Ch. 14 & 15 Test

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The Works Progress Administration: In 1935, the WPA employed about 3-4 million workers in a variety of social projects. About 75% of the WPA employment and expenditures went to public facilities and infrastructure such as highways, streets, schools, airports, city parks. A small part of the WPA was the Federal One project which included Federal Writer's Project and the Federal Theatre Project.
Okies: general term used to describe Dust Bowl refugee.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): It put men 18 to 25 to work. They made $30 a month and sent $25 home to their families.
John Collier: the New Deal's Commissioner of Indian Affairs, warned that the Dawes Act was resulting in "total landlessness for the Indians." To prevent further loss and improve Native American's living conditions, he developed the Indian New Deal.
John M. Keynes and Pump Priming: argued that deficit spending was needed to end the depression, According to Keynes, putting people to work on public projects put money into the hands of consumers who would buy more goods, stimulating the economy, Keyness called this theory pump priming.
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934: the centerpiece of the Indian New Deal, this law restored tribal control over Native American land.
Woody Gutherie: a folk singer from Oklahoma, hired by the Department of the Interior's Bonneville Power Administration for one month to write songs for a movie they had made promoting the benefits of electricity.
Wagner Act: also called the National Relations Act of 1935, a US federal law that protects the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concreted activity in support of their demands.
Election of 1932: FDR wins decisively and ushers in his program, the New Deal.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff and Its Effects: protective import tax authorized by Congress in 1930. Its effects were the tariff inspired European countries to retaliate and enact protective tariffs of their own, the international move toward high protective tariffs closed markets, and the Hawley-Smoot Tariff helped to destroy international trade.
On margin buying: a stock market Russian Roulette that occurs when investors purchase stock by putting 10% of the cost down and borrowing the rest of the 90% using the stock as collateral.
Tennessee Valley Authority: TVA provided money for the building off a series of dams in a seven Southern state region to control floods, ease navigation, and produce electricity that transformed the SOuth into a prosperous industrial area.
Justice Lewis Brandeis: the 1st Jewish member of the Supreme Court.
National Industrial Recovery Act: In 1935, the Supreme Court ruled this law unconstitutional in Schechter Poultry Corporation vs. the US.
Grapes of Wrath: written by John Steinbeck, published during the depths of the depression, won its author the Pulitzer Prize in 1940. Steinbeck's sympathetic portrayal of dispossessed Okies, along with his searing criticism of the rich and powerful who profited from their plight, caused an immediate sensation. The novel tells the story of the Joad family, hard Dust Bowl farmers who are forced off their land by the bank. The Joads join the mass migration west to California, they find low wages, harsh condition, discrimination, after years of drought, the cruel irony of killing food.
Governor Huey Pierce Long: of Louisiana, the 3rd member of the opponents of the New Deal.
HOLC: Home Owners Loan Corporation, which loaned money at low interest rates to home owners who could not meet mortgage payments.
The Challenge to Liberty: a book written in 1934 by former President Herbert Hoover, it described the New Deal as "the most stupendous invasion of the whole spirit of liberty" in the nation's history.
Fair Labor Standards Act: 1938 law that set a minimum wage, a maximum workweek of 44 hours, and outlawed child labor.
Douglas MacArthur: called upon by Hoover to surround the affected area and clear it without delay, but MacArthur decided to move the marchers out of the city altogether. After the removal, he said that the marchers were a gang of revolutionaries bent on taking over the government.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC): federal agency set up by Congress in 1932 to provide emergency government credit to banks, railroads, and other large businesses. It FAILED
Father Charles Coughlin: a Roman Catholic priest radio preacher, opponent of the New Deal.
John L. Lewis: the President of the United Mine Workers, established the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).
CWA: Civil Works Administration, provided jobs on public-works projects.
Hoover's only successful projects: Hoover Dam, dam on the Colorado that was built during the Great Depression.
Sioux City Milk Producers Protest: in 1932, the Sioux City Milk Producers Association threatened to strike if its members did not see higher profits for their milk. When the association's threats were ignored by local storeowners, farmers dumped 1,000 gallons of milk on a road outside the city. Despite such a drastic-and for many Americans unthinkable-action like this, farmers everywhere feared losing everything.
Al Smith: the 1st Roman Catholic to run for President and is replaced by FDR as Governor.
Southern Conference on Human Welfare: a biracial group that sought to promote racial reforms, the first lady sat with the black delegates.
Hoover's political advisors: Young Patriots and multimillionaires
Repatriation: process by which Mexican Americans were encouraged, or forced, by local, state, and federal officials to return to Mexico during the 1930s.
Frances Perkins: Secretary of Labor, she played a leading role in establishing Social Security. Perkins also helped win approval of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which ended child labor and established a minimum wage.
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): This law was ruled unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court in US vs. Butler in 1935.
Mary McLeod Bethune: a member of the Black Cabinet, the founder of what came to be known as Bethune Cookman College, she was a powerful champion of racial equality.
Emergency Banking Relief Act: FDR first passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act which declared a bank holiday closing all the banks in the US for two days. The act also created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation that insured deposits up to $5,000 at the time. FDIC
Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929, when stock prices fell sharply in the Great Crash.
Hoovervilles: term used to describe makeshift shantytowns set up by homeless people during the Great Depression.
The Bonus Army: group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand early payment of a bonus promised them by Congress.
John Maynard Keynes and the Causes of the Great Depression: he was one of the most influential economists of the depression; he argued that the lack of government interference in the economy led to the depression.
Trickle-Down Economics: economic theory that holds that money lent to banks and businesses will trickle down to consumers.
The New Deal: programs and legislations enacted by Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression to promote economic recovery and social reform.
Eleanor Roosevelt: Franklin D. Roosevelt's distant cousin and also his wife, Eleanor was deeply involved in public affairs.

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