior inferior iliac spine; ilium | I: quadriceps tendon | A: extends knee; helps iliopsoas flex thigh at hip
- longissimus capitus
- helps maintain posture, extends head and rotates face/head to same side
- ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
- O-RAMUS OF THE ISCHIUM/ I-LINEA ASPERA/ O- ADDUCTS THIGH
- semitendinosus
- part of hamstrings group
- Adduct
- To move a limb back towards the body
- Extensor
- Straighten out the joint
- Diaphysis
- Shaft of the bone
- VASTUS MEDIALIS
- O- LINEA ASPERA/ I- TIBIAL TUBEROSITY/ A-EXTENDS THE LEG
- Shingles
- chickenpox virus
- Biceps Femoris
- flex the knee
- Biceps brachii - Innervation
- musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6)
- hernia
- protrusion of fat or intestine from abdominal wall
- Pronator quadratus - Insertion
- Distal fourth of the anterior side of the radius
- Ethmoid Bones
- Are internal bones, they start at the most rostral portion of the cranial cavity and extend forward into the nasal passages
- Bipennate
- feathered on two sides of the tendon.
- sternocleidomastoid
- stern/o (sternum), cleid/o (clavicle), single insertion (mastoid process)
- Sternomastoideus
- Manubrium, clavicle, mastoid process, singly, rotates head to opposite shoulder, together, flexes head
- Composition of Bone
- 1/3 Organic matter. 2/3 Ca++ and Phosphorus hydorapatite
- Temporal Bones
- Make up sides of head, has three sections
- rectus abdominis
- o: pubis; i: sternum ; flexes vertebral column
- Onychectomy
- Dewclaw procedure
- Brachialis - Origin
- Distal half of the anterior shaft of the humerus
- Triceps brachii - Insertion
- Olecranon process of the ulna
- digastric
- opens jaw
- Flexor carpi radialis - Innervation
- Median nerve (C6, C7)
- Abductors
- Muscles that cause abduction
- Accessory structures of integumentary system
- Hair (pili), glands, and nails
- masseter
- o: temporal bone; i: mandible; closes jaw
- Pectoralis Major - Action (Upper fibers, clavicular head)
- internal rotation, horizontal adduction, flexion up to about 60 degrees, abduction (once the arm is abducted 90 degrees, the upper fibers assist in further abduction), and the adduction (with the arm below 90 degrees of abduction) of the glenohumeral joint.
- zygomaticus
- o: zygomatic bone; i: skin and muscle at corner of lips; raises corners of mouth
- Calcaneus
- Fibular tarsal bone (most important), heel bone/hock, large projection caudally, the achilles tendon attaches to it
- Subscapularis - Insertion
- Lesser tubercle of the humerus
- Dens
- Cranial projection of the axis that fits into the atlas
- Organ
- Groups of tissues that work together
- Deltoid Muscle, Insertion
- Deltoid tuberosity on the lateral humerus.
- mentalis
- protrudes lower lip and wrinkles chin, sad
- Crainium
- Bones that surround the cranial cavity
- palmaris longus
- flexes wrist
- soleus
- plantar flexes the foot, origin is lateral surface of head of fibula, insertion is calcaneus
- Joint Capsule
- Surrounds the joint cavity, has 2 layers
- Extensor digiti minimi - Action
- Extension of the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint, Weak wrist extension, Weak elbow extension
- buccinator
- compresses cheek, allowing for rapid changes in volume of mouth cavity
- Latissimus dorsi - Insertion
- Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus, just anterior to the insertion of the teres major.
- Gastrocnemius
- Calf Muscle, flexes stifle and extends hock, achilles tendon ORIGIN: Femur INSERION: Calcaneus-by achilles tendon
- Vertebrae
- 3 main parts, body, and arch- 2 halves. All of them lined up end to end form the vertebral canal
- Zygomaticus
- smiling muscle
- myosin
- thick protien myofibril
- Teres major - Action
- Extension of the glenohumoral joint, particularly from the flexed position to the posteriorly extended position, internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, particularly from the abducted position down to the side and toward the midline of the body
- Phalanges
- Digits or fingers. 5 in dogs cats and humans. Each digit has 3 bones except thumb (digit one or dewclaw) which has 2
- muscles
- bundles of parallel muscle tissue fibers
- Pectoralis Major - Action (Lower fibers, sternal head)
- internal rotation, horizontal adduction, adduction and extension of the glenohumeral joint from a flexed position to the anatomical position.
