Roaring Twenties
1919-1932
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- "Monkey Trial"
- John T. Scopes ;; high school teacher who taught evolution ;; was charged
- Adkins vs. Children's Hospital
- 1923 court reversed Muller vs. Oregon (women had protection in workplace & invalidated minimum-wage law for women)
- Margaret Sanger
- promoted use of birth control
- Hawley-Smoot Tariff
- 1930 first as protective measure to help farmers ;; raised tariff up to 60% ;; plunged world deeper into depression, increased chaos, forced U.S. into economic isolationism
- KDKA
- Nov 1920 first voice-carrying radio station announced Warren G. Harding's victory
- Railway Labor Board
- 1922 ordered 12% wage cut
- John Dewey
- professor at Columbia U. ;; "learning by doing"
- Veterans' Bureau
- 1921 operate hospitals & rehabilitation for disabled
- Sacco & Vanzetti
- Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti ;; convicted of murdering Mass. paymaster & guard ;; jury & judge prejudiced against them (Italians, atheists, anarchists, draft dodgers...)
- H.L. Mencken
- wrote the monthly American Mercury ;; attacked marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, Rotarians, middle-class, Puritans
- F. Scott Fitzgerald
- This Side of Paradise (1920) ;; The Great Gatsby (1925)
- "Bonus Expeditionary Force"
- set up camps ("Hoovervilles") on the capital ;; was forced to evacuate
- Langston Hughes
- The Weary Blues (1926)
- Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act
- 1932 outlawed "yellow-dog" contracts & forbade federal courts to issue injunctions to restrict strikes, boycotts, peaceful picketting
- Stimson Doctrine
- 1932 Henry L. Stimson ;; U.S. won't recognize land acquisitions by force
- Five-Power Naval Treaty
- 1922 embodied Hughes ideas on ship ratio (5:5:3) but compensation for Japanese ;; British & Americans won't fortify Far Eastern colonies (incl. Philippines)
- D.W. Griffith
- Birth of a Nation (1915) ;; 1st length classic ;; glorified KKK
- Merchant Marine Act of 1920
- formed Shipping Board (controlled 1500 vessels to dispose) to rid ships at bargain prices, reducing navy
- Immigration Act of 1924
- quota is down to 2%
- Ku Klux Klan
- formed in early 1920s ;; ANTI: - foreign, -Caholic, -black, -Jewish, -pacifist, -Communist, -internationalist, -revolutionist, -bootlegger, -gambling, -adultery, -birth-control
- Henry Ford
- Model T ;; perfected assembly line production
- Clarence Darrow
- defense attorney of John T. Scopes
- "New Negro"
- pride in black culture & wanted full citizenship and social equality
- Fundamentalists
- thought that Darwinian evolution destroyed faith in God/Bible & was bad for youth in jazz age
- Andrew Mellon
- Treasury Secretary ;; favored expansion of capital investment
- Frank Lloyd Wright
- architect who built Empire State Building (1931)
- Emergency Quota Act
- European newcomers were restricted at any yr to any quota
- "Disarmament" Conference
- 1921-1922 naval disarmament & situation in Far East ;; Hughes proposed 10 yr break from naval building & equality in battleships/carriers
- Colonel Charles R. Forbes
- 1923 resigned as head of Veterans' Bureau ;; stole $200 million (mostly for building veterans' hospitals)
- Marcus Garvey
- founder of United Negro Improvement Association ;; promotes resettlement of American blacks to own "African homeland", sponsored stores & businesses to keep $ in blacks' pockets ;; inspiration for Nation of Islam
- World Court
- judicial part of League of Nations
- William Faulkner
- Soldiers Pay ;; The Sound and the Fury (1929) ;; As I Lay Dying (1930) ;; Absalom, Absalom! (1936)
- Wright Brothers
- Orville & Wilbur Wright ;; Dec. 17, 1903 "the miracle at Kitty Hawk", NC ;; first flight
- T.S. Eliot
- poet ;; "The Waste Land" (1922)
- Sherwood Anderson
- Winesburg, Ohio (1919) & other small-town life
- Dawes Plan
- 1924 Charles Dawes engineered it ;; rescheduled German reparations and furthered American private loans
- Eugene O'Neill
- actor in plays ;; Strange Interlude (1928) ;; won Nobel Prize in 1936
- "New Immigrants"
- 1920-1921 ;; 800,000 immigrants (2/3 southern & eastern Europeans)
- Capper-Volstead Act
- exempted farmers' marketing organization from antitrust prosecution
- Bruce Barton
