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- fluid mosaic model
- The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
- cytoplasmic streaming
- A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells.
- microtubules
- A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton
- cristae
- An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
- endoplasmic reticulum
- An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
- concentration gradient
- increase/decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area.
- myosin
- A type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction
- peroxisome
- A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.
- plasmolysis
- a phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment.
- tight junctions
- Specialized structures that form between some animal cells, producing a tight seal that prevents materials from passing through the spaces between the cells
- osmoregulation
- control of water balance in organisms living in hypertonic, hypotonic, or terrestrial environments.
- osmosis
- diffusion of water acros a selectively permeable membrane.
- chloroplasts
- An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water
- phagocytosis
- the cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome, or "food vacuole".
- golgi apparatus
- An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.
- rough ER
- a type of ER that are membranes with ribosomes attached; FUNCTION: manufacture, package, and transport proteins
- hypotonic
- the solution with the lower solute concentration
- peripheral proteins
- Protein appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.
- extracellular matrix
- substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded consisting of protein and polysaccharides
- intermediate filaments
- A component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments
- central vacuole
- a large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes
- pseudopodia
- A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.
- diffusion
- a substnace moving down its concerntration gradient from a more concentrated to less concentrated area.
- secondary cell wall
- A cell wall deposited in several laminated layers with a durable matrix and offers protection+support; primary component of wood
- cell wall
- a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists.
- centrioles
- A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell division
- passive transport
- diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane.
- gap junctions
- a type of intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material or current between cells.
- selective permeability
- a property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.
- transport proteins
- A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane.
- membrane potential
- the charge difference between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid in all cells, due to the differential distribution of ions. Membrane potential affects te activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charged substances.
- proteoglycans
- a gycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells, rich in carbohydrate.
- mitochondria
- membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. makes ATP
- hypertonic
- in comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a greater solute concentration.
- stroma
- The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane, involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water
- thylakoids
- A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
- turgid
- Firm, Walled cells become turgid as a result of the entry of water from a hypotonic environment.
- collagen
- a glycoprotein in the extracelular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; most abundant protein in the animal kingdom
- actin
- globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilamens in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.
- mitochondrial matrix
- The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.
- facilitated diffusion
- spontaneous passage of molecules and ions bound to specific carrier proteins, across a biological membrane down their concentration gradients.
- plasmodesmata
- Open channels in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell.
- isotonic
- same solute concentration
- grana
- A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
- integral proteins
- Typically transmembrane proteins with hydrophobic regions that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.
- transport vesicles
- A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.
- contractile vacuole
- a membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain cells
- endomembrane system
- The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
- microfilaments
- A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction
- electrochemical gradient
- diffusion gradient of an ion representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move relative to the membrane potential.
- flaccid
- limp. walled cells are falaccid in isotonic surroundings, where there is no tendency for water to enter.
- smooth ER
- Network of cytoplasmic membranes that lack ribosomes. This organelle functions in cellular transport
- middle lamella
- thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young plant cells
- centrosome
- Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center
- sodium-potassium pump
- special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out of the cell and the potassium into the cell against their concentration gradient.
- lysosome
- A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
- desmosomes
- cell junctions between adjacent cell membranes that allow passage of materials between cells.
- cytoskeleton
- A network of microtubules, microfilametns, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions.
- cilia
- short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.
- proton pump
- an active transport mechanism in cell membranes that consumes ATP to force hydrogen ions out of a cell and in the process, generates a membrane potential.
- flagella
- Long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function
- active transport
- movement of substance against its concentration gradient with the help of energy inut and specific transport proteins.
- plastids
- One of a family of closely related plant organelles, including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts.
- primary cell wall
- thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young plant cell
- food vacuole
- a membranous sac formed by phagocytosis
- amphipathic
- molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region such as a phosopholipid