- Insertion
- Distal. The more movable of the attachment sites of the muscle
- Quadriceps
- Anterior thigh muscle that causes extension at the knee
- Dewclaws
- MC-2 and MC-5 form these in ruminants
- Teres minor - Origin
- Posteriorly on the upper and middle aspect of the lateral border of the scapula
- Brachialis - Insertion
- Coronoid process of the ulna
- gluteus maximus
- butt
- PSOAS MAJOR
- O-BODY AND TRANSVERSE PROCESS OF THE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE/ I-LESSER TROCHANTER VIA ILIOPSOAS/ A- WITH PSOAS MAJOR FLEXES THIGH; FLEXES VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND PELVIS ON FEMUR AS IN SIT UP
- Flexor carpi radialis - Innervation
- Median nerve (C6, C7)
- Intercalated Discs
- Attachment sites between the transverse lines between cardiac muscle cells
- flexor carpi ulnaris
- O: medial epicondyle of humerus; olecranon of ulna | I: pisiform bone; 5th metacarpel | A: flexes and adducts hand at the wrist
- Neoplasms (tumors)
- Benign or malignant
- Eccentric Contraction
- Muscle contracts isotonically by lengthening
- Parietal Bones
- More rostral to occipital bones
- Nervous
- Conducts never signals; found in the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
- flexor carpi
- flexion at the wrist
- Supinator - Action
- Supination of the forearm
- Supraspinatus - Origin
- Medial two-thirds of the supraspinatus fossa
- Fasicicle
- Bundle of muscle fibers. Several thousands in a muscle
- TRAPEZIUS
- O-OCCIPITAL BONE AND SPINOUS PROCESS OF VERTEBRAE C7 TO T12 I-ACROMION PROCESS AND SPINE OF SCAPULA AND THE ACROMIAL END OF THE CLAVICLE/ A-UPPER PART EXTENDS HEAD AND ELEVATES SCAPULA AND CLAVICLE, LOWER PART DEPRESSES SCAPULA TOGETHER
- supraspinatus
- origin is supraspinatus fossa of scapula and insertion is greater tubercle of humerus. helps prevent downward dislocation of humerus
- Tibialis Anterior
- Tibia, first cuneiform and first metatarsals, dorsiflexes and inverts foot
- Sternomastoideus
- Manubrium, clavicle, mastoid process, singly, rotates head to opposite shoulder, together, flexes head
- Hypertrophy
- Increase in size of cells
- gluteus medius
- O: ilium | I: greater trochanter of femur | A: abducts and medially rotates thigh
- Albinism
- melanocytes can't sythesize melanin
- Dorsal Plane
- Cuts body into upper and lower halves
- C-7/T-13/ L-6/ S-5
- Numbers of vertebrae in the cow
- Flexor carpi radialis - Origin
- Medial epicondyle of the humerus
- rectus abdominus
- major spine flexor, forms 6 pack and translates to "straight muscle of abdomen"
- Eccentric Contraction
- Muscle contracts isotonically by lengthening
- Ishium
- Most caudal of the three bones. Caudal prominence is called the tuber ischii.
- 3 pigments of skin
- melanin, carotene, hemoglobin (not resident)
- Thin Filaments
- Actin proteins
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Anterior fibers)
- abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
- Compound Fracture
- Open - bone pierces the skin
- Infraspinatus - Action
- External rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- Pronator quadratus - Innervation
- Median nerve (palmar interosseous branch) (C6, C7)
- Occipital Bones
- Back of head. Caudal bone of skull, articulates with atlas, Has large opening that allows the spinal cord to leave the brain to enter the spinal canal
- BICEPS FEMORIS
- O-ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY AND THE LINEA ASPERA/ I-HEAD OF FIBULA/ A-EXTENDS THIGH AND FLEXES LEG
- Deltoid Muscle, Innervation
- Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
- pectoralis major
- chest
- Mandible
- Has 2 halves, they join at the symphysis which is a common area for fractures, articulates with the temporal bone to form temporo-mandibular-joint. contains all lower teeth
- gastrocnemius
- O: 2 heads: medial and lateral epicondyle of fibula; I: calcaneal tuberosity
- antagonistic pairs
- muscles are often arranged around joints, they produce opposite actions
- Coracobrachialis - Insertion
- Middle of the medial border of the humeral shaft
- Contusion
- bruise
- extensor carpi radialis
- abducts wrist and flexes hand at wrist, origin is medial epicondyle of humerus, insertion is base of 2 and 3 metacarpals
- Paralysis of the trunk, LE's and some or all of the UE's
- Tetraplegia/quadriplegia
- Pectoralis Major - Action (Lower fibers, sternal head)
- internal rotation, horizontal adduction, adduction and extension of the glenohumeral joint from a flexed position to the anatomical position.
