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Frederick Jackson Turner: American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.
William H. Taft: the twenty-seventh President of the United States, the tenth Chief Justice of the United States, a leader of the progressive conservative wing of the Republican Party in the early 20th century, a pioneer in international arbitration and staunch advocate of world peace verging on pacifism, and scion of a leading political family, the Tafts, in Ohio.
Gospel of Wealth: Carnegie's book which argued that the wealthy have an obligation to give something back to society.
Central Pacific: Went east from Sacramento and met the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory Point. Connected to Union Pacific to form Transcontinental Railroad.
Homestead Act: Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.
Jim Fisk and Jay Gould: Stock manipulators and brothers-in-law of President Grant, they made money selling gold.
James B. Weaver: United States politician and member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Iowa as a member of the Greenback Party. An opponent of the gold standard and national banks, he is most famous as the presidential nominee of the Populist Party in the 1892 election.
Rutherford B. Hayes: an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the nineteenth President of the United States (1877-1881). Hayes was elected President by one electoral vote after the highly disputed election of 1876. Losing the popular vote to his opponent, Samuel Tilden, Hayes was the only president whose election was decided by a congressional commission.
Compromise of 1877: Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results. He took Union troops out of the South.
W.E.B DuBois: an African American civil rights activist, leader, Pan-Africanist, sociologist, educator, historian, writer, editor, poet, and scholar. He became a naturalized citizen of Ghana in 1963 at the age of 95.[2]
"The Long Drive": The overland drive of cattle from Texas along one of the trails that ended at a railroad line in "cow towns" like Abilene, Kansas. The big era of the long drive came after the Civil War, and was made possible by the spread of new rail lines. Herds of one to three thousand were common, moving ten or twenty miles a day. The trip took about three months, starting in the spring in the open ranges of southern Texas.
Mulligan Letters: a series of letters written by James G. Blaine to a Boston businessman, Warren Fisher Jr., that indicated Blaine had used his official power as Speaker of the House of Representatives to promote the fortunes of the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad.
Morrill Act: United States statutes that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges
Jane Addams: Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.
Cornelius Vanderbilt: A railroad baron, he controlled the New York Central Railroad. (very rich)
TR's 3 Cs: Consumer protection- meat: inspection act; pure food and drug act (FDA) Corporations- "trustbuster" (44 anti-trust suits; Elkins/Hepburn acts) 1902 coal miners strike; dept. of commerce and labor Conservation- coal and water reserves; national park system
"trustbusting": government activities designed to break up trusts or monopolies. Theodore Roosevelt is the U.S. president most associated with dissolving trusts, but his chosen successor, William Howard Taft, actually began the most of the anti-trust proceedings.
Plessy vs. Ferguson: a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal".
Comstock Lode: Rich deposits of silver found in Nevada in 1859.
Chester A. Arthur: Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.
"separate but equal": A set phrase denoting the system of segregation that justifies giving different groups of people separate facilities or services with the declaration that the quality of each group's public facilities remain equal.
Roscoe Conkling: A Stalwart leader and part of the political machine.
Promontory Point: Where the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads connected to form the Transcontinental Railroad.
Ida B. Wells: an African American civil rights advocate and an early women's rights advocate active in the Woman Suffrage Movement. Fearless in her opposition to lynchings, Wells documented hundreds of these atrocities.
19th amendment: That all people can not be denied the right to vote because of their sex.
Levi Strauss: The German-born American[1] creator of the first company to manufacture blue jeans. His namesake firm, Levi Strauss & Company, was founded in 1853 in San Francisco. Jeans were made tough for miners.
Whiskey Ring: a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.
Muckraker: Journalist who exposes evils of the government and big businesses.
"Gilded Age": A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich.
NCLC: National Child Labor Committee which is where children would work because women and children could be paid less than men. Gave laws today where children can't work under a certain age.
