Guide
Terms
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- la reforma
- a liberal reform movement in 19th-century Mexico, led by Benito Juarez
- government
- the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed
- National Assembly
- A French congress established by representatives of the third Estate
- Maximilien Robespierre
- "The incorruptible;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue.
- Alexander II
- the son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs (1818-1881)
- factory
- a plant consisting of buildings with facilities for manufacturing
- Jose Maria Morelos
- Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814
- stock
- a supply of something available for future use
- urbanization
- the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban
- Camillo di Cavour
- prime minister of Sardinia, expanded Piedment-Sardinia, strengthened Sardinia's power
- Benito Juarez
- a Mexican president (was Indian) who fought for a better life for the poor
- Great Fear
- peasants attacking nobles inflamed by famine
- corporation
- an organization that is authorized by law to carry on an activity but treated as though it were a single person
- union
- an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer
- common law
- a law established by following earlier judicial decisions
- Battle of Trafalgar
- 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated
- paternalism
- the attitude (of a person or a government) that subordinates should be controlled in a fatherly way for their own good
- Parliament
- a legislative assembly in certain countries (e.g., Great Britain)
- Giuseppe Garibaldi
- Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882)
- oligarchy
- a political system governed by a few people
- Taiping rebellion
- The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. (p. 687)
- Estates-general
- an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.
- Otto von Bismark
- German statesman: first chancellor of modern German Empire 1871-90
- Menelik II
- Ethiopian who modernized and avoided Italian colonialism
- Emiliano Zapata
- Mexican revolutionary who led a revolt for agrarian reforms (1879-1919)
- separation of powers
- a principle of govt. whereby constitutional authority is shared by 3 separate branches of govt.
- crop rotation
- careful sequencing of crops to prevent soil depletion
- due process of law
- All the procedures for fair treatment that must be carried out whenever a citizen is accused of a crime
- Glorious Revolution
- the revolution against James II
- Napoleon Bonaparte
- rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution; established French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815 at Waterloo.
- boxer rebellion
- A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.
- "jewel in the crown"
- the British colony of India- so called because of its importance in the British Empire, both as a supplier of raw material sand as a market for British trade goods.
- estates
- the term for classes in France
- kaiser
- the title of the Holy Roman Emperors or the emperors of Austria or of Germany until 1918
- Treaty of Kanagawa
- Agreement by Japan to open two ports to trade with the U.S. and to help shipwrecked U.S. sailors
- conservative
- a person who has conservative ideas or opinions, right-wing ideas
- Crimean War
- a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England and France and Turkey and Sardinia
- Adam Smith
- Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)
- junker
- member of the Prussian aristocracy noted especially for militarism
- Reign of Terror
- the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed
- social contract
- an implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society
- radical
- far beyond the norm
- Monroe doctrine
- an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers
- legitimacy
- lawfulness by virtue of being authorized or in accordance with law
- Legislative Assembly
- A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war
- Queen Liliuokalani
- the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests
- Marie Antoinette
- queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular
- Roosevelt corollary
- allowed U.S. to be the "policeman" in Latin America
- Boer
- a white native of Cape Province who is a descendant of Dutch settlers and who speaks Afrikaans
- laissez faire
- the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs
- democracy
- the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives
- continental system
- Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.
- divine right
- belief that a rulers authority comes directly from God
- Berlin Conference
- regulated European Colonization and trade in Africa.
- utilitarianism
- doctrine that the useful is the good
- Concert of Europe
- Where the European leaders planed to keep control after napoleons defeat.
- capitalism
- an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit.
- lycee
- a government-run public school in France.
- concordat
- a signed written agreement between two or more parties (nations) to perform some action
- republic
- a form of government whose head of state is not a monarch
- émigré
- nobles and other who had fled France, hoped to undo the revolution and restore the Oled Regeme
- the Balkans
- Present day territory that includes Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and the former Yugoslavia. Revolutions sparked by nationalism began here: Greece (1821), WWI (1914)
- Coup d'etat
- a sudden seizure of political power in a nation.
- annexation
- the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation
- "Pancho" villa
- Had a robinhood policy of taking money from the rich and giving it to the poor.
- Tennis Court Oath
- The third estate was left out of the making of the new constitution so they broke into the palace and set up camp in a tennis court and refused to leave.