- Surface area of integumentary system
- 15-20 square feet
- RECTUS FEMORIS
- O-ANTERIOR INFERIOR ILIAC SPINE/ I-TIBIAL TUBEROSITY/ A-FLEXES THIGH
- transverse abdominus
- compresses abdomen, deepest layer of ab muscles
- orbicularis oculi
- blink eye, smile
- Shingles
- chickenpox virus
- Biceps Brachii
- Upper arm muscle that causes elbow flexion
- SUBSCAPULARIS
- O-SUBSCAPULAR FOSSA OF SCAPULA/ I- LESSER TUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS/ A- MEDIALLY ROTATES THE ARM
- quadriceps
- thigh
- Scapula
- Shoulder blade, flat bone, no boney attachment to rest of skeleton in most species
- Subscapularis - Action
- Internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- hernia
- protrusion of fat or intestine from abdominal wall
- Ilium
- Largest of the three bones of the pelvis. Cranial portion of each ox coxae. wing, body
- Pectoralis Major - Action (Upper fibers, clavicular head)
- internal rotation, horizontal adduction, flexion up to about 60 degrees, abduction (once the arm is abducted 90 degrees, the upper fibers assist in further abduction), and the adduction (with the arm below 90 degrees of abduction) of the glenohumeral joint.
- digastric
- opens jaw
- palmaris longus
- flexes wrist
- gastrocnemius
- plantar flexes foot, flexes leg at knee when foot is dorsiflexed
- Dogs & Cats
- MT 2-5, MT 1 is usually absent unless a dewclaw is present
- vastus lateralis
- part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee
- gracilis
- adducts femur/thigh
- gluteus maximus
- O: dorsal ilium, sacrum, coccyx; I: gluteal tuberosity
- Subscapularis - Insertion
- Lesser tubercle of the humerus
- Synovial Joints
- The classic joints, (stifle joint, elbow joint, fetlock joint).
- coracobrachialis
- flexes humerus, antagonist of supraspinatus
- Vertebrae
- 3 main parts, body, and arch- 2 halves. All of them lined up end to end form the vertebral canal
- Coracobrachialis - Origin
- Coracoid process of the scapula
- diaphragm
- O: xiphoid process; costal cartilage of lower 6 ribs; L1-L3 vertebrae | I: central tendon (connects two 1/2's of diaphragm) | A: increases volume of thoracic cavity during inspiration
- Stratum corneum
- Most superficial, "horn-like" cornified or keratinized, 15-30 layers flat and dead, 15-30 days from stratum basale then 10-14 days until lost, tightly connected
- Extensor Digitorum Longus
- Tibia, Phalanges of toes 2-5, extend toes 2-5 and dorsiflexes ankle
- fascia
- fibrous connective tissue that wrap around each muscle
- sartorius
- abducts and laterally rotates femur, origin is iliac crest, insertion is proximal tibia/patella
- Epidermis and dermis
- Epidermis is superficial epithelium, dermis is underlying area of connective tissues
- Tetraplegia
- Paralysis of the trunk and LE's and some or all of the UE's
- Temporal Bulla
- Bulb like cavity that contains the middle ear where the stirrup, anvil and hammer are
- RECTUS ABDOMINUS
- O- SUPERIOR RAMUS OF PUBIS/ I- XIPHOID PROCESS AND COSTAL CARTILAGE OF RIBS 5 TO 7/ A- COMPRESS ABDOMEN AND FLEX VERTEBRAL COLUMN
- pectineus
- O: pubic bone | I: femur | A: adducts and flexes thigh; assists with medial rotation of thigh
- digastric
- opens jaw
- Comminuted Fracture
- fracture lines are multiple and the bone is splintered and crushed
- Muscle
- Contains several fascicles
- erector spinea
- o: illiac crests, ribs 3-12, vertebrae; i: rubs thoracic and cervical vertebrae; extends back
- Golgi tendon organs are located in the tendon
- both at the muscle origin and insertion
- Flexor carpi radialis - Origin
- Medial epicondyle of the humerus
- Muscle Tone
- Resting tension that is set by the CNS
- Acetabulum
- Hip socket. Formed by all three bones of the pelvis. Where the femur articulates
- Infraspinatus - Insertion
- Posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- popliteus
- O: lateral epicondyle of femur; I: posterior surface of tibia (Proximal)
- Exogenous Infection
- Created by a puncture into the joint
- Agonist
- Muscle directly responsible for the movement
- triceps
- back of arm
- Olecranon Fossa
- On caudal surface of distal humerus. Depression where anconeal process of olecranon locks when elbow is locked in extended position
- Medial
- Close to the midline
- Pectoralis Major - Innervation
- Upper fibers- lateral pectoral nerve (C5-C7). Lower fibers- medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)
- Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
- In contact with dermis, stem cells; mitosis, replace more superficial cells. Keratinocytes and melanocytes (produce keratine and menanin)
- gluteus maximus
