PSYCH 207

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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: -sensory neurons (receive) process information from senses
-motor neurons (send) CNS to muscles and glands
-interneurons (neither sensory nor motor)
GLIAL CELLS: -outnumbers neurons by 10-15 times
-also known as supporting cells
SYNAPTIC CLEFT: -junction between two communicating neurons
-gap is spanned in synapse
DEACTIVATION: -necessary for termination of cell activity
-REUPTAKE OR ENZYME BREAKDOWN
IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS: -receptors directly coupled with ion channels
-can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on what type of channel is opened
METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS: -cause release or activation of specialized molecules
-work as second messenger system (not directly linked with ion channels
DRUGS AND NEURAL TRANSMISSION (different effects): -NEUROTRANSMITTER:
synthesis
transport (interferes with transport from cell body to axon terminals)
storage (in vesicles)
release (causes axon to release prematurely)
degradation
reuptake (blocks reuptake)
-RECEPTOR:
activation (mimicks particular transmitter)
blocking (causes receptor to become inactive by blocking)
MONOAMINES (list all three): 1. norepinephrine
2. serotonin
3. dopamine
NOREPINEPHRINE (regulation of): -important in regulation of hunger, alertness, arousal
-mood and anxiety
-fight or flight
NOREPINEPHRINE (disorders): -mood and anxiety
-vigilance
-anxiety
SEROTONIN (regulation of): -eating
-arousal
-mood
-sleep
-depression
-OCD
DOPAMINE (regulation of): -attention and learning
-motor function
-reward
ENDORPHINS: -naturally occurring neurotransmitter
-modulate pain relief but exact function is unclear
AMINO ACIDS (list three): 1. gaba
2. glutamate
3. peptides
GABA: -main inhibitory neurotransmitter
-most abundant neurotransmitter
GABA (drugs): -alcohol
-barbiturates
-tranquilizers
-librium
-anesthetics
GLUTAMATE: -most abundant excitatory
-NMDA receptors are on glutamate
GLUTAMATE (4 drugs associated with): -hallucinogens
-ketamine
-pcp
-alcohol
PEPTIDES: OPIOIDS (endogenous, function): -endogenous opioids (endorphins/enkephalins)
-functions:
cough suppression
analgesia
activation of reward centers
euphoria
sedation
PEPTIDES: OPIOIDS (5 drugs associated with): -morphine
-heroin
-codeine
-vicodin
-naloxene: used for overdose as it is an antagonist
LIPIDS (name 2): 1. THC
2. ANANDAMINE
THC: -active ingredient in marijuana
-binds to cannabanoid receptor
-impairs learning and memory
ANANDAMINE: -lipid neurotransmitter mimicked by marijuana
-natural ligand to cannabanoid receptor
-exact function unknown
ACETYLCHOLINE (agonists): -nicotine
ACETYLCHOLINE (antagonists): -atropine
-curare
-scopolamine
ACETYLCHOLINE (regulation of 3)& (necessary for): learning
memory
sleep
-necessary for all muscle movement
ACETYLCHOLINE BIOSYNTHESIS: acetyl-coa + choline
ACETYLCHOLINE NEUROTOXINS: -botolinum (prevents release)
-paralysis
OTHER ACETYLCHOLINE TOXINS: nerve gas
insecticides
cognex
VENTRICAL SYSTEM: -filled with cerebrospinal fluid
-2 lateral ventricles
-volumed replaced every 6 hours
-descends into tube in centre of spinal cord
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (2 branches): 1. somatic nervous system
2. autonomic nervous system
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: -motor and sensory nerves
-spinal nerves (attached to spinal cord
-cranial nerves (from periphery straight to brain)
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (regulation of)& (name 2 divisions): REGULATES:
-various non-conscious functions
2 DIVISIONS
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic
SYMPATHETIC BRANCH: -activated during emotional arousal
-releases epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal glands
-responsible for fight or flight reaction
SYMPATHETIC BRANCH (arousal): heart rate, cotton mouth, respiratory rate, cotton mouth
SYMPATHOMIMETIC (drugs): cocaine,
hallucinogens
amphetamines
PARASYMPATHETIC BRANCH: conservation of energy
-balances sympathetic branch
-reduces heart rate
-primaryil cholinergic synapses
-resetting
-acetylcholine plays biggest role
SULCI: -terms for valleys
GYRI: -terms for hills
LATERAL SULCUS: -separatestemporal lobe from parietal lobe
CENTRAL SULCUS: -separates right and left hemisphere
HINDBRAIN (3 major divisions): -medulla oblongata
-cerebellum
-pons
MEDULLA OBLONGATA (6 regulation of): -breathing
-vomiting
-heart rate
-swallowing
-blood pressure
-digestive process
MEDULLA OBLONGATA (location & functions): -just above spinal cord
-regulation of life functions
-takes samples from blood, measures toxins, acts accordingly
PONS (2 regulation of) & (RAS): -sleep
-wakefulness
RAS:
reticular activating system (crucial in alertness and arousal)