- 1925 The Man Nobody Knows (Jesus Christ was perfect salesman & all advertisers should study his techniques)
- Theodore Dreiser
- An American Tragedy (1925)
- McNary-Haugen Bill
- agricultural prices high & gov't buys surpluses, sell abroad, and gov't loses = special taxes on farmers
- Four-Power Treaty
- bound Britain, Japan, France, and U.S. to save status quo in Pacific ;; replaced old Anglo-Japanese Alliance
- Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer
- "Fighting Quaker" ;; rounded up ~ 6000 suspects in raids
- Robert Frost
- poet who wrote about New England
- American Legion
- 1919 founded by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. in Paris ;; aggressive lobbying for veterans' benefits
- Randolph Bourne
- believed in cosmopolitanism interchange (cross fertilization among immigrants) ;; U.S. should serve as vanguard of more international & multicultural age
- Nine-Power Treaty
- 1922 signatories agreed to keep Open Door in China
- Adjusted Compensation Act
- 1924 veterans got paid up insurance policy in 20 yrs
- The Great Train Robbery
- 1903 birth of a movie ;; featured in 5 cent theaters
- Reconstruction Finance Corporation
- 1932 gov't lending bank ;; assist insurance companies, banks, agricultural organization, railroads, state & local govt profited as banker
- Red Scare
- 1919-1920 nationwide crusade against left-wingers
- Lindbergh Law
- death penalty to certain interstate abduction
- Kellogg-Briand Pact
- 1928 signed ;; aka Pact of Paris ;; all nations signed will not use war as offensive means
- Frank B. Kellogg
- Coolidge's Secretary of State ;; won Nobel Peace Prize for role in Kellogg-Briand Pact
- Muscle Shoals Bill
- dam Tennessee River ;; Hoover opposed gov't selling electricity in competition w/ own citizens in private companies
- e.e. cummings
- unorthodox diction & wierd typesetting to produce poetical effects
- Buford
- "Soviet Ark" ;; 249 alien radicals deported to Soviet Union
- Horace Kallen
- believed in pluralism (preservation of identity) ;; U.S. should provide protective canopy for ethnic & racial groups
- Sinclair Lewis
- Main Street (1920) - women's unsuccessful war against provincialism ;; Babbitt (1922) - disparaged small-town America
- William Jennings Bryan
- lead prosecutor against John T. Scopes
- Grain Stabilization Corporation & Cotton Stabilization Corporation
- 1930 created by Farm Board ;; goal was to stabilize saggin prices by buying surpluses but choked by lots of farm produce
- Ezra Pound
- poet ;; "Make It New" doctrine
- Charles Evans Hughes
- Secretary of State
- Ernest Hemingway
- The Sun Also Rises (1926) - American expatriates in Europe ;; Farewell to Arms (1929) - war experience
- Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
- 1922 raised Wilson's Underwood Tariff of 1913 ;; raised tariff 27% to 38.5% ;; duties on produce increased
- Great Crash
- Oct. 29, 1929 crash caused by overspeculation and overly high stock prices (built on non-existent credit)
- The Jazz Singer
- 1927 ;; 1st "talkie" ;; starring Al Jolson
- Alice Paul
- 1923 formed National Woman's Party ;; campaigned for Equal Rights Amendment to Constitution
- Rockefeller Foundation
- massive public health program in South ;; rid hookworm
- Dr. Sigmund Freud
- Viennese physician ;; believed that sexual repression was responsible for society's ills & that pleasure & health needed sexual gratification & liberation
- Esch-Cummins Transportation Act
- 1920 private consolidation of RR & Interstate Commerce Commission to guarantee profitability
- Senator Albert B. Falls
- Secretary of Interior
- Guglielmo Marconi
- invented wireless telegraphy
- Teapot Dome Scandal
- concerning naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome (Wyoming) & Elk Hills (CA) ;; Albert B. Fall induced Secretary of Navy to transfer these ;; Fall leased lands to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair & Edward L. Doheny
- Bureau of Budget
- 1921 Republican Congress created ;; director was to aid President in preparing estimates of receipts & expenditures for submission to Congress as annual budget
- Charles Lindbergh
- 1st person to fly across Atlantic Ocean on spirit of St Louis (NY to Paris)
- Harry M. Daugherty
- Attorney General
- Herbert Hoover
- Secretary of Commerce