First Nations
Terms
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- shaman:
- A religious or mystical expert (male or female) who in FIRST NATIONS and INUIT societies undergoes initiation experiences in altered states of consciousness.
- Aboriginal
- original or earliest known; native; indigenous.
- kayak
- A one-person closed-deck hunting craft, employed by Inuit groups.
- epidemic
- Affecting many persons at the same time, and spreading from person to person in a locality where the disease is not permanently prevalent.
- Indian Reserve
- land set aside by treatys
- longhouse
- The basic house type of northern Iroquoian peoples such as the HURON and IROQUOIS.
- First Nations
- the name used by Canada's Aboriginal or indigenous peoples, which refers to INDIAN peoples and may sometimes include the MÉTIS and INUIT
- land claims
- Enabled INDIANS, INUIT and MÉTIS to obtain full recognition of their rights under treaties or as the original inhabitants of what is now Canada.
- coureurs de bois
- Itinerant, unlicensed fur traders of NEW FRANCE known as "wood-runners" to the English on Hudson Bay and "bush-lopers"
- Jacques Cartier
- Navigator; Cartier led 3 voyages of exploration to the St Lawrence region beginning in 1534.
- Iroquois
- A term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK.
- Jean Talon
- Talon was a determined, energetic and imaginative INTENDANT of New France from 1665-68 and 1669-72.
- voyageurs
- An adventurer who journeyed by canoe from Montréal to the interior to trade with Indians for furs.
- wigwam
- an Algonquian domed or conical dwelling prevalent in the eastern half of N America. The circular framework of poles was covered with bark or reed mats.
- potlatch
- A highly regulated event historically common to most Northwest Coast native groups
- pemmican
- Dried meat, usually BISON, pounded into coarse powder and mixed with an equal amount of melted fat, and occasionally saskatoon berries or other edibles.
- sun dance
- An annual Plains Indian culture ceremony given at midsummer when bands and tribes congregated at a predetermined location.
- buffalo
- hoofed MAMMALS of the cattle family common to the Canadian prairie.
- Samuel de Champlain
- Cartographer, explorer, governor of New France. The major role Champlain played in the St Lawrence River area earned him the title of "father of New France."
- residential school
- A variety of educational institutions. Residential schools are usually considered part of the assimilative policies that the Canadian government directed at native peoples from the 1880s onward.
- igloo
- Igloo, or snowhouse, was a winter dwelling utilized by INUIT across the Arctic.
- totem pole
- The signboard, genealogical record and memorial of Northwest Coast Indian tribes.
- Inuit
- Inuit simply means "people." Inuit were earlier known by Europeans as "Eskimos"
- seigneurial system
- An institutional form of land distribution and occupation established in NEW FRANCE in 1627.
- tipi
- A conical skin-and-frame dwelling, the tipi was an easily moved yet substantial structure used by the nomadic Plains Indians.
- Montcalm
- Military officer at Québec City to 14 Sept 1759. Defeated by the English at the Batlle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759.
- Indian Treaties
- Treaties in Canada are constitutionally recognized agreements between the Crown and aboriginal peoples.
- umiak
- Used for moving family and possessions to seasonal hunting areas and for whaling expeditions.
- canoe
- Principal means of water transportation of the woodlands natives and the VOYAGEURS.
- Quebec
- The largest province in Canada
- Travois
- A device for transportation among Plains Indians, the travois consisted of 2 long poles, each lashed to the sides of the dog (and later horse) pulling it.