Digestive System (lecture)
Things I think will be on my lecture test.
Terms
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- molars
- 1st 2nd and 3rd (anterior and posterior) all have 4 cusps designed to crush and grind food
- muscularis externa
- muscle layer just external to the submucosa consisting of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle bands in the walls of the middle and inferior thirds of the esophagus and walls of the stomach, small and large intestines
- dentin
- bonelike connective tissue deep to enamel that makes up most of the tooth; produced throughout life by Odontoblasts
- Salivary Amylase
- enzyme found in saliva that begins chemical digestion of starch in foods by catalyzing the breakdown of starch into maltose
- Intestinal Crypts (crypts of Lieberkuhn)
- tubular pits located among bases of villi lined with cells that secrete intestinal juice (watery, enzyme-poor, mucus-containing fluid that carries nutrients absorbed from chyme)
- Cephalic Phase
- the reflex phase of gastric secretion and motility that is initiated by sight, smell, taste, or thought of food
- submandibular (submaxillary) glands
- glands located medial to the body of the mandible; inferior to the base of the tongue in the posterior part of the mouth; contains about equal amount of serous and mucous cells
- types of epithelium in mucosa
- epithelium lining of simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells or nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- age for deciduous teeth eruption
- 6 months - 24 months
- enterogastrones
- intestinal hormones that inhibit gastric gland activity and gastric motility
- number of deciduous (primary) teeth
- 20; 8 incisors, 4 canines, and 8 molars (no premolars)
- Ileocecal Sphincter
- valve between Ileum of small intestine and cecum of large intestine that regulates the passage of material from small into large intestine
- goblet cells
- increase in number from proximal to distal parts of the small intestine
- fauces
- opening from the oral cavity into the pharynx
- quadrate lobe of liver
- small lobe of liver inferior to the left lobe, and visible from the inferior view
- microscopic anatomy of large intestine
- no circular folds, no villi, and no digestive-enzyme-secreting cells in the wall
- portal triad
- occurs at each of the corners of liver lobules and make up 3 structures
- HCl functions
- kill many bacteria ingested with food, convert pepsinogen into pepsin, and denatures proteins to make them easier to digest
- Maltase, Lactase, and Sucrase
- Brush border enzymes that split maltose, lactose, and sucrose into their monosaccharide components (Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose) which are then absorbed across small intestine wall into blood capillaries
- periodontal ligament
- dense connective tissue membrane that anchors the tooth in its socket, and acts as a shock absorber during chewing
- duodenum
- proximal portion of the small intestine (one end attached to stomach; about 10 inches long)
- Constipation
- characterized by dry stool; results from material passing too slowly through the GI tract, allowing too much water absorption
- right lobe of liver
- largest lobe of liver; visible from all surfaces
- Teniae Coli
- bands of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle (remnant of longitudinal layer of muscularis) that runs the length of the large intestine, except in the rectum and anal canal; causes the formation of pouches in the wall
- Myenteric nerve plexus
- composed primarily of autonomic nerve fibers between circular and longitudinal layers; controls peristalsis and segmentation
- Oblique layer of smooth muscle
- additional muscle layer found in the muscularis externa of the stomach (adjacent to the submucosa and mainly in the body of the stomach)
- Enterogastric Reflex
- part of the inhibitory component of the intestinal phase that is stimulated by the intestinal wall stretching, a decrease in pH, and an increase in fats and proteins with incoming chyme which causes intestinal mucosa cells to secrete enterogastrones
- Deglutition
- swallowing; involves voluntary and involuntary phases
- Secretin
- hormone that inhibits gastric gland secretions and gastric motility, stimulates the release of pancreatic secretions rich in bicarbonate ions to neutralize acidic chyme, and increases bile production by the liver
- Protein-Digesting enzymes
- (Proteases) type of enzymes released in an inactive form by the pancreas that are activated when they reach the small intestine
- salivary gland duct
- lined with simple cuboidal epithelium (if it's small) surrounding the lumen and stratified columnar or stratified cuboidal if it's larger
- function of laryngopharynx
- carries food and drink into the esophagus and conducts air into the larynx
- deamination of amino acids
- removal of amine group (NH2) which requires them to be oxidized as a source for energy
- enamel
- external covering of crown composed of calcium phosphate and carbonate; acellular; hardest substance in the body; protects other parts of teeth, but can't be regenerated
- Gastric Phase
- phase of gastric secretion and motility that is initiated by food entering the stomach
- Bile Canaliculi
- tiny channels between the rows of hepatocytes
- Micelles
- clusters of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts with fat-soluble vitamin cores that enable the breakdown products of fat digestion to contact microvilli and be absorbed by epithelial cells
- alpha cells
- cells in the pancreatic islets that produce glucagon
- descending colon
- part of large intestine that runs vertically along the left side of the abdominal cavity, enters pelvic cavity and joins sigmoid colon
- epiploic appendages
- little, superficial pouches of visceral peritoneum filled with fat and attached to external surface of wall
- submucosa
- layer of dense (fibrous) connective tissue adjacent and external to mucosa containing blood and lymphatic vessels, lymph nodules, and nerve fibers.
