History Exam Semester 2
Terms
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- Dorian Invasions
- defeated Myceneans, after Trojan War, took over Greece
- guilds
- associations of people who did the same job (middle class), decided funds, protected economic interests, limit membership, regulate prices and labor, etc...
- Bill of Rights
- passed by William and Mary 1689, gave Parliament power over monarchy, gave citizens trial by jury and habeas corpus, gave Catholics no freedom but allowed some other religions
- "Sun King"
- nickname for Louis XIV
- Charles I
- 1625-1649, absolute monarch, ignored Parliament, heavy taxes, wants money from Parliament to fight but they won't give it to him, causes argument that leads to Civil War
- scientific method
- step by step process of discovery- state the problem, gather information, make hypothesis, record data, draw conclusions, communicate and share data
- Kepler
- German astronomer, calculated the orvits of the planets around the sun, showed planets move in an oval (ellipse)
- Pizarro
- conquistador, defeated Incas (in Peru), then defeated more of S. America
- Diderot
- created 28-volume set of books called the Encyclopedia, purpose was to change the general way of thinking, included article by many philosophes, French government thought it attacked public morals, Pope threatened to excommunicate anyone who read them
- Reconquista
- 1400's, campaign by Europeans Christians to drive the Muslims from Spain
- Incas
- people in Peru, defeated through was by Pizarro and Spanish
- Plato
- Socrates' student that spread his beliefs, set up Academy in Athens, stressed importance of reason, through rational thought you could find ethical values, organized society, see beauty
- Monastacism
- life inside the monasteries
- Cleisthenes
- Athenian tyrant 507 BC, set up Council of 500 and made assembly a legislature(law-making body)
- Peninsulares
- top of S. American hierarchy, people from Spain, had highest positions in colonial governement and Catholic Church
- humanism
- an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics
- Ferdinand Magellan
- Portugese, 1519, wanted to sail across Atlantic and find route through Americas to reach Pacific, found strait through S. America, he died but his crew was the first to sail around the world (circumnavigate)
- Minoans
- lived on Crete, prosperous trade 1600-1500 BC, palace at Knossos, made frescoes, vanished 1400 BC
- Henry VIII
- wanted divorce from Catherine of Aragon (Spain) and to marry Anne Boleyn but Pope won't anull his marriage, he gets angry and bribes Parliament to make his head of the new Church of England
- Diocletian
- emperor, 284, divided Roman empire in two, took control of wealthier eastern half and gave western half to co-emperor Maximian, made rules to stabilize economy
- monarchy
- government in which a hereditary ruler exercises central power
- Aztecs
- in Mexico, people who were defeated by Cortes and Spanish
- William and Mary
- Dutch Protestants from Orange, became rulers of England after James II in 1688
- Persian Wars
- war between Greece and Persia, started when Athens helped Persian rebels revolt in Persia which made Persia mad, Athens won at Marathon but then asked help of other city-states, Persia beat Sparta and burned Athens, Athenians fought back and won the war with their ships
- Charlemagne
- king of the Franks who briefly united all of Western Europe, alliance with Pope, huge empire split after his death
- missionaries
- during Age of Exploration they were Portugese trying to spread Christianity in Africa
- capitalism
- an economic system in which most businesses are owned privately, in Europe after trade and wealth grew
- Gothic style
- style of architecture in medieval Europe, had flying butresses, ribbed vaulting, thin walls, high roofs
- War of Spanish Sucession
- Louis's grandson Phillip on Spanish throne, they want to join countries, other countries fight to make sure they don't, led to treaty
- Treaty of Tordesillas
- signed by Portugal and Spain, Pope made Line of Demarcation through world, new territory in the west belonged to Spain and the in the east to Portugal
- Holy Roman Empire
- empire of West Central Europe from 962-1806, made of present-day Germany and surrounding lands
- Vasco de Gama
- Portugese navigator, 1497, led ships around and under Africa and reached coast of India, made spice port in Calicut, start of Portugese involvement in spice trade