- heaviest muscle in body, extends/straightens leg at hip during walking
- Is a Type IIB muscle fiber slow or fast twitch
- Fast
- Membrane Bone
- Made as fibrous membrane templates are calcified in the fetus (skull bones-fontanel)
- visceral muscle
- the muscle found in the walls of internal organs such as the stomach
- latissimus dorsi
- adducts and extends upper arm/shoulder, rotates humerus medially
- Coracobrachialis - Insertion
- Middle of the medial border of the humeral shaft
- Impacted Fracture
- one end of a bone is wedged into the adjoining bone
- brachialis
- flexes elbow
- Pelvic Symphysis
- Where the two halves of the pelvis join ventrally
- Infraspinatus - Insertion
- Posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- semimembranosus
- part of hamstrings group
- Cartilage
- Gristle type tissue. Discs between vertebrae, ear, joint surface
- Ethmoid Foramina
- Openings that let the olfactory nerve leave the brain and enter the nasal passages
- Microscopic
- Need a microscope to see it
- SEMI MEMBRANOS
- O-ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY/ I-MEDIAL CONDYLE OF THE TIBIA/ A-EXTENDS THIGH AND FLEXES LEG
- Ishium
- Most caudal of the three bones. Caudal prominence is called the tuber ischii.
- insertion
- more moveable bone is considered to be where the muscle ends
- biceps brachii
- o: scalpula of shoulder girdle; i: proximal radius; flexes elbow and supinates forearm
- Bursa
- Sac filled w/synovial fluid (between the tendon and bone) over use leads to bursitis
- striated muscle
- another name for skeletal muscle
- Stratum granulosum
- Granular, 3-5 layers, flattened; accumulating proteins especially carotene
- Long Bones - Characteristic
- Very Strong, Broad at ends where they join other bones, large surface area for muscle attachment
- Deep
- Near the center of the body
- semitendinosus
- O: ischial tuberosity; I: proximal medial surface of tibia
- orbicularis oculi
- blink eye, smile
- Synergists
- Muscles that assist the action of the agonist
- Decubitis (pressure) ulcer
- Bedsore
- Transverse Abdominis
- Ilium, Linea alba and pubic crest, compresses abdominal wall
- Active Tension
- Tension due to muscle contraction
- infraspinatus
- O: infraspinous fossa of scapula | I: greater tubercle of humerus | A: lateral rotation of humerus
- orbicularis oris
- spincter muscle used for "puckering up" and whistling
- TERES MINOR
- O-LATERAL BORDER OF THE SCAPULA/ I-GREATER TUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS/ A-ADDUCTS AND LATERALLY ROTATES HUMERUS
- Medullary Cavity
- Hollow Center / Children - red bone marrow / adult - yellow bone marrow (fat)
- trapezius
- origins are occipital bone and spines of cervical/thoracic vertebrae. insertions are clavicle and spine/acromion process of scapula. elevates scapula, carries tension
- SOLEUS
- A-PLANTAR FLEXES FOOT
- Golgi tendon organs detect changes in tendon
- tension
- Supraspinatus - Action
- Abduction, Stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- striated muscle
- another name for skeletal muscle
- auricular
- wiggle ears
- hernia
- protrusion of fat or intestine from abdominal wall
- Pelvic Limb
- Hind Leg
- Fixator
- Muscles that stabilize proximally to allow the agonist to work effectively
- GRACILIS
- O-INFERIOR RAMIS OF THE PUBIS/ I- PROXIMAL MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE TIBIA/ A- ADDUCTS THE THIGH
- Supinate
- Turning appendage up (toward sky)
- supraspinatus
- origin is supraspinatus fossa of scapula and insertion is greater tubercle of humerus. helps prevent downward dislocation of humerus
- Biceps
- Flexes the elbow and extends the shoulder
- EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS
- O-LATERAL EPICONDYLE OF HUMERUS/ I-METACARPAL 5/ A-EXTEND AND ADDUCTS THE HAND
- Peroneus brevis
- Origin: midlateral margin of fibula
- What are the 3 Types of Muscle Fibers
- Type I, Type IIA, Type IIB
- Metatarsal Bones
- Similar to metacarpal bones. Foot bones
- Vastus Lateralis
- Femur, patella, tibia, extends lower leg, stabilizes knee
- GASTROCNEMIUS
- O-ABOVE LATERAL AND MEDIAL CONDYLE OF FEMUR/ I-CALCANEUS BY WAY OF ACHILLES TENDON/ A-PLANTAR FLEXES THE FOOR AND FLEXES LEG
- adductor longus
- O: public bone | I: linea aspera of femur | A: adducts the thigh
- extensor carpi radialis
- abducts wrist and flexes hand at wrist, origin is medial epicondyle of humerus, insertion is base of 2 and 3 metacarpals
- Applied
- Use knowledge of anatomy to help in diagnosis/treatment
- Cancellous
- Spongy, light weight found near ends of bone for shock absorption
- SEMI MEMBRANOS
