unit 4
Terms
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- channel protein
- allow particle molecules to pass the membrane freely (like tunnels)
- 3 scientists who formulated cell theory
- Matthais Schleiden, Theodore Schwaan, Rudolf Vicchow
- tissue
- similar cells grouped together
- simple diffusion
- depends on random particle movement and is affected by the same things that affect particle movement
- glycolipid
- serve a protective function; similar structure to phospholipids except the hydrophilic head is composed of a variety of sugar
- ATP
- the energy molecule of the cell
- passive transport
- no energy; uses diffusion or facilitated transport, molecule move from higher to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
- phospholipid
- arranged in a bilayer (hydrophobic interior)
- endoplasmic reticulum
- system of membrane tunnels and sacs that lie outside the nucleus and extends throughout most of the interior of the cell
- pinocytosis
- "cell drinking" when the material taken in is liquid or very small particles
- cell specialization
- when cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks; human body contains many different type of cells (some are made for movement)
- factors affecting membrane permeability
- solubility of lipids (nonpolar cross easier), ionized substances pass slowly, large molecules pass slowly, water passes readily, some molecules need assistance
- prokaryotic
- small, simple, primitive, lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (are all bacteria)
- cell wall
- (found in plants, fungi, algea, porkaryotes) helps the cell maintain its shape; supports the cell; made of cellulose (tough fiber), lies outside the membrane
- nuclear envelope
- double membrane boundary surrounding the nucleus; contains pores; regulates what goes in and out of nucleus
- osmosis
- the diffusion of water through selectively permeable cell membranes (move from higher to lower concentration)
- unicellular
- one celled organism
- facilitated diffusion
- molecules that cannot pass through the lipid bilayer are moved through protein channels, does not require the cell to use energy
- exocytosis
- the membrane of a vacuole surrounding material fuses with the membrane pushing the material out of the cell
- microfiliment
- like thread (protein structure)
- integral protein
- imbedded wihin the membrane; may extend throughout the entire cell; is exposed to both the inside and outside of the membrane; many are glycoproteins with attached carbohydrate chain (number and type determine function)
- flagellum
- used for movement, like cilia (microtubules)
- fluid-mosiac membrane model
- membrane is a fluid phospholipid bilayer in which protein molecules are either partially or wholly imbedded; proteins are scattered throughout the membrane in an irregular pattern that varies from cell to cell
- peripheral protein
- located on the outside or the inside surface of the membrane
- rough endoplasmic reticulum
- endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes
- Theodore Schwaan
- (German zoologists) 1839 he propossed that all animals were made of cells
- endocytosis
- the process of taking material into a cell by means of infolding, or pockets, of the cell membrane, the pocket breaks loose from the membrane becoming a vacuole
- tonicity
- the degree to which the a solutions concentration of solute vs. water causes water to move into or out of the cell
- plasma membrane (cell membrane)
- encloses every cell, in multicellular organisms it helps to communicate between cells so that the activities of tissues and organs are coordinated
- organ system
- a group of organs that work together to perform a certain function
- plasmolysis
- when the cytoplasm shrinks, causing the cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall
- four levels of organization
- cell, tissue, organ, organ system
- nuclear pore
- openings in nuclear envelope
- organ
- groups of tissue working together to perform a certain function
- Cell
- a discrete body of self-reproducing living matrial, bounded by a selectively pereable membrane
- concentration of a solution
- the mass of a solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume
- proteins in the membrane
- they form channels to help move stuff across the cell membrane
- selectively permeable membrane
- some substances can go through but others cant
- Robin Hooke
- he published a book Micrographia, where he discussed cork tissue, coined the term cell
- hypotonic
- the solution in below strength in solute
- lipid in membrane
- phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol
- type of tissue in animal
- muscle, epithelial, nervous, organ system
- Rudolf Vicchow
- (German physician) 1855 he was the first to condclude that all new cells could only be produced through cell division of existing cells
- tissue in muscle
- muscle, connective, nervous
- lipid bilayer
- double layer sheet that makes up the cell membrane
- turgidity
- the pressure created by water pushing up against the cell wall
- ribosome
- most numerous organelle; site of protein synthesis (portions are made in the nucleolous)
- factors that affect particle movement
- temperature, charge on particle, size of molecule, concentration gradient
- cytoplasm
- (cytosol) "cell fluid" contains water, salts, organic molecules (including enzymes); this is where much of metabolism occurs
- phagocytosis
- extensions of cytoplasm surround particle and package it within a food vacuole
- cell
- vary in shape or size, most are microscopic, bounded by a cell membrane
- vacuole
- sac of fluid; holds food (starch), pigments, and other products; sac in made up of a membrane (really important to plant cells, only in plant cells)
- microvilli
- short, stubby, finger like projections from the cell membrane; function in absorptions (cells in digestive tract)
- nucleoplasm
- fluid in the nucleus
- cell theory
- all living things are composed of cells, the cell is the fundamental unit of life, all cells arise from previous cells
- Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek
- from Holland, he sent his finding to the "Royal Society"(an organization of sicentists in London)
- Matthais Schleiden
- (German botonist) 1838 he proposed that all plants are made of cells
- protein channels
- proteins in the membrane whose role it is to pass molecules that cannot go through the membrane
- carbohydrate in the membrane
- act as cheical identifiers; help individual cells identify each other
- osmosis
- the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, exerts a pressure on the hypertonic side of the selectively permeable membrane
- nucleolus
- center of the nucleus; area of nucleus where parts of ribosomes are made
- eukaryotic
- true nucleus, have membrane bound organelles, are larger than prokaryotic cells (all plants, animals, fungi, and protists)
- centrioles
- composed of microtubules; involved in cell division; not in plant cells
- diffusion
- moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration
- active transport
- the energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
- peroxisome
- organelle that contains catalase or some other oxidative enzyme (numerous in the liver)
- cholesterol
- found in animal plasma membranes; reduces the permiability of the membrane
- lysosome
- membrane bound sac containing digestive enzymes
- cell membrane
- (plasma membrane) covers outside of the cell, controls what enters and leaves the cell as well as providing protection and support; phospholipid bilayer imbedded with proteins
- carrier protein
- selectively interact with a specific molecule or ion so that it can cross the membrane (like porters)
- mitochondrion
- nicknamed the powerhouse, makes ATP, cellular resperations occurs here (to break down glucose)
- isotonic
- the two solutions are the same strength
- sodium potassium pump
- type of pump where the sodium ions are on the outside of the cell and the potassium ions are on the inside and when facilitated diffusion occurs energy is being made
- receptor mediated
- caused by the recptor cells in the cell membrane which allow the cell to bring in groups of molecules attached to the receptor
- hypertonic
- the solution in above strength in solute
- golgi body
- (golgi apparatus) membranous sac; complex organelle; where molecules made in other parts of the cell are modified (sorted and packaged for export)
- cilia
- short thread like projections; used to move something past the cell (microtubules)
- pump
- proteins that use ATP to move a substance across the membrane against the concentration gradient
- cytoskeleton
- extends throughout the cell providing structure and framework; made up of fibers; extends through the cell membrane
- crenation
- when the cell membrane shrinks due to the hypertonic solution outside the cell
- microtubule
- like little straws (hollow inside)
- cell transport
- how materials pass through the membrane and around cells; two types: passive and active
- chloroplast (plastid)
- site of photosynthesis(light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy)(glucose)