Psychology Chapter 4 2
Terms
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- Sensation
- Sensory and nervous systems recieve stimuli from environment
- Perception
- Organizing and interpreting sensory information
- Bottom-Up Processing
- Focus on raw material
- Top-Down Processing
- Processing focuses on experiences and expectations
- Absolute Threshold
- Minimum stimulation to detect a stimulus
- Difference Threshold
- Minimum difference to be noticed
- Signal Detection Theory
- Formulas and Principles predicting when one will respond to a stimuli
- Sensory Adaption
- Diminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation (cold pool)
- Selective Attention
- Focusing on a particular stimulus (background noise)
- Trichromatic Theory
- Cones tuned to red, green, or blue and they mix according to amount of stimulus
- Opponent-Process
- opposite pairs cancel eachother (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white)
- Kinesthetic Sense
- Sensing postition and movements of individual body parts
- Vestibular Sense
- Sensing body orientation and balance (semi-circular canals)
- Gestalt
- Whole is greater than sum of parts (big picture)
- Figure-Ground
- Organizing visuals into objects (black/white switch)
- Grouping-Similarity
- Similar looking objects in same group (team uniforms)
- Grouping-Proximity
- Group closer objects together (team shares bench)
- Grouping-Closure
- Close gaps to make shape (dotted lines make shape)
- Grouping-Continuity
- Lines continue smoothly (small/main highway)
- Binocular Cues
- Depth requiring both eyes
- Monocular Cues
- Depth requiring one eye
- Retinal Disparity
- Depth from cues from left and right eye (Binocular Cues)
- Convergence
- Eye muscles go inwards when focusing on close object (finger sausage)(Binocular Cues)
- Relative Size
- Objects larger are closer (Monocular Cues)
- Relative Motion
- Objects farther appear to move slower (airplane) (Monocular Cues)
- Interposition
- Objects closer block farther objects (Monocular Cues)
- Relative Height
- Distant objects appear higher in field of vision (Monocular Cues)
- Texture Gradient
- Closer objects have more texture (Monocular Cues)
- Relative Clarity
- Farther objects seem cloudy (Monocular Cues)
- Linear Perspective
- Parallel lines draw together in the distance (Monocular Cues)
- Motion Percecption-Stroboscopic Motion
- Flipbooks
- Motion Perception-Phi Phenomenon
- Lights create animation (construction arrows)
- Size Constancy
- Incoming object is not getting larger, just closer (Perceptual Consistancy)
- Shape Constancy
- Angle changes but shape does not (Open door) (Perceptual Consistancy)
- Lightness Constancy
- Object in dark does not change color (Perceptual Consistancy)
- Perceptual Set
- Observing something with a predispostiton, causing perception to be influenced (songs backwards)
- Context
- Setting of environment (space mountain)
- Müller-Lyer Illusion
- arrows make lines appear to be same size when they are not
- Ames Room (Illusion)
- camera angles and distorted size room
- Precognition
- a knowledge of future events
- Clairvoyance
- ability to "see" distant events (That's so Raven)
- Telepathy
- Ability to exchange thoughts with another person (identical twins)
- Psychokinesis
- Moving objects with mind (Matilda)