Bio 1510 Exam 1
Terms
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- Low pH
- acidic
- Experiment
- a test of the hypothesis, eliminate variables( test and control)
- endergonic
- absorbs heat in reactions
- growth development and reproduction
- all are capable of growing and reproducing and posess hereditary molecules that are passed to their offspring
- functional groups
- molecular groups of atoms that are highly reactive, electronegativity
- Deductive reasoning
- application of general principles to make specific conclusions
- Phenotype
- physical expression of DNA
- more electrolytes in blood
- more water in blood
- archaebacteria
- cell walls lack peptidoglycan, have unique membrane lipids, DNA expression machinery more like eukaryotes
- isotopes
- same number of protons but different number of neutrons
- Central Dogma of life
- Replication, transcription, translation
- Electrolytes
- salts that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electrical currents, important for chemical reactivity, osmotic effects and electrical effects
- analogous structures
- have similar function, but different evolutionary origin
- nucleic acids
- DNA and RNA polymers of nucleotides carrying hereditary information
- HCO3-
- bicarbonate ion is a buffer
- Theory
- a concept supported by scientific reasoning and experimental evidence, that explain the facts in some area of study
- prokaryotic cells
- contain a cell wall, with no distinct interior compartments
- Electron Potential Energy
- electrons that absorb or release energy can jump energy levels
- plasma membrane
- phospholipid bilayer
- Hydrogen bonding
- hold 2 strands of DNA together
- lipids
- hydrophobic molecules with many structural and functional roles
- protein function
- enzyme catalsis, defense, transport, support, motion, regulation, storage
- Hypothesis driven science
- Observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment
- Cloning
- mitosis: making a copy of something
- high electronegativity
- delta minus
- free radical
- an ion or molecule with an unpaired valence electron, generally damaging to cells (aging?)
- reaction rates
- affected by temperature, concentration gradients, and catalysis
- sensitivity
- all organisms respond to stimuli
- buffer
- sucking the acid out of your blood to make it more basic and vice versa
- reductionism
- break down a complex system, study the pieces and parts of the system and use this knowledge to gain an understanding of the system as a whole
- Transcription
- DNA>RNA
- Genotype
- sequence of dna
- Descent with modification
- Darwin's finches descended from a common ancestor
- Decomposition
- AB>A+B (catabolic reactions (hydrolysis))
- matter
- anything that has a mass and occupies space, and is composed of particles called atoms
- hypertonic
- lose water to solution (cell shrinks), has a lot of solute on the outside
- protein
- amino acid polymers with many structural and functional roles
- prokaryotes: 3 domains
- bacteria, archaea, eukurya
- hydrophillic
- water loving
- marcomolecules
- carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids
- Differentiation
- cells that specialize for a specific function
- gram negative
- turns pink, multi layered cell wall
- homeostasis
- all organisms maintain relatively constant internal conditions
- reduction
- photosynthesis
- anterograde movement
- towards the plasma membrane
- Hierarchical Organization of Life
- atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
- observation
- a scientific observation is made
- Heat of vaporization
- amount of heat required to change 1 gram of a substance from liquid to a gas
- Entropy
- Things that dont like to be in a disordered state
- Atrophy
- cells getting smaller
- hypothesis
- a possible explaination is made
- gram positive
- thick single layer of peptidoglycan and stay purple
- weak to strong bonds
- Hydrogen, ionic, covalent
- hydrogen ion
- hydrogen proton
- energy utilization
- all organisms take in energy and use it to perform many kinds of work
- cell theory
- all cells come from pre-existing cells
- High pH
- basic
- Holism
- contend that a complete understanding of a complex system cannot be elucidated merely by studying its pieces and parts
- translation
- RNA>Proteins
- replication
- DNA>DNA
- Evolutionary adaptation
- all organisms interact with other organisms and the non-living environment in ways that influence their survival and as a consequence, organisms evolve adaptations to their environments.
- hydrophobic
- water hating
- phospholipid bilayer
- (plasma membrane) dissolves fat, water cannot go through
- Inductive reasoning
- application of specific observations to develop general principles (reasoning at the core of hypothesis driven science)
- cations
- positively charged ions, losing an electron
- Ionic Bonds
- electrostatic attraction between electrically charged atoms or molecules (cations and anions) most are in crystalline form (salt crystals)
- anions
- negatively charged ions, gaining an electron
- acidic blood
- a lot of hydrogen in your blood
- Endotherm
- warm blooded
- Prediction
- provide a way to test the validity of the hypothesis
- micelle
- amphipathic, (molecules that make up cell membrane)
- adhesion
- hydrogen bonds can form between water and another charged molecule
- oxidation
- cellular respiration
- Hydroxyapatite
- makes our bone hard
- ordered complexity
- complex and highly ordered
- osmosis
- water moves from high concentrations to low concentrations, wherever there is more solute there is less water, that is why the water moves there to reduce the concentration gradient
- Oxidation and reduction
- electrons can be transferred from one atom to another while still retaining the energy of their position (potential energy) this allows storage and release of energy during metabolism
- retrograde movement
- towards the nucleus
- Exotherm
- cold blooded
- 7 Characteristics of living things
- Cellular organization, ordered complexity, sensitivity, growth development & reproduction, energy utilization, homeostasis, evolutionary adaptation.
- hypotonic
- gain water from solution (cell swells), has a lot of solute on the inside
- homologous structures
- have the same evolutionary origin, but differ in structure and function
- electronegativity
- atoms have different levels of affinity for electrons
- Synthesis
- A+B>AB (anabolic reactions (dehydration synthesis))
- protein structure
- Amino group, R group, and carboxylic acid group, central carbon, (depends on R group gives character to protein)
- Cellular organizations
- all organisms consist of one of more cells
- cohesion
- hydrogen bonds can form between water molecules
- Prokaryotes: 6 domains
- eubacteria, archaebacteria, protistn, plantae, fungi, animalia
- isotonic
- same leaving the cell as coming into the cell (same amount of solute both in and out of the cell)
- valence electrons
- are in the most outer shell and have the most potential energy, are the most reactive and determine the chemical binding properties of an atom
- exergonic
- gives off heat in reactions
- eukaryotes
- more complex organisms that contain dna inside a nucleus
- Hyperplasia
- cell division (cancer dividing uncontrollably).
- Specific heat
- amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C
- Hypertrophy
- getting larger overe time (cells)
- Carbohydrates
- energy sources, transport and structural molecules in organisms
- phospholipid
- hydrophillic (polar) head and hydrophobic (non polar) tail
- metabolism
- sum of all chemicals reactions in an organism, divided into anabolic and catabolic reactions
- we temporarily store energy as
- ATP
- partial charge
- delta
- amphipathic
- both hydrophillic and hydrophobic compound
- Ions
- atoms with unequal numbers of protons and electrons