- O-ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY/ I-MEDIAL CONDYLE OF THE TIBIA/ A-EXTENDS THIGH AND FLEXES LEG
- 4th step in muscle contration
- calcium is released
- Spinous Process
- Dorsal or ventral projections
- Exostosis
- Benign bone tumor
- Ossification
- Process by which bone forms in body
- latissimus dorsi
- back
- Cardiac
- Striated, involuntary muscle found exclusively on the heart
- deltoid
- O: clavicle; acromion; scapular spine | I: deltoid tuberosity of humerus | A: flexion; extension; abduction
- external oblique
- o: lower 8 ribs; i: illiac crest; flexes and rotates vertebral column
- Clavicle
- Boney attachment to scapula in birds, aka the wishbone
- supraspinatus
- origin is supraspinatus fossa of scapula and insertion is greater tubercle of humerus. helps prevent downward dislocation of humerus
- Open Reductions
- manipulating ends of fractures under direct vision using an incision
- MASSETER
- O-ZYGOMATIC ARCH AND BONE/ I-RAMUS OF MANDIBLE/ A-ELEVATES AND PROTRUDES MANDIBLE
- RHOMBOIDEUS MAJOR
- O-SPINOUS PROCESS OF VERTEBRAE T2 TO T5/ I-MEDIAL BORDER OF THE SCAPULA/ A-ADDUCTS THE SCAPULA
- Ringworm
- fungus
- BRACHIALIS
- A-PRINICIPLE FLEXOR OF FOREARM
- Melanin
- only melanin is made in the skin. Melanin can be gradated into many different shades. It is this ability of Melanin that gives different races different skin coloration. A special type of cells known as melanocytes produces melanin, Melanocytes are primarily found in the stratum germinativum. Whenever the skin has had an exposure to sunlight, the stratum germinativum cells, phagocytize or eat the skin pigment melanin. After an amount of time, melanin accumulates within the stratum germinativum cells, and tends to form a protective pigment "umbrella". These "umbrellas of melanin pigment shields DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation
- Cervical Vertebrae - 2nd
- Axes - allows for the rotation movement of the head
- platysma
- sheet-like muscle in neck that pulls mouth (jaw) downward
- Flexor digitorum superficialis - Origin
- Medial epicondyle of the humerus, Ulnar head- medial coronoid process, Radial head- upper two-thirds of anterior border of radius just distal to the radial tuberosity
- Anatomy
- The study of structure of organisms
- Cranial Nerve I
- The olfactory nerve
- System
- Groups of organs working together to do a common job
- supinator
- rotates forearm laterally
- Frontal Bones
- More rostral to parietal bones, make up caudal part of eye socket, have large sinus under them that communicate with the nasal passages, location from which horns and antlers grow
- Phalanges
- Equines walk on their middle finger, which has P-1, P-2 and P-3, P-3 has the hoof attached to it
- Condyles
- Rounded knobs at distal end of humerus that articulate with radius and ulna to form elbow joint
- BRACHIALIS
- A-PRINICIPLE FLEXOR OF FOREARM
- Haversian Canals
- Channels in bone which contain the bone's blood vessels
- brachioradialis
- Origin: long head- supraglenoid tubercle and glenohumeral labrum & short head- tip of the coracoid process of the scapula Insertion: radial tuberosity &bicipital aponeurosis Action: flexes the forearm at the elbow (when supinated) & supinates forearm from neutral & stabilizes anterior aspect of shoulder & flexes shoulder (weak if at all) Blood: muscular branches of brachial artery Nerve: musculocutaneous nerve, C5,6
- Adductors
- Muscles that cause adduction
- transverse abdominus
- compresses abdomen, deepest layer of ab muscles
- Muscle Fiber
- A single muscle tissue cell
- skeletal muscle
- voluntary, have more than one nucleus
- Sternohyoideus
- Manubrium, clavicle, hyoid bone, depresses hyoid and larynx
- Hypodermis
- It is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are Fibroblasts, Adipose Cells, and Macrophages
- Ethmoid Bones
- Are internal bones, they start at the most rostral portion of the cranial cavity and extend forward into the nasal passages
- EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
- O-RIBS 5 TO 12/ I-ILIAC CREAST AND LINEA ALBA/ A-CONTRACTION OF BOTH COMPRESSES ABDOMEN AND CONTRACTION OF ONE BENDS VERTEBRAL COLUMN LATERALLY
- Sternum
- Makes up the floor of the chest (ventral) Made of individual sternebrae, that have cartilage between them. Eventually all fuse together with age, typically 7 or 8 found in common species
- Floating Ribs
- Never join the sternum
- Deltoid Muscle, Origin
- ant fibers- anterior lateral third of the clavicle, Mid fibers- lateral aspect of the acromion, Post. fibers- inferior edge of the spine of the scapula.
