psychology rathus chapter 6-Learning
Terms
undefined, object
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- Learning is a relatively _______ change in behavior that arises from _______ or _________
- permanent, practice, experience
- According to COGNITIVE psychologists, learning may be a ______ change that may not be associated with changes in ______
- mental, behavior
- Classical conditioning is a simple form of associative learning tha enables organisms to ______ events.
- anticipate
- Reflexes are simple automatic responses to _______
- stimuli
- Stimulus is an evnironmental condition that evokes a _______ from an organism.
- response
- ______ discovered that reflexes can also be learned through association.These learned reflexes are referred to as ______ ______
- Pavlov, conditioned responses (CR)
- When the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a bell (previously neutral) the bell became the ____ ____ and the salivation in response to the bell is a ____ ____
-
conditioned stimulus (CS)
conditioned response (CR) - Taste aversions are examples of ____ ____. They are adaptive to the organism as they motivate them to avoid petentially harmful food.
- classical conditioning
- The taste aversion is different than classical conditioning because only one ____ may be required. The __ and __ do not have to be contiguous
-
association
US, CS - The Law of Effect is _______ principle that responses are "stamed in" by ____ and "stamped out" by _____
-
Thorndike's
rewards
punishments - A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced is called ___________ conditioning.
- Operant
- Burrhus Frederic Skinner has 3 historical contributions. what are they?
-
1. the skinner box
2. programmed learning
3. the book "Walden II" - Any stimulus which increases the probability that responses preceding it will be repeated serves as a ______
- reinforcer
- With sufficient reinforcement operants become _____
- habits
- Immediate reinforcers are more effective than _____ reinforcers.
- delayed
- _______ reinforcersa re effective because of an organism's biological makeup.
- primary
- Secondary reinforcers acquire their value thru being associated with established _______. Sometimes called _________ reinforcers.
-
reinforcers
conditioned - _______ occurs as a result of repeated performance of operant behavior without reinforcement.
- extinction
- spontaneous recovery occurs in operant conditioning. the reward returns and the behavior ________
- increases
- results of using punishment: children are less likely to develop internal _____ standards. physical punishment is connected with ____ parent/child relationships.
-
moral
poorer - results of using punishment: physically punished children are more likely to be _____ toward other children and abuse their _______ or their own _______.
-
aggressive
spouses, children - Why not use physical punishment: it hurts. punished individuals may _____ from situation (family, school, etc)
- withdraw
- psychologists recommend rewarding good behavior or ignoring misbehavior by using ___ ____
- time out
- wh must pay attention to children when they are ______ well. we must be certain that children are CAPABLE of performing _______ behaviour
-
behaving
desired - Operant conditioning is when an organism learns to engage in behavior becuase it is __________
- reinforced
- Operant conditiong: continuous reinforcement - reinforcement after ______ response
- every
- partial reinforcemtn can also _______ behavior, but is more resistant to ______.
-
maintain
extinction - Interval schedules: Fixed intervals: fixed amount of time must elapse between __________. Variable interval: a variable amount of time occurs b/w ________.
-
reinforcements
reinforcements - shaping is a procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first _________small steps toward the target behavior.
- reinforces
- latent learning: Tolman showed that rats learn about their environment in the __________ of reinforcement.
- absence
- Learning might remain hidden (or latent) until ther were ________ to behave
- motivated
- ______ _______ proposed that we can acquire operants by observing the behavior of others
- Albert Bandura
- A person who engages in a response to be imitated is a ________
- model.
- _________ are said to be vicariously (feel as tho they are actually experience it) reinforced.
- observers
- If a child watches __ to __ hrs of TV a day, he/she will have seen 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence by the end of elementary school
- 2 4
- Bandura, Ross & Ross conducted a study using a ____ ____
- bobo doll
- They found that childrend who had observed the agressive model showed signigicantly more ____ behavior toward the doll themselves.
- aggressive
- Observing the model also disinhibited previously learned agressive _______
- responses.
- Violence is often shown to have only ____ or minimual effects.
- temporary
- Few TV programs show harmful ____-term effects.
- long
- 8 ways in which depictions of violence contribute to violence are:1.observational ___ 2.disinhibition 3. increased emotional ___ 4.priming of aggressive thoughts and _____ 5. habituation 6. assumption that violence is ____. 7. decreases the likelihood th
- learning, arousal, memories, acceptable, action, violence
- 4 family constellations may contribute to aggression. parental ____ abuse, paternal _____ punishments, _____ motherhood, _____ rejection
-
substance
physical
single
parental - children act less aggresively when they are told that violent behavior they ____ in the media does notrepresent the behavior of most people.
- observe
- children act less aggresively when they are told that the apparently aggressive behavior they watch are not ____
- real
- children act less aggresively when they are told that most people resolve conflicts by _____ means.
- nonviolent
- children act less aggresively when they are told that the real-life consequences of violence are ____ to the victim.
- harmful
- Counterconditioning is a ____ stimulus repeatedly paired with a ____-evoking object, thereby counteracting the fear response.
-
pleasant
fear - Flooding is when the client is exposed to the fear-evoking stimulus until the fear response is _____
- extinguished
- Flooding is usually effective but _______
- unpleasant
- Systematic desensitization is when the client is _____ exposed to fear-evoking stimuli under circumstances in which they remain _____
-
gradually
relaxed - The Bell and Pad Treament for ___ _____. Children are taught to wake up in response to ______ tension.
-
bed wetting.
bladder - Biofeedback training: Gaining Bleep Control-enables people to learn tocontrol _____ responses in order to attain reinforcement.
- autonomic
- Behavior Modification in the class room-teachers are taught to pay attention to children when they are _______ _______. Works well with _____ children. Older children: ____ approval is often more powerful
-
behaving appropriately
peer - Programmed Learning: step by step-this method assumes that any complex task can be brokend down into a number of small steps which can be combined in sequence to form the correct behavioral ______
- chain
- Contingency theory: suggests that learning occurs only when the _____ stimulus provides information about the unconditioned stimulus.
- conditioned
- Rescorla concluded that the co-appearace of two events cannot in itself explain classical conditiong. Instrea, learning occurs only when the _______ stimulus provides info about the ____ stimulus.
-
conditioned
unconditioned - Learning theory occurs because a ______ stimulus indicates the the _____ stimuls is likely to follow.
-
conditioned
unconditioned