Transcontinental Railroad: Linking the railway network of the Eastern United States with California on the Pacific coast. Ceremonially completed on May 10, 1869, at the famous "golden spike" event at Promontory Summit, Utah, it created a nation-wide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West. This network caused the wagon trains of previous decades to become obsolete, exchanging it for a modern transportation system.
Populists: Relatively short-lived political party in the United States in the late 19th century. It flourished particularly among western farmers, based largely on its opposition to the gold standard.
Greenbacks: Name given to paper money issued by the government during the Civil War; They were not redeemable for gold, but $300 million were issued anyway. Farmers hit by the depression wanted to inflate the notes to cover losses, but Grant vetoed an inflation bill and greenbacks were added to permanent circulation. In 1879 the federal government finally made greenbacks redeemable for gold.
Referendum: A law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto. Made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.
Federal Reserve Act: Regulated banking to help small banks stay in business. A move away from laissez-faire policies, it was passed by Wilson.
Florence Kelley: Founded the National Consumer's League, which wanted legislation to protect consumers from being cheated or harmed by big business.
James G. Blaine: a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State, and champion of the Half-Breeds. He was a dominant Republican leader of the post-Civil War period, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland.
Charles Guiteau: an American lawyer who assassinated President James A. Garfield on July 2, 1881. He was executed by hanging.
The Grange: A fraternal organization complete with its own secret rituals. Local affiliates were known as "granges" and the members as "grangers." In its early years, the Grange was devoted to educational events and social gatherings.
James Garfield: a major general in the United States Army, member of the U.S. House of Representatives, and the twentieth President of the United States. He was the second U.S. President to be assassinated — Abraham Lincoln was the first. Garfield had the second shortest presidency in U.S. history, after William Henry Harrison's. In office for six months and fifteen days, President Garfield, a Republican, actually served for less than four months before being fatally shot on July 2, 1881.
"Exodusters": A name given to black Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880.
Chinese Exclusion Act: A United States federal law passed on May 6, 1882, following 1880 revisions to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that lasted over 60 years.
Progressivism: advocates the advancement of workers' rights and social justice.
Woodrow Wilson: the twenty-eighth President of the United States. A devout Presbyterian and leading "intellectual" of the Progressive Era, he served as president of Princeton University then became the reform governor of New Jersey in 1910. With Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft dividing the Republican vote, Wilson was elected President as a Democrat in 1912. He proved highly successful in leading a Democratic Congress to pass major legislation including the Federal Trade Commission, the Clayton Antitrust Act, the Underwood Tariff, the Federal Farm Loan Act and most notably the Federal Reserve System
Recall: The people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. Made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.
Depression of 1893: Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Let to the Pullman strike.
Hiram Johnson: a leading American progressive and later isolationist politician from California; he served as Governor from 1911 to 1917, and as a United States Senator from 1917 to 1945.
Fort Laramie: Area in the Wyoming territory where a treaty was signed by United States and the Lakota nation, Yanktonai Sioux, Santee Sioux, and Arapaho in 1868 guaranteeing to the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. The Powder River Country was to be henceforth closed to all whites. The treaty ended Red Cloud's War.
Dumbell Tenements: Cheap housing units created when cities became packed with people during the industrial revolution. They were termed dumbbell tenements due to the design of the building, which looked like a dumbbell with many housing units sharing a corridor.
Half-Breeds: Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party.
Ulysses S. Grant: U.S. president 1873-1877. Military hero of the Civil War, he led a corrupt administration, consisting of friends and relatives. Although Grant was personally a very honest and moral man, his administration was considered the most corrupt the U.S. had had at that time.
"Jim Crow" Laws: state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965. They mandated "separate but equal" status for black Americans. In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were almost always inferior to those provided white Americans.
Mugwumps: Republicans who changed their vote during the 1884 election from Blaine to Cleveland.
Graft: term for corruption in politics that involves crooked money making schemes. Often the term is associated with big city politics, where opportunities for graft are endless for a well-entrenched political group or "machine."