- Large intestine
- tube extending from Ileum to anus, and involved in reclaiming most of the remaining water not previously absorbed in the small intestine, some nutrient absorption, and compaction of indigestible waste and expulsion of it from body as feces
- process of the cephalic phase
- input from olfactory, taste, and photoreceptors-->hypothalamus and cerebral cortex--> parasympathetic neurons of vagus nerve in medulla oblongata--> stomach--> secretion by gastric glands and increase in stomach motility
- bile salts
- cholesterol derivatives required for emusification of fats; also aid in absorption of fats, fat-soluble vitamins, and cholesterol
- neural and hormonal mechanisms
- both of these control the secretion of gastric juice and contraction of smooth muscle in the stomach wall
- Emusification
- Breakdown of Fat particles into minute fat droplets by detergent action of bile salts
- caudate lobe of liver
- small posterior lobe of liver
- Bile
- yellow-green, alkaline fluid containing bile pigments, bile salts, cholesterol, fats, phospholipids, and various ions
- mouth (oral cavity)
- surrounded by labia, cheeks, palates, and tongue; also contains teeth, vestibule, superior and inferior labial frenula, and lingual frenulum
- Cholecystokinin
- hormone that stimulates the discharge of pancreatic secretions rich in enzymes, stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile, and causes relaxation of the pyloric sphincter allowing pancreatic secretion and bile to enter the duodenum
- other liver functions (in addition to filtration of blood and emusification of fats)
- carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, storage of food reserves, vitamins, and minerals, and detoxification of poisons such as toxic drugs, toxins from other organisms, and alcohol
- premolars (bicuspids)
- anterior 1st and posterior 2nd; both have 2 cusps adapted for crushing and grinding food; located posterior to canines
- vasoactive intestinal peptide
- hormone that inhibits HCl production by stomach, stimulates buffer secretion, dilates intestinal wall capillaries, and relaxes intestinal wall smooth muscle
- left lobe of liver
- second largest lobe of liver, separated from right lobe by the faliciform ligament
- Mucosa (mucous membrane)
- epithelial membrane lining lumen of alimentary canal from mouth to anus
- mucous cells
- cells that are found in salivary glands that secrete mucus (a more viscous solution than serous solution)
- Parotid glands
- largest salivary glands that lie anterior to the ears between the masseter muscle and skin; contain mostly serous cells
- glycogenesis
- formation of glycogen by combining glucose molecules
- Mesentery
- membrane that attaches most of small intestine to dorsal (posterior) body wall
- gastric glands
- glands that contain various cells that produce stomach secretions, collectively known as gastric juice
- lacteal
- a lymph capillary
- Carboxypeptidase
- Pancreatic enzyme activated by Trypsin (active form of Procarboxypeptidase)
- functions of saliva
- it keeps mucous membranes of the mouth and pharynx moist, cleanses the mouth and teeth, dissolves food molecules so they can be tasted, moistens food so it can be compacted into a bolus for swallowing, and BEGINS CHEMICAL DIGESTION OF STARCH IN FOODS
- Jejunum
- middle portion of small intestine; 2/5 of remainder
- soft palate
- posterior part of the palate that is continuous with the hard palate and supported by skeletal muscle, not bone
- fundus
- superior, rounded portion of the stomach, superior and left of the cardia
- Monoglycerides and fatty acids
- Once inside epithelial cells, ________________ ___ ______ _______ recombine to form fats (triglycerides)
- nucleosidases and phosphatases
- brush border enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of nucleotides into nitrogen bases, pentoses, and phosphates
- function of nasopharynx
- conduct air from nasal cavity to oropharynx; usually does not handle food
- function of villi
- purpose is to increase surface area available for nutrient absorption
- hepatic veins
- collect blood from veins draining hepatic sinusoids and empty it into the inferior vena cava
- adventitia
- dense (fibrous) connective tissue that covers the outer surface of the esophagus in the thoracic cavity instead of serosa, and anchors it to the structure around it
- Hepatic sinusoids
- capillaries in the liver
- internal anal sphincter
- involuntary smooth muscle
- function of the muscularis externa
- responsible for peristalsis and segmentation (localized rhythmic constrictions of intestinal wall that help mix food with digestive fluid)
- gastroesophageal sphincter
- aka cardiac sphincter; at the inferior end of the esophagus connected to the stomach; relaxes to let food enter the stomach
- Nucleases (Pancreatic Nucleases)
- enzymes that split DNA and RNA into their component Nucleotides
