International Relations: Midterm: October 23rd
Terms
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- Zero Sume
- situations in IR in which what one actor gain, the other loses.
- International Relations
- concern with what happens between and amoung states
- Treaty n the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
- 1968 treaty that seeks to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and matherials while fostering the civilan development of nuclear power
- Liberal Perspective
- a perspective that emphasizes relationships and negotiations amount actors in international affairs, as well as how groups interact, communicate, and transact exchanges with one another, such as trade-- role of institutions in solving international confilct
- Self-Help
- the principle of self-defencse that arises from the situation of anarchy in which sates have no one else to rely on to defend their security except themselves.
- Self-Determination
- the right of atonomy for nations; that is; nations may adopt whatever substantivive identiesthey wish, democratice or nondemocratic
- Collective Goods
- goals, such as clean air, which are idivisible, meaning they exist for everyone or not for any one particular persn or group, and which cannot be appropriated, meaning theat they do not diminsih as one party consumes them.
- Realist Perspective
- a perspective that sees that world largely in terms of a struggle for power in which strong actors, especially states, seek to dominate weak ones and weak actors resist strong ones to perserve their nterests and independence.
- Securty Dilemma
- the situation that states face when they arm to defend themslevesw and in the process threten other states.
- Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
- 1972 US and SU limiting anti-ballistic missiles
- 1st-Strike Capability
- protecting nuclear missiles so that enought will survive a first-strike attact to be used to retaliate and ensure a level of unaccepatble damage, thereby deterring the first strike.
- League of Nations
- an institution founded after the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. it was the first international institiution io embody the collective security approach to the use of milityar power.
- Power
- material capabliites of a country such as size of population and territory, resource endowment, economic capablity, and military strength.
- Prisoner's Dilemma
- a game illustrating the realist perspective in which two prisoners rationally choose not to cooperate in order to avoid even worse outcomes.
- Bandwagoning
- the aligning of states with a greater power to share the spoils of dominance
- Sovereignty
- a condition under which a state yields to no other authority in matters of religion or power.
- Appeasement
- a policy of making concesssions to strnger foe because a nations is lessing to consider the use of force.
- Level of Analysis
- the direction, or "level," from which different causes of international change emerge.
- International Law
- the customary rules and codified treaties under which international organizations operate; it covers political, econmic, and social rights
- Geopolitics
- a focus on a country's location and geogrphy as the basis of its national interests.
- Power Balancing
- a school of realism that sees hegemony as destablizing and war as most likely when a dominat power emerges to threaten the equilibrium of power amoung other states
- Domestic Level of Analysis
- a level that focuses on domesitc features of a country as a whole, such as capitalist econmic system or nationalsit ideology, from which the causes of a realist, liberal, or idenity perspective come.
- Individual Levels of Analysis
- a level at which individuals or small groups of individuals make decisions and cause events using power, institutions, or ideas.
- Counterfource Weapons
- nuclear missiles aimed at other missiles rather than at population or industrial centers.
- Arms Race
- the competiive buildup of weapons systems
- Deterrence
- preventing an attack by threatening retaliation against the potential attacker
- Identity
- the ideas that shape an entit's sense of self either through a shared or collective realtionship with other or through relative similariteis and difference with other groups.
- Collective Security
- the establisment of common institutions and rules amound states to settle disputes peacefully and enfource agreeeements by a preponderance not a balance, of power.
- Identity Perspective
- a perspective that emphasizes the importance of ideas that define the inentities of actors and that motivate the use of power and negoations by these actors.
- Systemic Level of Analysis
- a level that idenifies cause that come from the positioning and interaction of states in the international system.
- Hegemonic Stability
- stability provided by a hegemon rathern than through equilibrium or a balance of power.
- Puppet Governments
- goviernments that are installed, controlled, and/or supported by foreign states or tother external parites and that act in the interest of those staes or partices.
- Treaty of Westphalia
- a multiparty European treaty establishing the modern IR system of state soverignty.
- Balance of power
- the process by which states counterbalance to ensure that no single state dominates the system, or an outcome that establishes a rough equilbrium amoung states
- Strategic Arms Reduciton Talks
- meetings that produced agreements in 1991 that lovered by 2/3the number of offensive ballistic missiles and warheads maitiained by Russia and the US
- Escalation Dominance
- a startegy of deterrence designed to force another state to choose between compromise and esclation
- Interdependence
- the mutual dependence of states and nonstate actors through conferences, trade, toursim, and the like
- Reciprocity
- states behaving toward one another based largely on mutual exchanges that entail interdepencent benefits or disadvantages
- Mutual Assured Destruction
- the deterrence strategy that called for the dominance of offensive over defensive weapons.
- Disarmament
- the process of mutual reduction of military arms by international agreeements or convention
- Cognitive Dissonance
- array of opinions that are different
- Countervalue weapons
- nuclear missiles aimed at population and industrial centers rather than at other missiles
- Anarchy
- the decentralized distribution of power in IR, no leader or center of atuthroy exists that monopolizes power and has the letgitmacy to use it.
- Hegemony
- a situation in which one coutnry is more power than all others