Lincoln Steffens: Wrote The Shame of the Cities, a muckraker novel concerning the poor living conditions in the cities.
Wounded Knee: The Sioux, convinced they had been made invincible by magic, were massacred by troops at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion": Phrase James G. Blaine said that the Irish Catholics were. This offended many people and cost Blaine the election.
William Belknap: a United States Army general, government administrator, and United States Secretary of War. He is the only Cabinet secretary ever to have been impeached by the United States House of Representatives.
WCTU: A group of women who advocated total abstinence from alcohol and who worked to get laws passed against alcohol.
17th amendment: Allowed voters to directly elect United States senators.
Benjamin Harrison: the twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. He had previously served as a senator from Indiana. His administration is best known for a series of legislation including the McKinley Tariff and federal spending that reached one billion dollars. Democrats attacked the "Billion Dollar Congress" and defeated the GOP in the 1890 mid-term elections, as well as defeating Harrison's bid for reelection in 1892. He is to date the only president from Indiana.
Horace Greeley: liberal republican - who believed in civil service reform, opposed corruption, wanted lower tariffs, and was lenient toward the South.
William Jennings Bryan: an American politician, orator and lawyer. He was a three-time Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States. Bryan was a devout Presbyterian, a strong proponent of popular democracy, an outspoken critic of banks and railroads, a leader of the silverite movement in the 1890s, a dominant figure in the Democratic Party, a peace advocate, a prohibitionist, an opponent of Darwinism, and one of the most prominent leaders of Populism in late 19th- and early 20th century America. He was called "The Great Commoner" because of his total faith in the goodness and rightness of the common people. He was defeated by William McKinley in the intensely fought 1896 election and 1900 election, but retained control of the Democratic Party.
Francis Willard: Dean of Women at Northwestern University and the president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union.
JP Morgan: arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thompson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric. After financing the creation of the Federal Steel Company he merged the Carnegie Steel Company and several other steel and iron businesses to form the United States Steel Corporation in 1901. He bequeathed much of his large art collection to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and to the Wadsworth Atheneum of Hartford, Connecticut.
Clayton Anti-Trust Act: enacted in the United States to add further substance to the U.S.antitrust law regime. That regime started with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, the first Federal law outlawing practices considered harmful to consumers (monopolies and cartels). specified particular prohibited conduct, the three-level enforcement scheme, exemptions, and remedial measures.
Vertical Integration: a monopoly to avoid an uphold problem
Herbert Spencer: British, developed a system of philosophy based on the theory of evolution, believed in the primacy of personal freedom and reasoned thinking. Sought to develop a system whereby all human endeavours could be explained rationally and scientifically.
Seneca Falls Convention: held in Seneca Falls, New York on July 19 to July 20, 1848, was the first women's rights convention held in the United States, and for that reason, it is often labeled as the birthplace of feminism.
Andrew Carnegie: an American millionaire and philanthropist who donated large sums of money for public works. (into steel)
Machine Politics: an unofficial system of a political organization based on patronage, the spoils system, "behind-the-scenes" control, and longstanding political ties within the structure of a representative democracy.
Booker T. Washington: an American educator, author and leader of the African American community. He was freed from slavery as a child, gained an education, and as a young man was appointed to lead a teachers' college for blacks. From this position of leadership he rose into a nationally prominent role as spokesman for African Americans.
Upton Sinclair: Author of the Jungle.
Pacific Railroad Act: "AN ACT to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes,"
Theodore Roosevelt: was the twenty-sixth President of the United States, and a leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Movement. He became President of the United States at the age of 42. He served in many roles including Governor of New York, historian, naturalist, explorer, author, and soldier. Roosevelt is most famous for his personality: his energy, his vast range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his "cowboy" persona.
Boss Tweed: a disgraced American politician who was convicted for stealing millions of dollars from New York City taxpayers through political corruption; head of Tammany Hall.
