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- Resting Potential
- The stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron
- Can you label
- ...a neuron? Explain function of each part?
- Oxytocin
- hormone and neurotransmitter that plays an imposrant role in the experience of love and human bonding
- Positron-emission Tomography
- Based on metabolic changes in the brain related to activity. Glucose levels are traced to indicate activity.
- Mental Processes
- Not observable, wide range of mental processes including: thinking, daydreaming, etc.
- Independent Variable
- Treatment or something the researcher controls/ manipulates
- Psychology is only as good as
- it's scientists
- Central Nervous System
- Brain and Spinal Cord
- GABA
- Found in the central nervous system and keeps neurons from firing to help control signials being carried from one neuron to the next
- Corpus Callosum
- The large bundle of axons that connects the brain's two hemispheres
- Dependent Variable
- What the researcher measures
- Blind Procedure
- The subjects are unaware of whether or not they are in the control or experimental group
- How organisms will behave in certain situations ( We can put on controls to better predict an outcome)
- Goals of Psychology: Predict
- Four Goals of Psychology: Influence
- control an organism's behavior
- Case Study
- Observing and studying one individual
- Action Potential
- The brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon during the transmission of a nerve impulse
- Dopamine
- helps to control voluntary movement and affects sleep, mood, attention, and learning (high levels are associated with schizophrenia)
- Survey
- A fixed set of questions about particular subjects
- Psychology
- Systematic scientific study of behavior and mental processes
- Experiment
- Method that identifies cause and effect relationships while following a set of rules and guidelines
- Absolute Threshold
- triggering point in which a neuron will fire (once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity
- Advantages of a case study
- Goes into great detail and you can greatly understand that individual's life
- Behaviors
- Observable actions of responses of humans or animals
- Axon
- The part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body to other cells
- Dangers of Opiates
- Decrease brain's ability to produce endorphines resulting in addiction. Overdose results in death.
- Afferent (sensory) Nerves
- sensory nurves that transport information to the brain
- Experimental group
- exactly like the control group in everyway except they recieve the treatment
- Opiates in the Nervous System
- Produces feelings of euphoria in the brain after reaching receptors, this stimulation results in constipation. Chemicals assume the same role as endorphines.
- Scientists watch for
- your own bias
- Dangers of Heroine
- Decrease brain's ability to produce endorphines resulting in addiction. Overdose results in death.
- Acetylcholine ACh
- Stimulates the firing of neurons and is involved in the action of muscls, learning, and memory
- Disadvantages of an experiement
- Experimental situations may not apply to the real world
- Double Blind Procedure
- When neither the subjects nor the administers are aware of who is in the treatment group and who is in the control
- Importance of Replication
- Gain a better judgement of true population and to eliminate the chances of getting an inaccurate sample
- Motor Cortex
- area of the cerebral cortex that processes information about voluntary movements
- Terminal Button
- Part at the end of the neuron holding the synaptic vesicles which contain neurotransmitters
- Purpose of Random Sampling
- Eliminate researcher bias and create a sample that is representative of the true population of study
- Causes of Schizophrenia
- Stress, sociocultural factors (poverty, love, work, marriage), biological factors, brain structure: enlarged ventricles (which indicates deterioration in other brain tissue), small fromtal cortex (thinking area), high dopamine production
- Cell body
- The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus, which directs the manufacture of substances that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance
- Control group
- exactly like the experimental group except subjects recieve a placebo
- Advantages of an experiment
- Allows researchers to determine cause and effect relationships, less error and bias
- Positive Correlation
- Both x and y increase or decrease together
- Three Ways We Image the Brain
- Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT Scan), Positron-emmission Tomography (PET Scan), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Somatosensory Cortex
- area of the cerebral cortes that processes information about body sensations
- Serotonin
- involved in regulating sleep, mood, attention, and learning (low levels are associated with depression)
- Four Goals of Psychology
- Describe, Explain, Predict, Influence
- Type of Drug: Marijuana
- Psychoactive
- Reuptake
- Neurotransmitters will be sucked back into the receptors of the presynaptic neuron from the synaptic gap and from the receptors
- THC tetrahydrocannabinol
- Active ingredient in Marijuana
- Efferent (motor) Nerves
- motor nerves that carry the brain's output
- All-or-none Principle
- The idea that once an electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity, it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any of its intensity
- List Psychoactive Drugs
- Marijuana, coffee, alcohol, tobacco, cocaine, heroine, cocaine, LSD
- Norepinepherine
- inhibits the firing of neurons in the central nervous system, but excites the heart muscle, intestines and urogenital tract
- Temporal Lobe
- The portion of the cerebral cortex that is just above the ears and that is involved in hearing, language processing, and memory.
- Four Goals of Psychology: Describe
- The different ways organizms behave
- Peripheral Nervous System
- the network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. It is divided into the somatic nervous systen and the autonomic nervous system
- The causes of behavior
- Explain
- DSM IV
- Helps us diagnose disorders. Does not explain causes of disorders.
- Myelin Sheath
- The layer of fat cells that encases and insulates most axons. The myelin sheath speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses
- Parietal Lobe
- Area of the cerebral cortex at the top of the head that is involved in refistering spatial location, attention, and motor control
- Reticular Formation
- Diffuse collection of neurons involved in arousal and stereotyped patterns such as walking, oldest part of the brain
- Somatic Nervous System
- the division of the PNS consisting of sensory nerves, whose function is to convey information to the CNS, and motor nerves, whose functtion if to fransmit information to the muscles
- Endorphines
- natural opiates that mainly stimulate the firing of neutons. Shield the body of pain and elevate feelings of pleasure
- Do you know neuron...
- at resting and action potential?
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Creating a magnetic field about a person's body and using radio waves to construct images of the person's tissues and biochemical activities. Measures hydrogen atoms in the brain because the atoms align themselves with the magnetic feild.
- Psychoactive Drugs
- Chemicals that affect nervous system and, as a result, may alter consciousness and awareness, influence how we sence and perceive things, and modify our moods, feelings, emotions, thoughts
- Dendrites
- Branches of a neuron that recieve and orient information roward the cell body
- Frontal Lobe
- involved in the control of voluntary muscles, intelligence, and personality (The part of the cerebral cortex just behind the forehead that is )
- Seven Approaches to Study Psychology
- Biological, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognatice, evolutionary, sociocultural,
- Advantages of survey
- Cost and time effective way to obtain large amounts of information from a large number of people
- Computerized Axial Tomograpphy
- Produces a three-d image obtained from X rays of the head that are assembled into a composite image by a computer. Provides informations about location and extents of damage involving stroke, language disorder, or memory loss.
- Disadvantages of a case study
- Findings are not applicable to an entire group
- Cocaine Dangers
- Feel bugs under skin. hallucination, lack of appetite, insomnia, irritation, heart attack
- Disadvantages of survey
- Poorly worded questions, people may not recall information correctly, or respond dishonestly
- Cocaine in the Nervous System
- Blocks reuptake of dopamine causing pleasure and also a receptor which creates a craving.
- Negative Correlation
- Either x increases as y decreases or x decreases as y increases
- Refractory Period
- Neuron returns to normal state after action potential