Psych 223 Ch.12
Terms
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- social cognition
- the thinking people display about the thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviours of themselves and other people
- self-concept
- one\'s perceptions of one\'s unique attributes or traits
- Proprioceptive feedback
- sensory information from the muscles, tendons, and joints that help one to locate the position of one\'s body (or body parts) in space.
- personal agency
- recognition that one can be the cause of an event
- self-recognition
- ability to recognize oneself in a mirror or photograph
- present self
- early self-representation in which 2 and 3 year olds recognize current representation of self but are unaware that past self-representations or self-relevant events have implications for the present
- extended self
- more mature self-representation, emerging between ages 3 1/2 and 5 years, in which children are able to integrate past, current, and unknown future self-representations into a notion of a self that endures over time
- categorical self
- person\'s classification of the self along socially significant dimensions such as age and sex
- public self (or me)
- those aspects of self that others can see or infer
- private self (or I)
- those inner, or subjective, aspects of self that are known only to the individual and are not available for public scruitiny
- theory of mind
- understanding that people are cognitive beings with mental states (beliefs, motives, feelings, and intentions) that are not always accessible to others and that often guide their behaviour
- desire theory
- early theory of mind in which a person\'s actions are thought to be a reflection o her or his desires rather than other mental states such as belief
- belief-desire theory
- theory of mind that develops between ages 3 and 4; the child now realizes that both beliefs and desires may determine behaviour and that people act on their beliefs, even if they are inaccurate
- false-belief task
- method of assessing one\'s understanding that people can hold inaccurate beliefs that can influence their conduct, wrong as these beliefs may be
- false-self behaviour
- acting in ways that do not reflect one\'s true self or the \"true me\"
- individualistic society
- society that values personalism and individual accomplishments, which often take precedence over group goals. These societies tend to emphasize ways in which individuals differ from each other
- collectivist (or communal) society
- society that values cooperative interdependence, social harmony, and adherence to group norms. These societies generally hold that the group\'s well being is more important than that of the individual.
- self-esteem
- one\'s evaluation of one\'s worth as a person based on assessment of the qualities that make up the self-concept
- relational self-worth
- feelings of self-esteem within a particular relationship context (e.g., with parents, with classmate); may differ across relationship contexts
- social comparison
- process of defining and evaluating the self by comparing oneself with other people
- achievement motivation
- willingness to strive to succeed at challenging tasks and to meet high standards of accomplishment
- mastery motivation
- inborn motive to explore, understand, and control one\'s environment
- intrinsic achievement orientation
- a desire to achieve in order to satisfy one\'s personal needs for competence or mastery (as opposed to achieving for external incentives such as grades).
- authoritative parenting
- flexible, democratic style of parenting in which warm, accepting parents provide guidance and control while allowing the child some say in deciding how best to meet challenges and obligations
- achievement attributes
- causal explanations that one provides for his or her successes and failures
- achievement expectancy
- how well (or poorly) one expects to perform should she try to achieve a particular objective
- incremental view of ability
- belief that one\'s ability can be improved through increased effort and practice
- entity view of ability
- belief that one\'s ability is a highly stable trait that is not influenced much by effort or practice
- mastery orientation
- tendency to persist at challenging tasks because of a belief that one has high ability and that earlier failures can can be overcome by trying harder
- learned-helplessness orientation
- tendency to give up or stop trying after failing because these failures have been attributed to a lack of ability that one can do little about
- attribution retraining
- therapeutic intervention in which \"helpless\" children are persuaded to attribute failures to their lack of effort rather than a lack of ability
- person praise
- praise focusing on desirable personality traits such as intelligence; this praise fosters performance goals in achievement contexts
- performance goal
- state of affairs in which one\'s primary objective in achievement context is to display one\'s competencies (or to avoid looking competent)
- process-oriented praise
- praise of effort expended to formulate good ideas and effective problem-solving strategies; this praise fosters learning goals in achievement contexts
- learning goal
- state of affairs in which one\'s primary objective in an achievement context is to increase one\'s skills or abilities
- identity crisis
- Erikson\'s term for the undertainty and discomfort that adolescents experience when they become confused about their present and future roles in life
- identity diffusion
- identity status characterizing individuals who are not questioning who they are and have not yet committed themselves to an identity
- foreclosure
- identity status characterizing individuals who have prematurely committed themselves to occupations or ideologies without really thinking about these commitments
- moratorium
- identity status characterizing individuals who are currently experiencing an identity crisis and are actively exploring occupational and ideological positions in which to invest themselves
- identity achievement
- identity status characterizing individuals who have carefully considered identity issues and have made firm commitments to an occupation and ideologies
- behavioural comparisons phase
- tendency to form impressions of others by comparing and contrasting their overt behaviours
- psychological constructs phase
- tendency to base one\'s impressions of others on the stable traits that these individuals are presumed to have
- psychological comparison phase
- tendency to form impressions of others by comparing and contrasting these individuals on abstract psychological dimensions
- role taking
- ablity to assume another person\'s perspective and understand his or her thoughts, feelings, and behaviours