PONS (location)& (drugs): -further up spinal cord from medulla
DRUGS:
barbiturates
tranquilizers
CEREBELLUM (regulation of 4): motor control
balance
coordinated movements
speech
CEREBELLUM (location) & (drugs): large area behind medulla and pons
DRUGS:
alcohol (may interfere with motor control in cerebellum)
MIDBRAIN (3 major parts): 1. inferior colliculi
2. superior collculi
3. substantia nigra
FOREBRAIN (2 main regions) & (3 systems): REGIONS
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
SYSTEMS
1. limbic system
2. basal ganglia
3. cerebral cortex
THALAMUS: -receives incoming stimuli
-relay station
HYPOTHALAMUS (regulation of 7): SURVIVAL BEHAVIOURS:
-motivation of behaviour
-drinking
-eating
-control of body temperature
-aggression
-sexual behavious
-hormone release
HYPOTHALAMUS (location): -directly underneath thalamus
PITUITARY GLAND: -hormone regulation
-directly related to hypothalamus
LIMBIC SYSTEMS (location): -includes several structures in interior of forebrain
LIMBIC SYSTEMS (2 structures): 1. hippocampus
2. amygdala
AMYGDALA (mediates): -certain types of aggression
-fear
-other emotional experiences
HIPPOCAMPUS: -essential in storage of memory
BASAL GANGLIA (include 3)(also their functions): -caudate nucleus
-putamen
-globus pallidus
FUNCTION
-critical for motor movement
CEREBRAL CORTEX (responsible for): -most complex human thought
OCCIPITAL LOBE: -visual projection area
-visual imagery perceived when it hits occipital lobe
TEMPORAL LOBE (functions): -specialized for auditory
-important in language and hearing
FRONTAL LOBE (important in 3): -initiation of movement
-intelligence
-personality
PARIETAL LOBE (function): -somatosensory (touch)
routes of administration in order of speed (9): -intracerebral
-intravenous
-inhalation
-intraperitonial
-sublingual&intranasal
-intramuscular
-transdermal
-subcutaneous
-oral&intrarectal
ORAL (how does it work?): -passes through stomach, absorbed through small intestines
ORAL (pros & cons): PROS:
safe
convenient
economical
CONS:
slower time of absorption
reduced maximum effect (passes through liver)
INJECTION (4 main types): intracerebral
intravenous
intramuscular
subcutaneous
SUBCUTANEOUS (speed relative to other injections) & (2 pros and cons): -slowest injection method
PROS
-painless
-constant absorption rate
CONS:
-relatively slow
-should not be used when large dose is necessary
-cannot be used when drugs irritate body tissue
INTRAMUSCULAR (1 pros and 2 cons): PROS:
-fast absorption when prepared in water and good blood flow at site of injection
CONS:
-can result in pain
-high risk of infection
INTRAVENOUS (3 pros & 3 cons): PROS:
-valuable in emergency situation
-doses can be precisely adjusted due to reaction
-irritating drugs can be used as vein walls are virtually insensitive
CONS:
-large volumes reaching sites of action
-must be carefully monitored
-transmitter of diseases
INTRANASAL (1 pro and 1 con): PROS
-rapid route when drug is fat soluble
CONS
-can cause damage if drug irritable or damages blood flow
SUBLINGUAL (2 pros and 1 con): PROS
-faster and more efficient then oral
-preffered when drug induces vomiting
CONS
-unpleasant taste of most drugs taken in this route
TRANSDERMAL: PROS:
-alternative to oral when drug causes gastrointestinal problems
-can be applied to wide surface area
-used in treatment of nicotine addiction to reduce harmful effects of smoking
CONS
-skin acts as barrier to most drugs
HALF LIFE (thc vs. prozac): THC
-32H
PROZAC:
-53H
HALF LIFE (ALCOHOL vs. COCAINE): ALCOHOL
-.25H
COCAINE
-.8H
FALSIFYING DRUG TEST RESULTS (3 ways): -substitution
-adulteration (use of compounds that interfere with drug testing)
-dilution (drinking large quantities of liquids)
SLOPE: -how much drug dose changes before effects get larger
EFFICACY: -peak of drug does curve
THERAPEUTIC INDEX (calculated): ld50 / ed50
PHARMACOKINETICS (deals with 4): -branch of pharmacology that deals with
-absorption
-distribution
-biotransformation
-excretion of drugs
PHARMACODYNAMICS (deals with): -mechanism of action
DRUG INTERACTION (2 terms and what they mean)(also how they effect dose curve): 1. DRUG SYNERGISM-deals with enhancing effects-shifts dose effect curve to left
2. DRUG ANTAGONISM
-deals with diminishing effects
-shifts curve to right
REASONS BEHIND TOLERANCE (5 reasons): -dispositional
-functional tolerance
-behavioral tolerance
-metabolic
-classical conditioning
DISPOSITIONAL TOLERANCE: -increases in metabolism
FUNCTIONAL TOLERANCE: -body naturally decreases synthesis of neurotransmitters
-receptors respond less
BEHAVIORAL TOLERANCE: -systems automatically adapt to compensate for drug effect
HOMEOSTASIS COMPENSATION: -drug changes your set levels of homeostasis

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Created By gouiface