Child Development Chapter 5 & 6
Terms
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- expressive style
- a stle of language use in which language is used primarily to express feelings and needs about oneself and others
- mutimodal approach to perception
- the approach that considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated
- automatization
- the degree to which an activity requires attention
- swimming reflex
- 4-6 months/ infants tendency to paddle and kick in a sort of swimming motion when lying face down in a body of water
- infantile amnesia
- the lack of memory for experiences occurring prior to 3 years old
- infant-directed speech
- a type of speech directed toward infants characterized by short simple sentences
- holophrases
- one word utterances that stand for a whole phrase whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used
- How much does the average five month old weigh?
- 15 pounds
- Substage 2 of sensorimotor: first habits and primary circular reactions
- 1-4 months/infants begin to coordinate what were separate actions into single, integrated activities/combination of grasping an object with sucking on it
- Substage 1 of sensorimotor:Simple reflexes
- first month of life/ the various reflexes that determine the infant's interactions with the world are at the center of its cognitive life/sucking reflex cause infants to suck at anything put on their lips
- implicit memory
- memory that is recalled unconsciously
- sensitive period
- a specific but limited time usually early in an organism's life during which the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relation to some particular facet of development
- state
- the degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal and external stimulation
- Substage 2 of sensorimotor:secondary circular reactions
- 4-8 months/takes major strides in shifting their cognitive horizons beyond themselves and begin to act on the outside world/repeatedly picks up a rattle and shakes it in different ways to see how the sound changes
- Key Elements of Piaget's Theory
- all children pass through a series of four universal stages in a fixed order from birth through adolescence: sensorimotor, preoperation, concrete operations, and formal operational
- semantics
- the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences
- principle of hierarchical heritage
- the principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later intergrated into more complex skills
- deferred imitation
- an act in which a person who is no longer present is imitated by children who have witnessed a similar act
- dynamic systems theory
- a theory of how motor skills develop and are coordinated
- mental representation
- an internal image of a past event of object
- developmental quotient
- an overall development score that relates to performance in four domains: motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal-social
- rhythms
- repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior
- stage 6 of sensorimotor: beginnings of thought
- 18 months- 2 years/ mental representation or symbolic thought. can imagine where objects that they cannot see might be
- prelinguistic communication
- communication through sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means
- cerebral cortex
- the upper layer of the brain
- explicit memory
- memory that is conscious and which can be recalled intentionally
- accommodation
- changes in existing was of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events
- How much does the average 1 year old weight?
- 22 pounds
- substage 4:coordination of secondary circular reactions
- 8-12 months/ infants begin to use more calculated approaches to production events coordinating several schemes to generate a single act. they achieve object permanence during this stage/will push one toy out of the way to reach another toy that is only partially exposed
- plasticity
- the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience
- kwashiorkor
- a disease in which a child's stomach limbs and face swell with water
- underextension
- the overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language
- overextension
- the overly broad use of words overgeneralizing their meaning
- taste
- infants have an innate sweet tooth and dislike bitter
- nativist approach
- the theory that a genetically determined innate mechanism directs language development
- visual-recognition memory
- the memory and recognition of a stimulus that has been previously seen, also relate to IQ
- gag reflex
- remains/an infants reflex to clear its throat
- telegraphic speech
- speech in which words not critical to the message are left out
- substage 5 of sensorimotor: tertiary circular reactions
- 12-18 months/deliberate variation of actions that bring desirable consequences that than just repeating enjoyable activities/will drop a toy repeatedly varying the position in which the toy is dropped and observing where it lands
- proximodistal principle
- the principle that development proceeds from teh center of the body outward
- morphemes
- the smallest language unit that has meaning
- cephalocaudal principle
- the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body
- goal-directed behavior
- behavior in which several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem
- myelin
- a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses
- binocular vision
- the ability to combine the images coming to each eye to see depth and motion and is achieved at around 14 weeks
- referential style
- a style of language use in which language is used primarily to label objects
- eye-blink reflex
- remains/ rapid shutting and opening of eye on exposure to direct light/protection
- babinski reflex
- 8-12 months/ an infant fans out its toes in response to a stroke on the outside of its foot
- sucking reflex
- remains/infants tendency to suck at things that touch its lips/food intake
- marasmus
- a disease in which infants stop growing
- language
- the systematic meaningful arrangement of symbols which provides the basis for communication
- smell
- well developed and 12-18 years babies can distinguish their mothers scent
- object permanence
- the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen
- neuron
- the basic cell of the nervous system
- stepping reflex
- 2 months/ movement of legs when held upright with feet touching the floor/ prepares infants for independent locomotion
- learning theory approach
- the theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning
- language-acquisition device
- a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language
- memory
- the proces by which information is initially recorded, stored, and retrieved
- norms
- the average performance of a large sample of children of a given age
- pain
- produces distress in infants
- malnutrition
- the condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients
- scheme
- an organized pattern of sensorimotor functioning
- synapse
- the gap at the connection between neurons through which neurons chemically communicate with one another
- universal grammar
- noam chomsky's theory that all the worlds languages share a similar underlying structure
- startle reflex
- an infant in response to a sudden noise flings out its arms arches its back and spreads its fingers/protection
- brazelton noenatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS)
- a measurement designed to determine infants neurological and behavioral responses to their environment
- interactionist perspective
- suggest that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language
- moro reflex
- 6 months/ activated when support for the neck and head is suddenly removed the arms of the infant are thrust outward and then appear to grasp onto something/ similar to primates protection from falling
- sound
- infants hear prenatally
- sudden infant death syndrome
- the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby/ 1 in 1000 infants per year/ no way to prevent/ boys, african americans, low birthweight, mothers who smoke, and low apgar scores are at greater risk
- sensation
- the physical stimulation of the sense organs
- assimilation
- the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking
- rooting reflex
- 3 weeks/ neonate's tendency to turn its head toward thing that touch its cheek/ food intake
- information processing has three basic aspects
- encoding, storage, and retrieval
- bayley scales of infant development
- evaluate an infants development from 2 to 42 months
- sensorimotor
- Piaget's initial major stage of cognitive development which can be broken down into 6 substages
- affordances
- the action possibilities that a given situation or stimulus provides
- vision
- newborns 20/200 - 20/600 and 6 months 20/20
- Piaget's Approach to Child Development
- Action=Knowledge, knowledge is the product of direct motor behavior
- principle of the independence of systems
- the principle that different body systems grow at different rates
- rapid eye movement
- the period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming
- nonorganic failure to thrive
- a disorder in which infants stop growing due to a lack of stimulation and attention as the result of inadequate parenting
- touch
- highly developed and is one of the first to develop
- perception
- the sorting out interpretation analysis and integration of stimuli involving the sense of organs and brain
- cross-modal transference
- the ability to identify a stimulus that previously has been experienced through only one sense by using another sense
- information-processing approaches
- the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information
- babbling
- making speechlike but meaningless sounds