- conquistadors
- conquerors from Spain in the Americas
- Herodotus
- "Father of HIstory", collected information and wrote about Persian Wars, writings very detailed but reflected his own viewsm, showed importance of research
- manor (manoralism)
- lords estate, 1 or more villages and surrounding lands
- Cardinal Mazarin
- succesor to Cardinal Richlieu in France, served as cheif minister and helped king rule (Louis XIV) when he was young
- Enlightened despot
- absolute monarchs who incorporate enlightenment ideas, but they limit reforms so that they don't interfere with their own power
- "Glorious Revolution"
- bloodless overthrow of Charles II (who just ran to France) by Parliament who put William and Mary in power
- index of prohibited books
- list of books that could not be read, things that go against Bible and Catholicism
- Leonardo da Vinci
- 1452-1519, painted the Mona Lisa, painter, made sketches of technological things before they were created
- Crusades
- a series of wars from the 1000's-1200's when European christians fought to get the holy land back from the Muslims
- Vikings
- destroyed last of Charlemagne's empire, great sailors from Scandinavia, destructive, explored Europe and N. America
- social contract
- written by Rousseau, 1762, ideas about government and society, government had too many limitations on society, these should be taken away and only elected officials could make a few new ones
- Solon
- archon in 594 BC, wise and trusted, gave citizens and ssembly more rights, encouraged exports, citizenship still limited
- Puritans
- came off of Anglican Church, strict adherence to the Bible
- oath of fealty
- promise of loyalty in exchange for land
- absolutism
- monarch has complete control
- Bentham
- needs to be regulated by the gov't to insure that businesses pursue the "greatest good for the greatest number"
- Cardinal Richlieu
- chief minister to Louis XIII in France, centralized power and took away Huguenot and noble power
- Montesquieu
- studied governments in history and wrote a book about them, did not like absolute monarchy, created idea of three branches of government: legislative, executive, judicial and idea of checks and balances
- English Civil War
- 1642-1651, Royalists (supported king, fighting to keep things the same, mainly nobles, liked structured hierarchy) vs. Parliamentarians (supported Parliament, fighting to change things, wanted nation liberation, mainly middle class)
- McCartney mission
- Lord McCartney went to China as head of British diplomatic mission to get China to trade with Britain, failed when misunderstandings led to problems
- archon
- chief official in Athens
- Parliament
- the legislature of England, decide how money is spent
- Creoles
- middle class of S. American hierarchy, American born descendants of Spanish settlers, owned most of the plantations, ranches, and mines
- veto
- right of a tribune, block a law that was harmful to plebians
- Hobbes
- absolute monarchy best gov't, humans are naturally selfish and evil and must give up natural rights to have an orderly society
- Colbert
- imposed mercantilism to help boost up the economy, worked for Louis XIV
- Patricians
- members of the land-owning upper class, made up Senate
- Tenochtitlan
- Aztec capital city, defeated by Cortes
- Delian League
- alliance made by Greek city-states for protection after Persian Wars, Athens took control and abused their power
- Common Law
- a legal system based on custom and court rulings, applied to all of England
- Estates General
- legislative body made up of representatives of 3 estates in pre-revolutionary France:nobles, clergy, middle class
- Pisistratus
- Athenian tyrant 546 BC, helped farmers and gave citizens bigger voice, weakened aristocracy
- deism
- the belief that God created the world, but then left it alone
- Bartolome de Les Casas
- Spanish priest, fought encomienda system, King listened and made it illegal to force labor on Native Americans
- Mulattos
- lower class of S. American hierarchy, African and European descent
- Canon Law
- based on religious teachings; governed wills, marriages, morals; if you disobey church get excommunicate or interdict
- Copernicus
- Polish scholar, published book in 1543, proposed heliocentric (multiple planets revolve around the sun)
- Magyars
- nomads who settled in present day Hungary, 900, plundered Germany, parts of France, and Italy, pushed back into Hungary after 50 years
- Myceneans