- united nations
- an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security
- Spanish-American war
- The U.S. won and gained Cuba, the war lasted 4 months
- Industrial Revolution
- the transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation
- Boer War
- Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.
- nationalism
- love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it
- Klemens von Metternich
- The Foreign Minister of Austria; he had the most influence at the Congress of Vienna.
- sans-culotte
- in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian eagernesses and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice n government, lower prices and an end to food shortages.
- opium war
- A conflict between Britain and China in the mid-1800s over trade in China.
- Peninsular war
- a conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish Rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleons French troops out of Spain.
- pacific rim
- This refers to countries that border the Pacific Ocean.
- panama canal
- a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)
- senate
- assembly possessing high legislative powers
- strike
- stop work in order to press demands
- waterloo
- the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat
- enlightenment
- a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
- Russification
- the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in t he Russian Empire
- Jose de San Martin
- led revolutions in Argentina and Chili
- guerrilla
- a member of an irregular armed force that fights a stronger force by sabotage and harassment
- Magna Carta
- the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215
- peninsular
- of or forming or resembling a peninsula
- monarchy
- government under a single ruler
- caudillo
- a military officer who rules a country very strictly
- extraterritorial rights
- An exemption of foreign residents from the laws of a country.
- open door policy
- A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.
- socialism
- a political theory advocating state ownership of industry
- Francisco Madero
- early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections
- entrepreneur
- someone who organizes a business venture and assumes the risk for it
- constitutional monarchy
- a system of governing in which the ruler's power is limited by law
- reformation
- 16th century movement for religious reform, leading to he founding of Christian churches that rejected the people's authority
- middle class
- the social class between the lower and upper classes
- federal system
- power is shared between state governments and a central authority
- enclosure
- in england in the 1700s the process of taking over and fencing off public lands
- Meiji era
- the period of Japanese history from 1867 to 1912 during which the country was ruled by Emperor Mutsuhito
- realpolitik
- politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations
- scorched-earth policy
- the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land
- balance of power
- an equilibrium of power between nations
- Sepoy mutiny
- discontent with British administration in India led to numerous mutinies in 1857 and 1858
- liberal
- showing or characterized by broad-mindedness
- Social Darwinism
- The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
- old regime
- Political system of France; a monarchy
- bill of rights
- a statement of fundamental rights and privileges
- mulatto
- an offspring of a Black and a White parent
- nation-state
- an independent geopolitical unit of people having a common culture and identity
- factors of production
- resources, stable economy, polulation, politically stable
- Sepoy
- An Indian soldier serving under British command.
- Suez Canal
- a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea
- Simon Bolivar
- Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule
- representative government
- Power is held by the people and exercised through the efforts of representatives elected by the people.
- Napoleon Bonaparte
- French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)
- Karl Marx
- founder of modern communism
- plebiscite
- a vote by the electorate determining public opinion on a question of national importance: a vote of the PEOPLE!!
- geopolitics
- the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state
- racism
- discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race
- Emilio Aguinaldo
- led the Philippines for independence
- Miguel Hidalgo
- a creole priest who touched off a long struggle for independence in Mexico
- Jose Marti
- led the fight for Cuba's independence from Spain from 1895 through the Spanish-American War
- hundred days
- The return of Napoleon after Louis XVIII fled. Tried to fight against the allies, but was crushed at Waterloo on June 18,1815.
- imperialism
- any instance of aggressive extension of authority
- Louis XVI
- - King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. He and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
- natural rights
- rights that belong to all human beings from birth
- communism
- a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership
- Raj
- British dominion over India (1757-1947)
- Congress of Vienna
- Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon
- aristocracy
- the most powerful members of a society
- Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
- Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)
- Napoleonic Code
- a legal system based on enlightenment ideas
- sphere of influence
- the geographical area in which one nation is very influential
- creole
- in Spanish colonial society, a colonist who was born in Latin America to Spanish parents
- Shaka
- a Zulu chief in 1816
- guillotine
- instrument of execution that consists of a weighted blade between two vertical poles
- blockade
- prevents access or progress
- assimilation
- the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another
- industrialization
- developing new manufacturing
- Renaissance
- the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world