Micro 438 439 Ch 1
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- Fracastoro
- 1546 suggests that invisible organisms case disease
- Jansen
- 1590 - 1608 develops the first compound microscope
- Leeuwenhoek
- 1676 discovers "animacules"
- Redi
- 1688 publishes work on spontaneous generation of maggots
- Spallanzani
- 1765 - 1776 attacks spontaneous generation
- Müller
- 1786 produces first classification of bacteria
- Jenner
- 1798 introduces cowpox vaccination for smallpox
- Schwann and Schleiden
- 1838 - 1839 proposed Cell Theory
- Bassi
- 1835 - 1844 discovers silkworm disease caused by fungus and proposes that many diseases originate from microbial origin
- Semmelweis
- 1847 - 1850 shows that childbed fever is transfered by physicians and introduces antiseptics to prevent disease
- Snow
- 1849 studies the epidemiology of cholera epidemic in London
- Pasteur
- 1885 developes the rabies vaccine
- Virchow
- 1858 states that all cells come from cells
- Lister
- 1867 publishes work on antiseptic surgery
- Miescher
- 1869 discovers neucleic acids
- Koch
- 1882 discovers tubercle bacillus, Myobacterium tuberculosis
- Laveran
- 1880 discovers Plasmodium, the cause of malaria
- Koch's postulates
- 1884 first published
- Methnikoff
- 1884 describes phagocytosis
- autoclave developed
- 1884
- gram stain developed
- 1884
- Escherich
- 1885 discovers Eschericia coli, a cause of dirrhea
- Fraenkel
- 1886 discovers Streptococcus pneumoniae, a cause for pneumonia
- Petri
- 1887 developed the petri dish
- Winogradsky
- 1887 - 1890 studies sulfer and nitrifying bacteria
- Beijerinck
- 1889 isolates root nodule bacteria
- Von Behring
- 1890 prepares antitoxins fotr diptheria and tetanus
- Ivanowsky
- 1892 provides evidence fot a virus causation of tobacco mosaic disease
- Kitasato and Yersin
- 1894 discover Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague
- Bordet
- 1895 discovers complement
- Van Ermengem
- 1896 discovers Clostridium botulinum, the cause of botulism
- Buchner
- 1897 prepares extract of yeast that ferments
- Ross
- 1897 shows that the malaria parasite is carried by the mosquito
- Beijernck
- 1899 proves that a virus particle caused the tobacco mosaic disease
- Reed
- 1900 proves that the yellow fever is transmitted by the mosquito
- Landsteiner
- 1902 discovers blood groups
- Wright and others
- 1903 discover antibodies in the blood of immunizes animals
- Schaudinn and Hoffmann
- 1905 show that Treponema pallidum cause syphilis
- Wasseremann
- 1906 developes complement fixation test for syphilis
- Ricketts
- 1909 shows that Rocky Mountain spotted fever is transmitted by ticks and caused by a microbe (Rickettsia rickettsii
- Ehrlich
- 1910 develops cherotherapeutic agent for syphilis
- Rous
- 1911 discovers a virus that causes cancer in chickens
- D'Herelle and Twort
- 1915 - 1917 discover bacterial viruses
- Fleming
- 1929 discovers penicillin
- Bergey's manual
- 1923 first edition
- Griffith
- 1928 discovers bacterial transformations
- Van Niel
- 1931 shows that photosynthetic bacteria use reduced compounds as electron donors without producing oxygen
- Ruska
- 1933 developes first transmission electron microscope
- Stanly
- 1935 crystallizes the tobacco mosaic virus
- Domagk
- 1935 discovers sulfa drugs
- Chatton
- 1937 divides living organisms into procaryotes and eucaryotes
- Beadle and Tatum
- 1941 proposed the one - gene - one -enzyme hypothosis
- Avery
- 1944 shows that DNA carries information during transformation
- Waksman
- 1944 discovers streptomycin
- Lederberg and Tatum
- 1946 describe bacterial conjugation
- Enders, Weller, and Robbins
- 1949 grow poliovirus in human tissue cultures
- Lwoff
- 1950 induces lysogenic bacteriophages
- Hershey and Chase
- 1952 show that bacteriophages inject DNA into host cell
- Zinder and Lederberg
- 1952 Discover generalized transduction
- Phase - contrast microscope
- 1953 developed
- Medawar
- 1953 discovers immune tolerance
- Watson and Crick
- 1955 propose the double helix structure of DNA
- Jacob and Wollman
- 1955 discover the F factor is a plasmid
- Jerne and Burner
- 1955 propose the clonal selection theory
- Yalow
- develops the radioimmunoassay technique
- Jacob and Monod
- 1961 propose the operon model of gene regulation
- Nirenberg, Khorana, and others
- 1961 - 1966 elucidate the genetic code
- Porter
- 1962 proposes the basic structure for immunoglobulin G
- First quinolone antimicrobial (nalidixic acid) synthesized
- 1962
- Arber and Smith
- 1970 discover restriction endonucleases
- Temin and Baltimore
- 1970 discovery of reverse transcriptasein retroviruses
- ames
- developes a bacterial assay for the detectioon of mutagens
- Cohen, Boyer, Chang, and Helling
- 1973 used plasmid vectors to clone genes in bacteria
- Kohler and Milstein
- 1975 develop techniques for the production of monoclonal antibodies
- Lyme disease discovered
- 1975
- Woese and Fox
- 1977 recognition of archea as a distinct microbial group
- Gilbert and Sanger
- 1977 develop techniqued for DNA sequencing
- Insulin synthesized using recombinant DNA techniques
- 1979
- Smallpox declared official eliminated
- 1979
- Scanning tunneling microscope
- 1980 developed
- Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine
- 1982 developed
- Cech and Altman
- 1982 - 1983 discovered catalytic RNA
- Gallo and Mintagnier
- 1983 - 1984 Human immunodeficiency virus isolated
- Mullis
- 1983 - 1984 polymerase chain reaction
- First vacine produced by genetic engineering approved for human use
- 1986 hepatitus B vaccine
- First human gene - therapy testing begun
- 1990
- First human trials of antisense therapy
- 1992
- Chickenpox vacciine approved fot U.S. use
- 1995
- Haemophilus influenzae genome sequenced
- 1995
- Methanococcus jannaschii genome sequenced
- 1996
- Yeast genome sequenced
- 1996
- Discovery of Thiomargarita namibiensis, the largest bacterium
- 1997
- Escherichia coli genome sequenced
- 1997
- Discovery that Vibro cholerae has two seperate chromosomes
- 2000
- Infectious poliovirus synthesis from basic chemical buildiing blocks
- 2002
- Genome of maleria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum sequenced
- 2002
- Microbiology
- the study of organisms which are to small to see Microorganisms
- ecosystem
- all the components of life living together
- ecology
- the science of the ecology also called bionomics
- Spontaneous generation
- livingn organisms can come from non - living material
- four humors
- blood, phlegm, yellow bile (cholor), and black bile (melancholy)
- miasmas
- poisonous vapors believed to cause disease
- pèbrine disease
- disease to the silkworm industry
- hypothosis
- educated guess
- theory
- set of propositions and concepts that provide a reliable account of something in nature
- prokaryotic
- organisms with a non enclosed nucleus
- eucaryotic cells
- organisms which have a membrane bound neucleus