- conquered Greece and then Crete, 1400-1200 BC, separate city-states with warrior kings
- triangular trade
- triangular shaped trade of slaves and other goods across the Atlantic, from Europe to Africa to the Americas
- Charles V
- HRE emperor, gave excommunicated Luther a chance to give up his writings but Luther refused, made Luther an outlaw
- The Laws of Twelve Tables
- laws of Rome were written of 12 tablets and displayed in the marketplace, gave plebians a chance to appeal a judgment of a patrician judge because they knew the law
- The Republic
- Roman form of government, people chose some of the officials
- Columbian Exchange
- global exchange of goods, ideas, plants, animals, and disease that began with Columbus' exploration of the Americas
- hoplite
- foot soldier
- fief
- estate that lord rules over, few acres to 100's of miles
- Sparta
- city-state built by Dorians, strict rule, two kings and council of elders, assembly made up of citizens(native males) aproved decisions
- the Empire
- Roman Empire, had an emperor who served for life and inherited power, not much power to the Senate, 30 BC-476
- Hellenic Culture
- combination of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian cultures, after Alexander the Great expanded Greece
- Restoration
- return of the monarchy after Oliver Cromwell
- Inquistion
- a church court set up to try people accused of heresies
- plalanx
- military tactic, heavily armed foot soldiers, relied on each other
- the 95 Theses
- written by Martin Luther, his problems with the Catholic Church
- helots
- state-owned slaves in Sparta
- Benedict of Nursia
- Saint Benedict, made up vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience for monasteries
- polis
- city-state
- constitutionalism
- King must follow laws
- Adam Smith
- capitalism, supply, and demand will regulate the economy so gov't doesn't need to get involved
- scholasticism
- a method used to support Christian beliefs
- democracy
- government by the people
- Treaty of Utrecth
- ended Spanish succession, France signs saying the 2 thrones can never unite
- Voltaire
- a philosophe who was a poet, historian, writer, and philosopher; wrote with wit and sarcasm, battled inequality, injustice, and ignorance; offended the Church and the French government
- Manchu/Qing
- Manchus had the Qing dynasty in China when Europeans got there, was Confucian, had two rulers (one Chinese, one Manchurian)
- Augustus (Octavian)
- grandnephew of Caesar, defeated Mark Antony to get power, began Roman Empire, became 'first citizen', absolute ruler, acted as a king
- slave trade in Africa
- the trade of slaves inside of Africa that took place before the Europeans got there, Africans would trade their prisoners of war for goods
- Jesuits
- worked with Pope, spread faith by public preaching, charity, and good deeds, taught young Christians, led by example
- Friars
- monks who did not live in isolated monasteries, preach to the poor
- Plebians
- farmers, merchants, artisans, traders, etc..., made up most of Roman population, little influence in government
- Senate
- made of 300 Patricians, most powerful governing body
- Anabaptists
- came off of Lutheranism, separate Church and state, adult baptism
- monopoly
- exclusive control of a business or industry
- vassal
- pledge service and loyalty in exchange for land
- Peace of Ausberg
- 1555, declared that the ruler of the land could determine the religion of the land (Catholic or Lutheran)
- Socrates
- used Socratic method, asked people many questions that led them to consider what their answers met, his ideas were not liked by some because they were a threat to current ideas, received death penalty for his beliefs
- Erasmus
- Dutch priest and humanist, made a Greek version of the Bible
- Homer
- wrote Illiad and the Odyssey around 800 BC,
- mercantilism
- sell more than buy, self- sufficient as possible so only your ppl. make $, colonies provide cheap, raw materials, sell to France and colonies, goal = high tariff (tax of foreign goods), so no one buys them
- Carthage
- city-state on the northern coast of Africa, had empire in Western Med.,
- Christopher Columbus
- Italian navigator sponsored by Spain, wanted to reach East Indies by sailing across Atlantic, reached Caribbean islands instead
- oligarchy
- power in the hands of a small, wealthy, elite group
- tyranny
- government in which the ruler takes power by force
- Louis XIV
- king of France, absolute ruler in late 1600's??