- Pectoralis Major - Insertion
- Flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to the lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
- Fibularis Longus
- Fibula, first metatarsal, plantar flexion
- Papillary layer
- Top 1/5 of dermis, most is areolar connective tissue, dermal papillae "fingerprints"
- Wart
- virus
- rectus abdominis
- O: pubic bone | I: lower costal cartilage of ribs and xyphoid process of sternum | A: flexes vertebral column
- Buccinator
- compresses cheeks
- C-7/ T-13/ L-7/ S-3
- Numbers of vertebrae in the dog and cat
- Paralysis
- Complete loss of muscle function
- Fibularis Longus
- Fibula, first metatarsal, plantar flexion
- flexor hallucis longus
- O: fibula; interosseous membrane | I: base of distal phalanx of big toe | A: flexes big toe; plantarflexion; helps propel feet during walking and running
- INTERNAL OBLIQUE
- O-ILIAC CREAST AND INGUINAL LIGAMENTS AND THORACIC LUMBAR FASCIA/ I- LOWER RIBS ABD LINEA ASPERA/ A- CONTRACTION OF BOTH COMPRESSES ABDOMEN AND CONTRACTION OF ONE BENDS VERTEBRAL COLUMN LATERALLY
- Supraspinatus - Insertion
- Superiorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- Tibialis posterior
- Action: Plantar flexes, inverts, and adducts food
- Agonist
- The main muscle used to produce a movement
- Ruminants
- MT 3 and MT 4 are fused like in the front leg
- Muscle
- Used for movement- skeletal, striated and cardiac
- Typical vertebra
- is anterior
- RHOMBOIDEUS MAJOR
- O-SPINOUS PROCESS OF VERTEBRAE T2 TO T5/ I-MEDIAL BORDER OF THE SCAPULA/ A-ADDUCTS THE SCAPULA
- Tuber sacrale
- Dorsal-medial portion that articulates with the sacrum
- Flexor digitorum profundus - Origin
- Proximal three-fourths of the anterior and medial ulna
- Myofibrils
- Micorsopic, fiber-like structures that occupy most cytoplasm in skeletal muscle cells
- Lesion
- Wounded or damaged area
- Properties of Dermis
- vascularized (temperature, blood pressure, nutrients, metabolic waste), glands, follicles and receptors
- Extensor carpi radialis longus - Origin
- Lower third of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus and lateral epicondyle of the humeral
- Supinate
- Turning appendage up (toward sky)
- Extensor carpi ulnaris - Origin
- Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, Middle two-fourths of the posterior border of the ulna
- Latissimus dorsi - Origin
- Posterior crest of the ilium, back of the sacrum and spinous processes of the lumbar and lower six thoracic vertebrae (T6-T12); slips from the lower three ribs
- Soleus
- Innervation: Sciatic Nerve, tibial branch
- Cardiac
- Striated, involuntary muscle found exclusively on the heart
- STERNOCLEOIDMASTOID
- O-CLAVICLE AND MANUBRIUM/ I-MASTOID PROCESS/ A- CONTRACTION OF 1 ROTATES HEAD TOWARD OPPOSITE SIDE
- Teres minor - Action
- External rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumoral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- external oblique
- origin is lower 8 ribs, compresses abdomen; most external of abdominal muscles
- As a muscle gets longer
- passive tension increases
- Stifle Joint
- Formed by the articulation of the femur, patella and tibia
- BRACHIORADIALIS
- O-RIDGE ABOVE LATERAL EPICONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS/ I-ABOVE THE STYLOID PROCESS ON THE RADIUS/ A-FLEXES FOREARM
- Medial
- Close to the midline
- Extensor carpi radialis longus - Action
- Extension of the wrist, abduction of the wrist, weak flexion of the elbow, weak pronation to neutral from a fully supinated position
- Latissimus dorsi - Innervation
- Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)
- linea alba
- midline of chest where abdominal aponeuroses meet
