stats chapter 5
Terms
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- placebo
- dummy pill
- block
- a group of experimental units
- sample
- a small part of something intended as representative of the whole
- treatment
- a specific experimental condition applied to the units is called
- statistically significant
- an observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance
- experimental units
- individuals on which the experiment is done on
- experiment
- deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals in order to observe
- simulation
- an alternative method for producing data
- multistage samples
- select successively smaller groups within the population in stages resulting in a sample consisting of clusters of individuals
- voluntary response sample
- consists of ppl who choose themselves by responding to a general appeal ; biased
- observational study
- observe and measure specific characteristics but doesnt influence responses
- stratified random sample
- divide population into groups of similar individuals , the choose separate SRS in each stratum and combine these SRS's to form the full smaple
- population
- the entire group of individuals that we want information about is
- block design
- the random assignment of units to treatments is carried out separetely within each block
- biased
- systematically favors certain outcomes
- placebo effect
- the effect placebo has on the patient
- matched pairs
- look in book
- design
- the method used to choose the sample from the population
- randomize
- use impersonal chance to assign experimental units to treatments
- undercoverage
- occurs when some groups in the the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample
- level
- specific value
- subjects
- when the units are human beings
- completely randomized
- when all experimental unites are allocated at random among all treatments
- factors
- explanatory variables in an experiment
- control
- the effects of lurking variables on the response most simply by comparing two or more treatments
- statistical inference
- answers specific questions with a known degree of confidence
- sampling frame
- List of units from which a sample is chosen.`
- probabilty
- the likehood of an event happening
- non- response
- occurs when an individual chosen for the sample cant be contacted or does not cooperate
- census
- attempts to contact every individual in the enitre population
- simple random sample
- of sample size n is one in which each set of n elements in the population has an equal chance of selection
- systematic random sample
- a sample in which the items in the sample are selected according to a specified time or item arrival
- replicate
- each treatment on many units to reduce chance variation in the results
- matched pairs design
- look at book ! =))
- convenience sampling
- chooses individuals easiest to reach
- sampling
- involves studying a part in order to gain informations about the whole
- probability sample
- a sample chosen by chance
- double blind
- neither the subjects themselves nor the medical personnel who worked with them knew which treatment any subject recieved