Biology 111- Week 6- Organic Polymers

Start Studying!

Terms

undefined, object

copy deck

What are carbohydrates?: fuel and building material:
sugars and their polymers
What is a polymer?: a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds (like a train with a chain of cars)
What is a monosaccharide?: a single sugar, or simple sugar, with 3 to 7 carbon chains
What are characteristics of monosaccharides?: *crystalline, ie. sugar, table salt
*water soluble, because it's charged
*sweet
*absorbed directly into the bloodstream
*a quick source of energy, because they absorb directly into the bloodstream
What is a monomer?: it's a monosaccharide that is the simplest recognizable form of a molecule
What is glucose?: the most common monosaccharide
What are the isomers of glucose?: they are hexose (six-sugars) and include:
galactose-aldehyde sugar
fructose-ketone sugar
How is it possible to know how many carbons each simple sugar has?: the info is in the name:
-ose means sugar
the prefix will have the number

For example: triose (three sugar) and pentose (five sugar)
What is the -ose ratio?: 1:2:1
What are the sources of diversity for simple sugars?: *the location of the carbonyl group
*the size of the carbon chain
*spatial arrangement of their parts around asymmetric carbons (a carbon attached to four different kinds of covalent partners)
What are disaccharides?: two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage (a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration rxn- remember dehydration synthesis!)
glucose + glucose= ?: maltose (beer sugar, a disaccharide)
glucose + galactose (aldehyde)= ?: lactose (milk sugar) a disaccharide
glucose + fructose (ketone)= ?: sucrose (table sugar) a disaccharide
What is a dimer?: two monomers bound together by dehydration synthesis
What are the characteristics of disaccharides?: *crystalline
*water soluble
*sweet
*hydrolysis is needed before absorption into the bloodstream (saliva has the chemical needed to break the bonds)
What is a macromolecule?: thousands of covalently bonded atoms that form a molecular colossus weighing over 100,000 daltons (or a.m.u.s)
What are polysaccharides?: they are macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides all joined by glycosidic linkages
What are characteristics of polysaccharides?: *they are powder- not crystalline or sweet
*they are not soluble in water -think of corn starch, it just doesn't happen
*hydrolysis is needed before absorption
*they do not pass through cellular membranes
*they have repeating glucose subunits
*they have varible bond formations (structures)
What is starch?: a polysaccharide:
a storage molecule in plants; poor, defenseless potatoes have them and that's what ppl eat
What is glycogen?: a polysaccharide:
a branched, storage molecule in animals
What is cellulose?: a polysaccharide:
a structural component of plants with chains & chains & chains of molecules! Can't do anything with them!
What is chiton?: a polysaccharide:
a structural component of animals, fungi, and bugs (nitrogen is included with this carb; bugs shells harden when they come into contact with nitrogen)
What are lipids?: diverse hydrophobic molecules that do not include polymers
What are characteristics of lipids?: *they have a C:H:O ratio, not 1:2:1
*may contain other elements
*are a high energy source 2x that of carbs, but it takes more time to break down
*long term energy source
*digestion of them begins in the mouth, though most takes place in stomach and small intestines
What is a fat?: it is constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acid chains
What is saturated fat?: a fat saturated with hydrogen that is solid at room temperature- this is the bad for you kind
What is unsaturated fat?: it's unsaturated with hydrogen but has many double bonds causing kinks in its tail that may affect properties if they're repositioned
these are liquid at room temperature
What are fats good for?: *long term energy storage
*protection for organs
*insulations against temperature extremes
What are eicosanoyds?: a type of lipid that cannot be synthesized by the body
What are the types of eicosanoyds and what are they good for?: prostaglandins- direct local cellular activities, ie. pyrogens