- insulin
- hormone produced by the pancreatic islets that lowers blood glucose levels
- Digestive enzymes
- Most of gland cells in the pancreas produce these
- Muscularis Mucosae
- thin layer of smooth muscle deep to the mucosa
- insulin and glucagon
- 2 major hormones produced by the pancreatic islets
- hepatic portal venule
- branch of hepatic portal vein that carries nutrient-rich blood to hepatic sinusoids
- maltese
- brush border enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of maltose into 2 glucose molecules
- anal canal
- most distal part which is outside the abdominopelvic cavity, and opens to the exterior of the body at the anus
- number of permanent (secondary) teeth
- 32; 8 incisors, 4 canines, 4 premolars, and 12 molars
- chyme
- a creamy, acidic paste food is turned into by the stomach
- function of the stomach
- temporarily stores food; breaks it down further by both mechanical and chemical digestion (protein digestion begins here), and converts food into chyme
- lactase
- brush border enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose
- Hepatic arteriole
- branch of hepatic artery that directly supplies oxygenated blood to hepatic sinusoids
- enterokinase
- brush border enzyme that converts trypsinogen into trypsin
- the 4 sensations provided by taste buds
- sweet, sour, salty, and bitter
- soft palate (and uvula)
- move up to close off the nasopharynx during swallowing
- neck
- constricted junction between the crown and root at the gum line
- Pons; Medulla Oblongata
- Ingestion of food stimulates chemoreceptors and pressoreceptors in the mouth to send impulses to salivary nuclei in the _____ and ___________ ___________ in the brain, which increases parasympathetic activity, causing a greater output of Serous saliva
- gastric pits
- many deep, narrow channels in the stomach lining that lead into gastric glands
- lesser omentum
- membrane that attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach
- gluconeogenesis
- formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules
- Intrinsic Factor
- glycoprotein required for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine
- endocrine cells (pancreatic islets)
- found in the pancreas; produces hormones and are less numerous; the hormones are carried to target tissues by the blood, NOT pancreatic ducts
- Lysozyme
- an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of cell walls of some bacteria
- appendix (vermiform appendix)
- blind, fingerlike projection from the posterior and medial surface of the cecum that contains modules of lymphoid tissue (part of MALT)
- Kupffer Cells
- Hepatic Macrophages in Hepatic Sinusoids that rid them of debris (like worn out RBCs, bacteria, etc.)
- fungiform papillae
- reddish, mushroom-like projections scattered among filiform papillae; usually contain taste buds
- in the mouth
- where carbohydrate digestion begins
- Brunner's Glands
- Glands located in the duodenum that secrete alkaline mucus to assist in the neutralization of acid in the chyme
- hard palate
- anterior part of the palate supported by processes of the maxillae and palatine bones
- water
- 99.5% of saliva
- anus
- opening of anal canal to outside of the body
- Lipases (Pancreatic Lipases)
- Enzymes that breakdown fats into glycerol and fatty acids and monoglycerides (glycerol + 1 fatty acid)
- microvilli
- tiny folds in cell membranes of epithelial cells covering villi; not visible under light microscope, but appear as fuzzy margin of villi (brush border)
- Autonomic nervous system
- the _______________ ______________ _____________ controls salivation (secretion of saliva)
- common bile duct
- duct formed by the convergence of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct; CARRIES BILE TO THE DUODENUM
- lipolysis
- splitting of fats into glycerol and fatty acids
- Parasympathetic
- _______________ stimulation promotes salivation
- glucagon
- hormone produced by the pancreatic islets that raises blood glucose levels
- apical foramen
- opening at the base of the root that allows blood and lymph vessels and nerve fibers to enter the root canal
- intrinsic salivary glands
- many small salivary glands in mucous membranes of the oral cavity that continually release a small amount of saliva into mouth to keep it moist; conain about equal amount of serous cells and mucous cells
- lingual frenulum
- median fold of mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth
- larynx
- moves superiorly to contact the epiglottis, closing the glottis during swallowing
- Duodenal (Brunner's) Glands
- those in the submucosa of duodenum that secrete alkaline mucus to help neutralize acidic chyme
- Intestinal (enteric) Gastrin
- hormone with Gastrin like effects that stimulates gastric gland secretion and gastric motility
- esophagus