- tribunes
- plebian officials, protected plebian interests
- tariffs
- tax on imported goods
- papacy
- the institution of the pope
- Newton
- English, discovered gravity, said that nature follows laws and everything in nature can be described mathematically
- Hannibal
- leader of Carthage during the 2nd Punic War, led army on elephant to Italy, kept winning in Italy but then had to return home to defend against Romans in Carthage and lost there
- Cortes
- Spanish, went to Mexico and made alliances with Aztecs to beat their lord, fought Aztecs and took over when he won
- James I
- 1603-1625, first English ruler from Stuart family, claimed absolute power and divine right, clashed with Parliament, lavish king
- Council of Trent
- 1545-1563, part of Counter Reformation, eliminated internal abuse of power in Church (no absenteeism, limited use of indulgences, stopped selling of Church jobs) *instructed clergy to lead by example
- Queen Elizabeth (Elizabethan Settlement)
- daughted of Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn, took over Anglican Church after Queen Mary, religion she makes country is a mix of Catholic rituals and Protestant ideals, made to appease both sides
- Galileo
- Italian, made astronomical telescope and proved that the earth moved around the sun, tried before Inquisistion for heresies and threatened with death so he denied his views to save his life
- Punic Wars
- 264-218 BC, three wars between Rome and Cartrage, first war-Rome won, gained islands, second war- 15 years of Carthage fight but Rome won, Carthage gave up all land but Africa, third war- Rome completely destroyed Carthage, became new masters of Western Med.
- philosophes
- french for philosopher, a french thinker who desired reform in society during the Enlightenment
- Athens
- aristocracy, landowners had power and chose chief officials, judged court cases, and dominated assembly; glorified individual and gave rights to citizens
- struggle for the orders
- plebians wanted more power but the patricians would not give it to them
- Raphael
- 1483-1520, his paintings were a mix of Christian and classic styles
- Catholic (Counter) Reformation
- mid 1600's, goal was to get people to return to the Catholic Church and improve the Church
- Sepoys
- Indian troops that were part of armies for various European trading companies
- Alexander the Great
- took over as ruler of Greece from his Macedonian father Phillip II who took power by force, expanded Greece, defeated and took over Persia but could not beat India so he headed back home but died on the way, his expansion led to spread of Greek culture
- dictator
- if there was a war, the Senate could choose a dictator that could rule for only 60 days, kept them from getting too much power
- Investiture controversy
- HRE, king and pope fought over who got to give bishops job, Pope won
- Thucydides
- historian who wrote about Peloponnesian War, wrote about all of the bad things even though he was an Athenian, showed importance of having no bias
- peons
- Native Americans forced to work for landlords to pay off a debt of food, housing, etc...(very hard to pay off)
- Descartes
- French writer, early 1600's emphasized human reasoning, didn't like that learning had to fit with Church, wanted to find how truth was determined
- Vicroys
- representatives appointed by the King of Spain to rule in his name in the 4 provinces of S. America
- Justification (Salvation) by Faith
- if you believe you will be saved, rejects the belief in good works and penance as the way to salvation
- consuls
- two of them, patricians, nominated by Senate to supervise business of government and command armies, could only serve one term which kept them from getting too much control
- latifunda
- huge estates bought by wealthy Romans, possible because of wealth brought in through trade because of domination in W. Med.