- Plantaris
- Action: flexes knee; plantar flexes foot
- EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS
- O-LATERAL EPICONDYLE OF HUMERUS/ I-METACARPAL 5/ A-EXTEND AND ADDUCTS THE HAND
- zygomaticus major
- smiling muscle, raises corners of mouth upwards
- Caudal
- Towards the tail
- auricular
- wiggle ears
- muscles
- bundles of parallel muscle tissue fibers
- muscle cramps
- continuous muscle contraction caused by over relaxation, lack of ATP cant pump Ca back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Hip Dysplasia
- Shallow acetabulum and deformed femoral head... leads to arthritis, genetic in larger breeds, especially german shepards
- quadriceps
- thigh
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Anterior fibers)
- abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
- Arthritis
- Inflammation or infection of the joint
- Spinous Process
- Dorsal or ventral projections
- RHOMBOIDEUS MAJOR
- O-SPINOUS PROCESS OF VERTEBRAE T2 TO T5/ I-MEDIAL BORDER OF THE SCAPULA/ A-ADDUCTS THE SCAPULA
- Abduction
- Moving bones or limb away from the midline
- Latissimus dorsi - Action
- adduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
- brachioradialis
- Origin: long head- supraglenoid tubercle and glenohumeral labrum & short head- tip of the coracoid process of the scapula Insertion: radial tuberosity &bicipital aponeurosis Action: flexes the forearm at the elbow (when supinated) & supinates forearm from neutral & stabilizes anterior aspect of shoulder & flexes shoulder (weak if at all) Blood: muscular branches of brachial artery Nerve: musculocutaneous nerve, C5,6
- Pectoralis Major - Origin
- Upper fibers (clavicular head)- medial half of the anterior surface of the clavicle. Lower fibers (Sternal head)- anterior surface of the costal cartilage of the first six ribs, and adjacent portion of the sternum.
- Infraspinatus - Insertion
- Posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
- trapezius
- o: occipital bone and all cervical and thoracic vertebrae; i: scalpular spine and clavicle; extends neck and adducts
- Tibialis Anterior
- Tibia, first cuneiform and first metatarsals, dorsiflexes and inverts foot
- Synovial Fluid
- Lubricates, nourishes, and keeps the joint moveable
- rectus femoris
- O: anterior inferior iliac spine; I: tibial tuberosity
- Carotene
- has a yellow-orange color and is primarily found in the palms and the soles
- Long Bones
- Humerous, Radius, Ulna, Femur, Fibula and Tibia
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Strong bandlike muscle involved in "wry neck" known as torticollis (flexes and rotates the head)
- vastus medialis
- O: intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur; I: tibial tuberosity
- Type I Muscle Fiber
- Slow twitch; built for endurance; red
- cisternae
- enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum on both sides of the transvers tubules
- Short Bones
- Carpal, Tarsal
- TEMPORALIS
- O-TEMPORAL BONE/ I-CORONOID PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE/ A-ELEVATES AND RETRACTS MANDIBLE
- Deltoid Muscle, Innervation
- Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
- rhomboid major
- adducts scapula
- BUCCINATOR
- O-AVEOLAR PROCESS OF MAXILLA AND MANDIBLE/ I-ORBICULARIS ORIS/ A- COMPRESSES CHEAK AS IF BLOWING OR SUCKING
- Degenerative Joint Disease
- DJD- another name for arthritis, secondary to structural deformities that cause abnormal articulation of bones
- Pectoralis Major - Action (Lower fibers, sternal head)
- internal rotation, horizontal adduction, adduction and extension of the glenohumeral joint from a flexed position to the anatomical position.