- a muscular tube (usually collapsed when not in use) that carries food and drink from the laryngopharynx to the stomach
- mucous neck cells
- cells in the upper part of the gastric glands that secrete mucus
- sucrase
- brush border enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of sucrose into glucose and fructose
- papillae
- tiny projections of mucosa primarily on the dorsal surface of the tongue that improve the grip to aid in manipulation of food; some contain taste buds
- Diarrhea
- characterized by watery stool; results from too rapid a transit of food that doesn't allow proper absorption of water
- bilirubin
- major bile pigment whose breakdown products give brown color to feces
- tongue functions
- moves food around mouth, mixes food with saliva and compacts it into a bolus, aides in tasting (via taste buds), initiates swallowing by pushing bolus into pharynx, aides in speech
- Endorphins
- the body's natural opiates
- Chylomicrons
- water-soluble lipoprotein droplets of protein-coated fats that form and enter a Lacteal in the lamina propria of villi, which are then carried by lymph to bloodstream where fats are again digested into glycerol and fatty acids by Lipoprotein Lipase in capillary Endothelium
- Odontoblasts
- cells that line the pulp cavity deep to dentin in the crown of the tooth; responsible for producing dentin
- defecation reflex
- spinal reflex involving pressure receptors in the rectum wall that is stimulated when feces enter the rectum and stretch the wall, resulting in parasympathetic nerve fiber stimulation which causes the rectum to contract and internal anal sphincter to relax. Impulses are then sent to the cerebral cortex, which can stimulate external anal sphincter to relax (if convenient to defecate)
- pharynx
- a common passageway for both respiratory system and digestive system
- root
- part of tooth embedded in the socket
- bile duct
- collects bile produced by hepatocytes from Bile Canaliculi and drains it from a hepatic lobule
- Neural mechanism
- regulation of intestinal secretion and motility is primarily by a __________ _____________
- olfactory receptors in walls of nasal cavity
- required for smelling food in order to discriminate subtleties in taste
- liver lobules
- numerous, generally hexagonal functional units of the liver consisting of platelike groups of Hepatocytes radiating out from a central vein
- sublingual glands
- smalles of the extrinsic salivary glands; lie under the tongue, anterior and superior to the submandibular glands; contains mostly mucous cells
- Cecum
- proximal part of large intestine which is attached to the Ileum of the small intestine and separated by the Ileocecal valve
- pyloric region of the stomach
- funnel shaped portion that connects the body of the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine
- crown
- part of tooth above the gum (gingiva)
- Paneth cells
- cells at the base of the intestinal crypts that secrete bactericidal (bacteria-killing) enzyme, lysozyme
- rugae
- longitudinal folds in the mucosa and submucosa of the wall of the stomach that occur when the stomach is empty
- Chief cells
- cells that produce pepsinogen and small amounts of gastric lipase (fat-digesting enzyme) and are found primarily in the basal part of the gastric gland
- Trypsin
- Pancreatic enzyme activated by Enterokinase
- function of oropharynx
- conducts both air from nasal cavity and food and drink from the oral cavity into the laryngopharynx
- Rennin
- enzyme that denatures Casein (milk protein) in infants, produced by chief cells
- transverse colon
- part of large intestine that runs across the abdominal cavity transversely, bends inferiorly (left colic (splenic) flexure) to connect with descending colon
- absorptive cells
- cells of the small intestine mucosal lining that have microvilli and absorb nutrients
- lesser curvature
- concave medial border of stomach
- Gallbladder
- thin-walled, muscular, sac-like organ that stores and concentrates bile (by reabsorbing water and ions from it)
- Pancreatic Secretion
- controlled both via stimulation by parasympathetic nerve fibers and intestinal hormones (Secretin and Cholecystokinin)
- aminopeptidase
- brush border enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of peptides into individual amino acids
- sigmoid colon
- S-shaped part of large intestine that joins rectum in the region of the sacrum
- Pancreatic Amylase
- Enzyme that breaks down starch into disaccharides (Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose)
- villi
- microscopic, fingerlike projections in the mucosa that is covered by simple columnar epithelium, beneath which is the lamina propria containing a network of blood capillaries and a lacteal for absorption of nutrients
- Pharyngeal-Esophageal phase
- involuntary phase of swallowing in which the bolus of food is channeled and moved from the oropharynx to the esophagus and to the stomach by contraction of the muscle in the walls of passageways
