Chapter 32
Brianna's guide, edited by me
Terms
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- Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy
- When the sec of Interior insulted the Division of Forestry guy, Taft dismissed the forestry guy, a devout TR supporter, as insubordinate arousing hatred from progressives
- Saloons
- Due to driving poor workers into alcoholism, these institutions were bitterly opposed by progressive reformers; about one of these bars for every 200 ppl
- dry laws
- Laws aimed at banning alcohol turned ½ of US's population into dry territory
- Socialists
- EU immigrants who decried bloody capitalism who ranked high among the critics of injustice
- Tarbell
- Pioneering woman journalist who wrote factual expose on Standard Oil Co. in McClure's
- La Follette
- Governor of WI who emerged as most militant of progressive R leaders; perfected a scheme for regulating public utilities
- Collier's, Cosmopolitan, Everybody's, McClure's
- In alphabetical order, the 4 aggressive magazines that epitomized muckraking
- Pinchot
- Head of the fed Division of Forestry who broke important ground with the conservation movement
- Rule of reason
- Supreme Ct.'s decision that combinations that unreasonably restrained trade were illegal, thus ripping a huge hole in the govt antitrust net
- 19th Amendment
- Gives women right to vote
- Triangle Shirtwaist Company
- Garment manufacturer in NY that caught fire and incinerated 146 female workers
- Woman's Christian Temperance Union
- Headed by Frances E. Willard, this organization found friends w/ Anti-Saloon League & vehemently opposed alcohol
- Desert Land Act 1877
- Legislation allowing fed gov't to sell cheap arid land under the condition that purchaser would irrigate it within 3yrs
- Berger
- Austrian-born Milwaukeean who was elected to the House as a Socialist representative
- Initiative
- Legislative process allowing voters to directly propose legislation themselves
- Richard Ballinger
- Secretary of the Interior who opened public lands in WY, MT, & AK to corporate development
- The Jungle
- Upton Sinclair's famed book showcases the horrors of the meat industry on the workingman
- Osawatomie
- KS city where TR made a speech in 1910 about how the nat'l gov't should increase pwr
- Aldrich-Vreeland Act 1908
- Legislation that authorized nat'l banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral
- Hepburn act 1906
- Legislation aimed at curbing RRs , severely restricting "free passes"; expanded Interstate Commerce Commission and the reach extended to include express companies, sleeping-car companies, and pipelines
- Galveston, TX
- City that became the first to appoint expert-staffed commissions to manage urban affairs, leading the way for city-managers
- Baker
- Writer of Following the Color Line in which he highlighted the sorry subjugation of the 9mil blacks in US
- Muckrakers
- Grp of aggressive magazines that began exposing the evils of US society; e.g. McClure's, Cosmopolitan; progressives who believed the cure for American democracy was more democracy
- 16th Amendment
- Allows Congress to levy an income tax & tariff to be lowered which takes burden off the poor
- Hiram Johnson
- Governor of CA who was hella progressive and helped break the dominant rip of the Southern Pacific RR & set up a political machine of his own
- Muller v. Oregon
- 1908 Supreme Ct. case that argued to legislate to protect women due to their peculiar structure
- New Nationalism
- TR's platform of increasing gov't pwr to remedy economic and social abuses; rejection of Taft's dollar diplomacy hich is less intervening and lets countries just run their own
- Bureau of Corporations
- In the Department of Commerce and Labor, this was meant to probe businesses engaged in interstate commerce and clearing the road for trust-busting era
- Recall
- Election process allowing voters to remove faithless elected officials
- Spargo
- Writer of The Bitter Cry of Children in which he highlighted child labor abuses
- Lloyd
- 1894 this main wrote Wealth against Commonwealth, a book attacking Standard Oil
