physiology test 2
Terms
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- nerve
- group of many axons (nerve fibers) traveling together send information back and forth between two sections of the body
- What are taste receptors?
- taste buds
- ventral root
- motor (efferent) fibers exiting the gray matter of the spinal cord
- white matter
- myelinated axons of interneurons run along length of cord- outer portion of spinal cord
- grey matter
- cell bodies and nerve fibers lacking myelin interior of spinal cord
- receptor potential
- Graded in specialized sensory cells
- 5 Tastes
- salt, sour, sweet, bitter, umami
- Z-line
- anchor protein for actin,proteins for actin attachment
- myosin
- Thick protein that is necessary for muscle contraction
- How do taste receptors work?
- food has to dissolve onto ion form
- slowly adapting receptors
- fire for as long as stimulus exists
- coccygeal nerve
- controls the flow of information to and from the outer level of the anus.
- troponin
- Protein that occurs in three subunits with tropomyosin, Calcium regulated protein in muscle tissue
- motor end plate
- The portion of the cell membrane at the neuromusclar junction; essentially the postsynaptic membrane at the synapse.
- actin
- A thin protein that slides across myosin to shorten sarcomeres and enable contraction
- sarcomere
- Functional unit actually contract and shorten muscle, Repeating unit of filaments. Z line to Z line
- sliding filament theory
- tiny projections from the myosin attach to the miosin if ATP and nervous impulse are present. Myosin swivels toward the center of the sarcomere, shortening everything and makes the muscle fiber shorten, contracting the muscle.
- Lumbar nerves
- control the information to and from the hips and legs
- medulla
- lower portion of the brainstemdeals with autonomic functions (breathing,blood pressure)
- dorsal root
- sensory (afferent) fibers entering the grey matter of the spinal cord
- cerebellum
- motor control and coordinating movement and balance gets input from eyes,ears,muscles,etc.
- cervical nerves
- (8) control the flow of information to and from the neck, shoulders, arms, and hands
- rapidly adapting receptors
- fire at onset (start) of stimulus and fire at offset 9end) of stimulus. Doesn't fire in between. Ex.wearing clothes
- forebrain
- cerebrum, (cerebral hemispheres) two hemispheres connected by a fiber tract
- diencephalon
- The portion of theforebrain that includes the thalamus and hypothalamus, limbic system
- pia mater
- very soft and slippery layer under the arachnoid mater closest to the brain and spinal tissue
- cross-bridge cycles
- Binding of myosin to actin, powerstroke, rigor, unbinding, cocking of the myosin heads
- neuromuscular junction
- axon terminal of motor neuron + motor end plate (special part of myofibril)
- sacral nerves
- control the flow of information to and from the genitals and lower digestive tract.
- norepinephrine
- (nonadrenaline) a neurotransmitter involved in sleep and wakefulness, attention
- Intesity
- coded by number of receptors activated stronger move more receptors, frequency of action potentials stronger receptor potential move increase frequency of action potentials.
- duration
- coced by duration of action potentials in sesory aeuron. longer stimulus moves longer series of action potentials
- smooth muscle
- Constriction of muscles in stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, blood vessels and lungs, Primarliy controlled by Autonomic NS, Sheets surround hollow organs and tubes
- dura mater
- outermost layer closest to bone very tough hard membrane
- tropomyosin
- Any of a group of muscle proteins that bind to molecules of actin and troponin to regulate the interaction of actin and myosin
- axon terminal
- the structure from which neurotransmitters are released
- hypothalamus
- endocrine functions
- sensation
- if sensory information reaches consiousness
- BBB(blood brain barrier)
- tight junctions between endothelial cells of capillaries-makes it difficult for disease causing organisms to get in but once they do get in they are hard to kill
- motor neuron
- a neuron that transmits impulses from the central nervous system to an effector
- pons
- located on the brainstem-relays sensory information between the cerebellum and cerebrum
- modality
- receptor sensitive to one type of information can respond to other modality if stimulus is stong enough
- nuclei
- Cluster of cell bodies located in the central nervous system
- Cross-Bridge
- myosin attaches to actin
- thalamus
- attention, arousal, relay station
- sensory systems
- any type of system that detects or processes information
- Myasthenia gravis
- A chronic disease characterized by progressive muscular weakness
- perception
- when a person becomes aware of the sensations meaning
- muscle fiber
- single muscle cell,fusion of multiple myoblasts. are excitable
- ganglia
- Cluster of cell bodies located in the periphereal nervous system
- skeletal muscle
- Striated muscle primarily controlled by Somatic NS, Movement of bones
- sarcolemma
- Thin membrane enclosing a striated muscle fiber
- receptive fields
- Physical region has to have certain stimulus in whch a neuron can respond
- muscle
- Collecton of muscle cells
- sensory information
- any type of stimulus that occurs to your body regardless of if you are consious of it
- glutamate
- amino acid that excitable works by opening Na+ channels
- myofilament
- Ultramicroscopic filaments made up of actin and myosin
- endogenous opioids
- substances created by our bodies in order to fight pain
- peripheral nervous system
- 12 cranial, 31 spinal: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
- cerebrum
- 2 hemispheres, 4 lobes each :occipital, parietal, frontal, temporal
- arachnoid mater
- right under the dura mater very webby loose elastisized and stretchy
- serotonin
- CNS neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, sleep, appetite, and sexuality
- adequate stimulus
- type of stimulus needed to trigger a certain receptor (modality)
- What are signal transduction pathways?
- flavor ligands change receptor potential in different ways, but all go through Ca+ as second messengerto trigger release of neurotransmitter
- epinephrine
- a neurotransmitter present at lower levels in the brain (adrenaline)
- nitric oxide
- a chemical compound used in important chemical signals which dilates blood vessels
- Location
- coded by sensory region of cerebrum, timing of receptoractivation, lateral inhibition
- myoblast
- Precursor of a muscle cell
- brainstem
- the part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord and comprising the medulla oblongata and pons and midbrain and parts of the hypothalamus, essential for life- reticular formation - input from all CNS
- GABA
- an amino acid that plays an important role in regulating neural excitability throughout the nervous system
- midbrain
- the middle of 3 vesicles is considered part of the brainstem and is related with motor system pathways
- cardiac muscle
- Controlled by Autonomic NS and Hormones (endocrine system), found only in the heart.
- catecholamines
- Biochemical substances, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
- Sir Walter Raleigh,Alexander Von Humboldt, and Curare
- found that natives used a mixture f toxins to hunt with that caused the animals to die by asfixiation.QRA blocks ACH channels
- meninges
- layers of membranes found surrounding the spine between the meninges is cerebrospinal fluid
- dopamine
- a neurotransmitter involved in motivation,reward, addiction,behavioral reinforcement, and coordination
- lateral inhibition
- Location of neurons further from stimulus are inhibited by closest neuron to stimulus
- acetylcholine
- a neurotransmitter in peripheral nervous system and CNS
- thoracic nerves
- (12) control the flow of information from the chest and abdominal walls.
- signal transduction
- How chemical, thermal, light and mechanical information becomes useful neural information
- rigor mortis
- a few hours after death Ca is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum causeing a muscle contraction, since no ATP is produced Ca cant actively be pumped back in. muscle contraction is continuous. dying cells release Ca+