- greater omentum
- membrane that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach over the small intestine, spleen, and transverse colon where it fuses with the mesocolon ; contains many fatty deposits and lymph nodes
- glycogenolysis
- splitting of glycogen to form glucose molecules
- external anal sphincter
- voluntary skeletal muscle that controls the expulsion of feces from the anal canal
- Mucin
- glycoprotein in mucus; part of saliva composition
- small intestine
- highly coiled tube between connecting stomach and large intestine that is the major site for digestion and nutrient absorption
- Liver
- largest and heaviest gland in the body; located immediately inferior to the diaphragm
- intestinal juice
- watery, enzyme-poor, mucus-containing fluid that carries nutrients absorbed from chyme
- greater curvature
- convex lateral border of stomach
- Buccal Phase
- voluntary phase of swallowing in which the tongue presses against the hard palate and pushes the bolus of food from the mouth to the oropharynx
- body of stomach
- large middle part, inferior to fundus
- small intestine mucosal cells
- consists of absorptive cells, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells
- ascending colon
- part of large intestine attached to the cecum that runs vertically along the right side of the abdominal cavity, turns right (right colic (hepatic) flexure) to connect with transverse colon
- epithelium of the esophagus
- non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- teeth
- anchored in sockets (alveoli) in margins (alveolar processes) of the maxillae and mandible of upper and lower jaws, and involved in mechanical digestion (in physical breakdown of food by chewing)
- beta cells
- cells in the pancreatic islets that produce insulin
- dipeptidase
- brush border enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of dipeptides into 2 individual amino acids
- Defensins
- natural antibiotic and leukocyte attractor
- hepatic portal vein
- carries nutrient-rich blood from capillary beds of the intestines to capillaries in the liver
- Hepatocytes
- liver cells
- lipogenesis
- formation of fats by combining glycerol and fatty acids, or from carbohydrates or proteins
- filiform papillae
- pointed, threadlike keratinized projections that increase grip; contain no taste buds; smallest and most numerous
- bile pigments
- waste products from the breakdown of heme group of hemoglobin to be excreted with digestive wastes
- Hepatic artery
- supplies oxygenated blood to liver
- Composition of Saliva
- contains mostly water (99.5%), Ions (Na+,K+,Cl-,PO4-,HCO3-), Salivary amylase, Lysozyme, IgA antibodies, Defensins, Mucin, Urea and Uric Acid
- strong sympathetic activity
- due to ______ _____________ _________ during periods of stress or dehydration, salivation is inhibited, resulting in dry mouth
- stomach
- j-shaped organ connecting the esophagus and the small intestine
- rectum
- part just anterior to the sacrum that runs inferiorly and posteriorly to join the anal canal
- uvula
- fingerlike posterior end of the soft palate that moves up with the rest of the soft palate to block the internal nares when swallowing
- pulp
- connective tissue in pulp an root canals that contain blood and lymph vessels, and nerve fibers which enter the root canal throught the apical foramen
- salivary glands
- consist of 2 types, intrinsic and extrinsic; glands that release saliva in the mouth
- Peyer's Patches
- MALT in small intestine mucosa and submucosa; they increase in number from proximal to distal parts of the small intestine (most numerous in Ileum)
- skeletal muscle
- muscularis in the walls of the mouth, pharynx, and superior and middle thirds of the esophagus
- Haustra
- pouches in the wall of the large intestine caused by teniae coli
- in the stomach
- where protein digestion begins
- mesocolon
- mesentery that anchors the large intestine to the dorsal body wall
- Plicae Circulares
- deep, permanent folds in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine; visible to naked eye
- cementum
- calcified connective tissue covering the dentin of the tooth root that attached the root to the periodontal ligament
- upper esophageal sphincter
- made of smooth muscle at the superior end of the esophagus; relaxes so food and drink can be channeled into the esophagus, then closes once food and drink is in the esophagus
- stomach mucosa lining
- simple columnar epithelium (changes from stratified squamous in the esophagus) and contain goblet cells that secrete alkaline mucus
- Somatostatin
- hormone that INHIBITS the release of gastric juice
- Urea and Uric acid
- metabolic wastes
- exocrine function
- function of pancreas involved in protein, carbohydrate,fat, and nucleic acid digestion by producing digestive enzymes