- vastus intermedius
- O: femur | I: quadriceps tendon | A: extends knee
- Muscle Fibers
- Actin and Myosin
- temporalis
- O: temporal bone | I: coronoid process of mandible | A: elevates and retracts mandible; closes jaw
- Flexor digitorum superficialis - Innervation
- Median nerve (C7, C8, and T1)
- brachialis
- flexes elbow
- Osseous
- Bone Tissue
- sternocleidomastoid
- rotates face to opposite side, laterally flexes head to same side, origin is manubrium of sternum, insertion is mastoid process of temporal bone
- Biceps brachii - Action
- Flexian of the elbow, supination of the forearm, weak flexion of the shoulder joint, weak abduction of the shoulder joint when the shoulder joint is in external rotation
- supraspinatus
- origin is supraspinatus fossa of scapula and insertion is greater tubercle of humerus. helps prevent downward dislocation of humerus
- Antagonist
- Muscles that oppose the movement of the agonist
- semitendinosus
- part of hamstrings group
- Supraspinatus - Innervation
- Suprascapular nerve (C5)
- vastus lateralis
- part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee
- vastus lateralis
- O: greater trochanter and linea aspera; I: tibial tuberosity
- Palatine Bones
- Form most caudal portion of hard palate
- Dorsal
- Towards the back
- Ergot
- Remnant of MC-5 forms this on the palmar surface of the lower leg in equines
- platysma
- sheet-like muscle in neck that pulls mouth (jaw) downward
- Concentric Contraction
- Muscle contracts isotonically by shortening
- Closed Reductions
- manual manipulation of the ends of the fractured bone so that normal alignment is maintained
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- carcinoma type that may occur in many different organs, including the skin, mouth, esophagus, prostate, lungs, and cervix. It is a malignant tumor of epithelium that shows squamous cell differentiation.
- RECTUS FEMORIS
- O-ANTERIOR INFERIOR ILIAC SPINE/ I-TIBIAL TUBEROSITY/ A-FLEXES THIGH
- sternocleidomastoid
- o: sternum, clavicle; i: temporal bone; flexes neck, rotates head
- Ventral
- Towards the belly
- Flexor carpi ulnaris - Action
- Flexion of the wrist, adduction of the wrist, together with the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle, weak flexion of the elbow
- STERNOCLEOIDMASTOID
- O-CLAVICLE AND MANUBRIUM/ I-MASTOID PROCESS/ A- CONTRACTION OF 1 ROTATES HEAD TOWARD OPPOSITE SIDE
- sartorius
- o: illium; i: proximal tibia; flexes thigh on hip
- Deltoid Muscle, Action (Posterior fibers)
- abduction, extension, horizontal abduction, and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
- Subscapularis - Action
- Internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, adduction of the glenohumeral joint, extension of the glenohumeral joint, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- Sacral
- Vertebrae that articulates with the pelvis. Usually fused together in most species. Articulate with tuber sacrale of the ilium. Has dorsal process
- gastrocnemius
- O: femur | I: calcaneal tendon | A: plantarflexion; flexes leg at knee; raises heel during walking
- Psoriasis
- Chronic, noninfectious, raised, reddened round plaques covered by silvery white scales
- rectus femoris
- part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee
- Myofibril
- A series of sarcomeres; several are contained within one muscle fiber
- Collarbone
- Boney attachment to scapula in humans
- auricular
- wiggle ears
- Infraspinatus - Origin
- Medial aspect of the infraspinatus fossa just below the spine of the scapula
- Flat Bone Characteristic
- Gives a lot of protection
- ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
- O-RAMUS OF THE ISCHIUM/ I-LINEA ASPERA/ O- ADDUCTS THIGH
- deltoid
- o: scalpular spine and clavicle; i: humerus (deltoid tuberosity); abducts the arm
- Unipennate
- feathered on one side of tendon. Hamstrng
- coracobrachialis
- flexes humerus, antagonist of supraspinatus
- Kaposi's sarcoma
- bruise like cancer
- Adduction
- Moving bones or limb toward the midline
- occipitalis
- o: occiptal bone; i: scalp; pulls scalp posteriorly
- Plantar
- Caudal surface of the hind legs from the ankle to the toes
- Arch
- Has 2 halves that curve upwards to meet on the midline. They are dorsal and lateral boundaries of the vertebral foramen
- pectoralis major
- o:sternum, clavicle, 1-6 ribs ; i: proximal humerous ; adducts and flexes humerus
- Latissimus dorsi - Innervation
- Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)
- Thermoregulation
- Negative feedback, thermoreceptors to brain, temperature control center sends message to effectors
- brachioradialis
- o: humerus; i: radius; elbow/forearm flexion
- Floating Ribs
- Never join the sternum
- gastrocnemius
- o: distal femur; i: calcaneus; plantar flexes foot and knee
- Lordosis
- Exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar or cervical spine (hollowback)
- Carotene
- has a yellow-orange color and is primarily found in the palms and the soles
- Short Bones
- Carpal, Tarsal
- RECTUS ABDOMINUS
- O- SUPERIOR RAMUS OF PUBIS/ I- XIPHOID PROCESS AND COSTAL CARTILAGE OF RIBS 5 TO 7/ A- COMPRESS ABDOMEN AND FLEX VERTEBRAL COLUMN