leukotrienes- coordinate tissue response, ie. they call phagocytes (white blood cells) to a skin cut where they eat and recycle invaders
What are steroids?: lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
What is cholesterol?: a steroid that is a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized, also a common component of animal cell membranes
What are steroids good for?: *initiate sexual changes
*maintain tissue metabolism
*maintain mineral balance
*emulsify fats as bile salts
What are the bad things about steroids?: *they're very hard to process
*too much is bad, like almost anything
What are phospholipids?: similar to fats, they only have two fatty acid tails
What characterizes phospholipids?: *hydrophobic tails
*hydrophilic heads
*non-lipid group + phosphate group + glycerol + fatty acid
What are phospholipids good for?: *they form semi-permeable membranes!
*they form micelles (transport vesicles), which surround other molecules for digestion
*they perform endocytosis- moving substances into a cell
*they perform exocytosis- moving substances out of a cell
What are the monomers that make up protein?: amino acids
What are the dimers of proteins?: peptide bonds
Proteins are the most abundant molecule in the body, making up how much of cells?: 50% of the dry weight of cells
The polymers of proteins are made up of what and are called what?: monomers of amino acids and are called polypeptides
How many amino acids make up proteins? How many cannot be synthesized by the body?: 20+ amino acids, 8 of which cannot be synthesized by the body
What are the structural levels of proteins?: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
What is the primary structural level of proteins characterized by?: chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (ie. lyzosomes, though a small change in the chain can cause sickle cell disease)
What is the secondary structural level of proteins characterized by?: hydrogen bonds between amino acids, which can come in two forms:
*helix (hair is an example)
*pleated sheet (ie. spider web)
What is the tertiary structural level of proteins characterized by?: disufide bonds (S-S) between amino acids, which contain sulfur in the R-group, and are superimposed on the secondary levels forming bridges
What is the quaternary structural level of proteins characterized by?: hydrogen bonds between polypeptide chains
What do the 3rd and 4th structural levels depend on?: *amino acid sequence
*ion concentration
*temperature
*pH
What is denature?: when a protein unravels at high temperatures
Proteins + large carbohydrates= ?: proteoglycans -Remember, proteins may be bound to other molecules
proteins + small carbohydrates= ?: glycoproteins -Remember, proteins may bound to other molecules
What are some functions of proteins?: *enzymes
*hormones
*structural components
*secretions
*lubrications
What is the protein function of hormones?: to regulate and influence metabolic activities
What are some protein structural components and their purposes?: hair, nails, organelles, bound molecules (like hemoglobin) and fibers; for the purpose of protection, contraction (muscle and cell movement), buffering, and transportation
What is the protein function of antibodies?: to act in the immune system and clotting factors
What is the protein function of enzymes?: to catalyze chemical rxns
What is the structure of enzymes?: globular protein
How do enzymes catalyze chemical rxns?: by lowering the Activation Energy, which is the energy required to start a spontaneous rxn
What is a substrate?: the reactant that an enzyme is acting upon
How do you activate an enzyme?: Step 1: substrate molecule binds to active site
Step 2: enzyme changes conformation (shape) to bind better to substrate molecule- This is called Induced Fit!
Step 3: binding causes chemcial rxn to occur
How can an enzyme be suppressed by competitive inhibition?: Step 1: molecule other than substrate binds to active site
Step 2: substrate molecule cannot bind to enzyme
Step 3: chemical rxn does not occur in real time
How can an enzyme be suppressed by allosteric inhibition?: Step 1: molecule other than substrate binds to allosteric site on enzyme
Step 2: enzyme changes conformation
Step 3: active site changes conformation
Step 4: stubstrate can no longer fit in the active site
Step 5: chemical rxn cannot occur in real time
What factors affect enzymes?: *pH
*temperature
*ion concentration
*enzyme inhibitors
What cofactors affect enzymes?: minerals and vitamins
What are nucleic acids composed of?: *DNA, RNA, and parts of ATP
*polymers of monomers called nuceotides
What are nuceotides composed of?: phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base
What is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) composed of?: sugar-deoxyribose and nitrogenous bases of adnine (a purine), guanine (a purine), cytosine (a pyrimidine), and thymine (a pyrimidine)
What is the function of DNA?: stores inherited info for protein synthesis
What is RNA (ribnucleic acid) composed of?: sugar-ribose and nitrogenouse bases of adenine (a purine), guanine (also a purine), uracil (a pyrimidine), and cytosine (a pyrimidine)
What are the types and functions of RNA?: mRNA (messenger)- carries genetic info to protein synthsizing machinery
rRNA (ribosomal)- synthesizes proteins
rRNA (transfer)- carries amino acid to rRNA
What is ATP composed of?: adenosine triphosphate, sugar-ribose, and nitrogenous base of adenine, plus the triphosphate tail
What is the function of ATP?: to power cellular work by coupling endergonic and exergonic rxns
Eukaryote DNA is associated with what?: proteins called histones
During cell division, what is the relation of DNA to histones?: it winds tightly around histones so that it is visible
What are chromosomes?: the visible strands of DNA wound around histones
What is chromatin?: the diffuse form of DNA not wound around histones
What is a gene?: the discrete unit of hereditary information
In DNA, what is the relationship between purines and pyrimidines?: a purine will always bond to a pyrimidine
What are base pairs?: the binding patterns
(A-T): adenine binds to thymine
(C-G): cytosine binds to guanine

Start Studying!

Deck Info

Number of cards 82