- parietal cells
- cells that secrete HCl and Intrinsic Factor and are found in the middle part of the gastric glands
- pyloric sphincter
- valve between pylorus and duodenum that regulated the passage of food from the stomach into the small intestine
- serous cells
- cells that are found in salivary glands that secrete a thin, watery solution containing enzymes, ions, and small amounts of mucin
- beta oxidation
- part of fatty acid oxidation (breakdown) that results in the formation of acetyl acid CoA which can enter the Kreb's (citric acid) Cycle in Aerobic cellular respiration
- number of intestinal crypts
- decrease from proximal to distal parts of the small intestine
- function of microvilli
- further increase surface area available for nutrient absorption
- main function of large intestine
- to form and move feces (via peristalsis) through the intestine and then expel feces from the body
- serosa
- outermost layer composed of areolar connective tissue covered by simple squamous epithelium (within the abdominopelvic cavity, it's usually called visceral peritoneum)
- Ligamentum Teres (round ligament)
- fibrous cord attached to free interior border of the falciform ligament; the remnant of the fetal umbilical vein
- tongue
- makes up most of the floor of the mouth; composed of skeletal muscles, fibers running in several different directions and covered with mucosa of stratified squamous epithelium
- cardiac region of the stomach
- surrounds the opening through which food enters from the esophagus
- incisors
- chisel-shaped, front teeth (central and lateral) adapted for cutting off pieces of food
- superior and inferior labial frenula
- median fold of mucous membrane that anchors the upper and lower lips to the gums
- function of goblet cells
- ONLY to secrete mucus
- vestibule
- area between lips and cheeks, and teeth and gums
- brush border enzymes
- enzymes in microvilli which complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
- purpose of plicae circulares
- serve to slow the passage of food through the small intestine to allow more time for nutrient absorption
- falciform ligament
- fold of parietal peritoneum that suspends the liver from the diaphragm and ventral (anterior) body wall
- Intestinal Phase
- the phase initiated by food entering the small intestine
- exocrine cells
- found in the pancreas and are most numerous; produces digestive enzymes that make up pancreatic juice and drain into the main pancreatic duct that joins the common bile duct and empties into the duodenum
- absorption in large intestine
- includes some vitamins (some B vitamins and vitamin K), some Ions (especially Na+ and Cl-), and most of remaining water
- Pancreas
- soft, retriperitoneal organ deep to the greater curvature of the stomach that extends across the abdomen from spleen to duodenum and produces both HORMONES and DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
- Sympathetic
- ___________ stimulation promotes the release of mucous (thick, mucin rich) saliva
- Ileum
- distal portion of small intestine (3/5 of remainder) which empties into the large intestine
- circumvallate papillae
- fungiform-like, but encircled by furrow; largest and least numerous; have taste buds
- canines (cuspids)
- conical with pointed surface (cusp) designed to tear and shred food; just posterior to lateral incisors
- Intestinal bacteria
- responsible for what little digestion occurs in the large intestine
- extrinsic salivary glands
- 3 large pairs of salivary glands that lie outside the oral cavity but are connected to it by ducts; they produce most of the saliva; usually release saliva when food enters mouth or it is smelled or seen
- movement of pancreatic juice
- drains into main pancreatic duct that joins the common bile duct and empties into the duodenum
- mesocolon
- mesentery that anchors the large intestine to the dorsal body wall
- Gastric inhibitory peptide
- hormone that inhibits gastric gland secretion and gastric motility
- enteroendocrine cells (G cells)
- cells that secrete Gastrin and are found deep in gastric glands; also release histamine, serotonin, endorphins, and somatostatin
- Lamina propria
- loose connective tissue (areolar or reticular) containing blood and lymph capillaries, and lymph nodules of "Malt" (Tonsils, Peyer's Patches, etc.)
- central vein
- vessel that drains blood from hepatic sinusoids
- Chymotrypsin
- Pancreatic enzyme activated by Trypsin (active form of Chymotrypsinogen)
- palate
- makes up the roof of the mouth; separates oral and nasal cavities
- gastrin
- a hormone that stimulates the release of gastric juice and stimulates stomach mobility
- submucosal nerve plexus
- composed of nerve fibers which control glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa and submucosa
- Root Canal
- narrow extension of pulp cavity into root