Ida Tarbell: History of the Standard Oil Company This 1904 book exposed the monpolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company. Strengthened the movement for outlawing monopolies. A muckraker novel.
Little Bighorn: The battle was the most famous action of the Indian Wars, and was a remarkable victory for the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne. A sizeable force of U.S. cavalry commanded by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer was defeated; Custer himself was killed in the engagement along with his brother.
Robert Lafollette: A founder of the Progressive Movement, he was a spearhead for political reform in Wisconsin and the nation for 25 years. Unwilling to compromise on principle, "Fighting Bob" he earned the deep admiration of his supporters and the hatred of many foes. In 1880 he defied a local political leader to win the office of district attorney. He then served (1885-1891) as a Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Louis Brandeis: A lawyer and jurist, he created the "Brandeis Brief," which succinctly outlines the facts of the case and cites legal precedents, in order to persuade the judge to make a certain ruling.
Pendleton Civil Service Act: The first federal regulatory commission. Office holders would be assessed on a merit basis to be sure they were fit for duty.
Barnum and Bailey: Founders of the Circus "Greatest Show on Earth"
William McKinley: The twenty-fifth President of the United States, and the last veteran of the Civil War to be elected. By the 1880s, this Ohio native was a nationally known Republican leader; his signature issue was high tariffs on imports as a formula for prosperity, as typified by his McKinley Tariff of 1890. As the Republican candidate in the 1896 presidential election, he upheld the gold standard, and promoted pluralism among ethnic groups.
Carrie Chapman Catt: A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.
Interstate Commerce Commission: A five member board that monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states.
John D. Rockefeller: founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in modern history.
Dawes Severalty Act: It tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land. Designed to forestall growing Indian proverty, it resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators. Indians were changed into white culture.
Credit Mobilier: A construction company owned by the larger stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad. This percipitated the biggest bribery scandal in U.S. history, and led to greater public awareness of government corruption.
"Cross of Gold": Given by Bryan on June 18, 1896. He said people must not be "crucified on a cross of gold", referring to the Republican proposal to eliminate silver coinage and adopt a strict gold standard.
Bimetallism: A monetary standard in which the value of the monetary unit can be expressed as a certain amount of gold and as a certain amount of silver; the ratio between the two metals is fixed by law.
Social Darwinism: Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.
Union Pacific: Began in Omaha in 1865 and went west. Connected to Central Pacific to form Transcontinental Railroad.
"Ma, Ma, Where's My Pa?": Refers to the out-of-wedlock child Cleveland allegedly had fathered.
The Jungle: A book about the horrors of food productions in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions.
"Soddies": Sod houses built by settlers attracted to the area by the Homestead Act of 1862.
Mongrel Tariff ('83): Duties were lowered on a few items, but increased on most manufactured goods.
New Federalism: Slogan which meant returning power to the states, reversing the flow of power and resources from states and communities to Washington, and start power and resources flowing back to people all over America.
Initiative: People have the right to propose a new law. Made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.
Jacob Riis: Early 1900's writer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. Muckraker novel.
Charles Evans Hughes: Started government regulation of public utilities. He was Secretary of State under Harding and later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He was the Republican candidate in 1916, and lost to Wilson by less that 1% of the vote.
Panic of 1873: Unrestrained speculation on the railroads let to disaster - inflation and strikes by railroad workers. 18,000 businesses failed and 3 million people were out of work. Federal troops were called in to end the strike.
Stalwarts: Republicans fighting for civil service reform during Garfield's term; they supported Cleveland.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.
Literacy Exclusion Act: A law that required every immigrant to be able to read.
Susan B. Anthony: Militant lecturer for women's rights who fearlessly exposed herself to rotten garbage and vulgar epithets.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act: A federal law that committed the American government to opposing monopolies, it prohibits contracts, combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade.

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Number of cards 106