- Lochner v. New York
- Supreme Ct. case in 1905 invalidating a 10hr workday for bakers
- Trustbuster
- TR, a moderate (R) is seen as someone who topples trusts & monopolies, yet this reputation is largely overrated
- Newlands Act 1902
- Legislation authorizing US to collect money from the sale of public lands so the fed gov could use the funding for irrigation projects. (notice -- fed gov is irrigating land + developing it w/ money from settlers buying it)
- 17th Amendment
- Allows for the direct election of senators
- Square Deal
- TR's program to control corporations, protect consumers, and conserve natural resources
- Elkins Act 1903
- RR legislation aimed at curbing the rebate; heavy fines imposed on both RRs and shippers
- Phillips
- Shocked public w/ series in Cosmopolitan entitled "The Treason of the Senate," who he charged 75/90 senators didn't rep the ppl at all but RRs and trusts; fatally shot in 1911 by someone whose family he maligned
- Manchurian Railway
- Monopoly that Taft saw as a threat to the Open Door Policy w/ China
- Pilgrim's Process
- The book for which TR named the muckrakers because of a figure that got so caught up in raking manure
- Riis
- Reporter for NY Sun who wrote How the Other Half Lives, a damning indictment of the dirt, disease etc of NY slums; influenced TR
- Department of Commerce and Labor
- TR est. this dept armed with the Bureau of Corporations meant to probe businesses engaged in interstate commerce and clearing the road for trust-busting era
- Patent medicines
- Habit-forming drugs promising solns like growing your hair back; were predatory on the public & often contained much alcohol so ppl thought it was working; attacked by Collier's
- Forest Reserve Act 1891
- Legislation authorizing president to set aside public forests as nat'l parks ad other reserves; ended up protecting some 46 million acres
- Standard Oil Company
- Monopoly that Supreme Ct. ordered to be dissolved & est. rule of reason doctrine
- Wealth against Commonwealth,
- Henry Demarest Lloyd wrote a book attacking Standard Oil
- Amendment XVII
- Approved in 1913, this amendment allowed for the direct election of Senators
- Food and Drug Administration
- Federal commission that grew out of 1906 acts to regulate manufacture of food/drugs
- Carey Act 1894
- Legislation distributing fed land to the states on the condition that it be irrigated and settled. (Notice -- states are doing the development of the land here)
- Roosevelt Dam
- Dam constructed on AZ's Salt River dedicated to TR
- 18th Amendment
- Amendment banning alcohol distribution and consumption until it was repealed
- Debs
- Previously known for his involvement in the Pullman Strike, this Socialist nominee for president polled a surprising 420,000+ votes in the presidential election of 1908
- Wiley
- Chief chemist of Dept of Agriculture who, w/ famed "Poison Squad," performed experiments on himself w/ patent medicines
- Theory of the Leisure Class
- Veblen attacked predatory wealth & consumption
- "Uncle Joe" Cannon
- Speaker of the House who progressives wanted to attack but Taft didn't support them
- Millionaire's Club
- What the Senate had been sneered by 1900 cos of how rich its members were
- Tyson Chicken
- One of the biggest suppliers of chicken, mostly for the S.W.; lobbied to change the standard for "fresh" to be stored above 22F/10days
- Knox
- Taft's Secretary of State that proposed a grp of US and foreign bankers by the RRs & hand them to China in a self-liquidating agreement, was subsequently laughed off
- Patent medicines
- Elixirs w/ US patent promising healing; often didn't work, mainly alcohol and tainted w/ Pb & Hg
- Honduras, Haiti
- Two countries in the Caribbean that Taft urged bankers to pump money into to keep out foreign funds
- National Progressive Republican League
- Third party est. in 1911 that had Sen. La Folette of WI as its leading candidate
- Pure Food and Drug Act 1906
- Legislation also passed in 1906 preventing the adulteration and mislabeling of foods, pharmaceuticals, and specifically patent medicines.
- Baer
- Multimillionaire mine owner who refused to negotiate during a large strike in 1902;
- Hetch Hetchy Controversy
- Preservationists lost a major battle in 1913 when the fed gov't allowed San Francisco to build a dam on the high-walled valley of Hetch Hetchy in Yosemite
- Bureau of Mines
- Govt office est. by Taft to control mineral resources, rescue millions of acres of We. Coal lands, and protect water-power sites from private development
- Brandeis
- Later to become a Justice on Supreme Ct., this lawyer argued to est. laws to protect women due to their peculiar structure
- Carter
- Pres. That tries to smooth over "ugly American" stigma in Latin America by giving back the Panama Canal
- Veblen
- Wrote The Theory of the Leisure Class in which he attacked predatory wealth & consumption
- Bitter Cry of Children
- Spargo highlighted child labor abuses
- Taft
- Repub that TR chose as his successor; was really fat;
- 18th Amendment
- Prohibited alcohol, w/ abuse of alcohol led to spousal/child abuse & unemployment
- Following the Color Line
- Baker highlighted the sorry subjugation of the 9mil blacks in US
- Progressivism
- Movement growing out of the Populist/free silver movement reaction to the stranglehold of the trust; mostly middle class who were being pushed from above & below
- Progressives
- New crusaders waging war on monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, & social justice;
- Referendum
- A device that would place laws on the ballot for final approval by the people, especially laws that had been pushed thru by big business
- Bryan
- Democrat nominee for presidency in 1908 known as the "Boy Orator"; lost by a larger margin than in the previous election
- Women suffrage
- Movement receiving pwrful support from progressives in early 1900s; finally won w/ the nineteenth amendment in 1920
- Charles Evans Hughes
- R Governor of NY who investigated malpractices by gas and insurance companies
- Frenzied Finance
- Lawson made big in stock market then laid bare practices of his accomplices in Everybody's
- Dollar diplomacy
- Foreign policy of Taft that espoused protecting Wall Street investments abroad & using Wall Street dollars to uphold foreign policy
- U.S. Steel
- Company TR had supported that Taft wanted to press antitrust suits against, led partially to the destruction of their friendship
- How the Other Half Lives
- Riis wrote a damning indictment of the dirt, disease etc of NY slums; influenced TR
- Steffans
- NY reporter who launched a series of articles in McClure's entitled "The Shame of the Cities," unmasking the corrupt alliance between big business & govt
- Jane Addams
- Urban pioneer who entered the fight to clean up corrupt city govts, other progressive reforms, etc. & urged women to do the same
- Lawson
- Erratic speculator who made big in stock market who laid bare practices of his accomplices in "Frenzied Finance," in muckraker magazine Everybody's
- Upton Sinclair
- Socialist writer who later ran for governor of CA (but lost) is famed for his book The Jungle which showcases the horrors of the meat industry on the workingman
- The Treason of the Senate
- David Phillips Shocked public w/ series in Cosmopolitan -- charged 75/90 senators didn't rep the ppl at all but RRs and trusts;
- Northern Securities Company
- RR holding company headed by JP Morgan; became the first trust that TR busted; case got argued to Supreme Ct. where Northern Securities decision upheld TR's position
- Payne-Aldrich Bill
- Though Taft promised to lower the tariff, this tariff bill had so many amendments that it actually raised the tariff; caused uproar w/ progressives who felt betrayed
- Progressive reformers
- Leaders of progressive movement who were mainly middle-class men and women who felt squeezed from above & below.
- Meat Inspection Act 1906
- In response to The Jungle, TR induced Congress to pass this legislation decreeing that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be supervised by federal inspectors
- Shame of the Cities
- Steffans launched a series of articles unmasking the corrupt alliance in McClure's
- Roosevelt Panic
- Financial downturn in 1907 that featured runs on banks, suicides, and criminal indictments against speculators; paved the way for fiscal reforms
- Dreiser
- Novelist who wrote The Financier and The Titan in which he battered promoters/profiteers