- excommunicate
- making so someone could not receive sacraments (sacred rights of the Church) or Christian burial (hell for eternity)
- Oliver Cromwell
- led Parliamentarians to victory, created New Model Army, took over England and made it all Puritan, very strict, Rump Parliament (just Puritans), made England realize that problems weren't with King but lack of Parliament and king working together
- Anglican Chruch
- Church of England, was still mainly Catholic until Henry's son made it Protestant, he dies and Mary Tudor makes it Catholic and kills many Protestants, then Elizabeth takes over and makes it a combination of Protestant and Catholic
- Priesthood of all Believers
- all men are equal under Gods eyes through scripture, grace, and faith
- Bacon
- English writer, early 1600's, emphasized human reasoning, stressed experimentation and observation, wanted science to make life better for people by leading to technology
- predestination
- Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation, this decision showed by how you lived your life so Calvinists worked hard to be good to prove they would be saved
- Magna Carta
- great charter, approved by King John of England, 1215, limited royal power and established certain rights of English freemen
- Moctezuma
- Aztec emperor, thought Cortes was a god so he didn't fight at first, later was defeated and killed by Cortes
- Constatine
- emperor 312, continued Diocletian's reforms, made new capital at Constantinople which made E. Rome center power
- aristocracy
- rule by hereditary landholding elite
- Middle Passage
- second leg of triangle trade, trip from Africa to the Americas on European ships, slaves crammed into ships in horrible conditions
- encomienda system
- conquistador's right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans
- mercantilism
- aimed at strengthning national economy, real wealth in gold and silver, export more than import
- Pax Romana
- Roman peace
- Aristotle
- Plato's student, studied government, thought democracy would lead to mob rule so favored rule by one strong, virtuous leader, created Lyceum(school where one could study in specialized subject) thought about how people ought to live
- Charles II
- 1660-1685, king of England, popular ruler, restored England after Puritanism took over, accepted other religions besides Church of England
- Hellenistic Age
- 330-130 BC, women had more freedom, Alexandria in Egypt was cuture capital, many new philosophies, advances in science and technology
- Julius Caesar
- became Emperor of Rome through fighting and force, kept Senate but was absolute ruler, helped jobless and poor, gave more people citizenship, made new calendar, killed by Senate because they wanted power back
- Avignon Papacy (Babylonian Captivity)
- 1309 in France, Pope moved from Rome to France,
- Hundred Years War
- 1337-1453, war b/w France & England for land in N. an W. France, England started out winning but Joan of Arc put France in lead, France won
- Rousseau
- thought people were naturally good and the evils of society corrupted them, thought the good of the community should be above individual interest
- Pericles
- ruler of Athens after Persian Wars, golden age, direct democracy, thought all citizens should be in government, started juries and paying stipends to men in governement
- heresy
- religious belief contrary to official teachings of Church
- acropolis
- upper level of polis, high city, on a hill, had great temples honoring gods and godesses
- indulgences
- in Roman Catholic Church, pardon for sins, assure entry to heaven, could be bought during Renaissance
- Michelangelo
- 1475-1564, painted Sistine chapel, many talents
- salon
- informal social gatherings where writers, philosophers, philosophes, and others exchanges ideas
- feudalism
- loosely organized, powerful local lords divide land among lesser lords
- James II
- Charles II's brother who became king in 1685, Catholic which scared English people
- interdict
- noble that opposed Church, excommunicated from town, religion, or kingdom
- Council of Constance
- in Germany, 1414-1418, removed three popes and elected 1 new pope to live in Rome, ends Schism
- Versailles
- Louis XIV made his palace here, elaborate palce, place of gov't too, housed nobles and officials
- Mughal Empire
- Muslim empire in India when Europeans got there
- The Gracchi
- the attempts of the Gracchus brothers to get land reform in Rome, were both killed by Senate
- imperator
- commander of the Roman army
- serf
- peasants bound to land (manor), not slaves but not free, had to do what lord said
- Peloponnesian Wars
- Sparta and others were angry with Athens power and formed their own league and started a 27 year was against Athens and its allies, Sparta won by aligning with Sparta and because a plague killed many Athenians, ended Athenian domination
- ephors
- officials elected by assembly, five of them, ran day-to-day affairs
- Jan can Eyck
- Flemish painter, oil painting "Adoration of Lamb"
- Great Schism
- split in the Church, two(or three) popes claimed to be the best
- Newtonian Revolution
- gravity forces the planets to move around the sun
- the Fronde
- uprising where the nobles, merchants, peasants, and urban poor rebel to protest royal power or preserve their own
- Machiavelli
- wrote the Prince, a book about how to be a Prince and how you have to be bad to sometimes keep power, ends justifies the means
- chivalry
- knights must be brave, loyal, and true to word, must fight fairly, applied to nobles not commoners
- Martin Luther
- German monk and professor of theology, started refomation, posted 95 Theses on Chirch door in 1517
- Wollestonecraft
- British woman, knew proper duty of women but should be able to make their own decisions, wrote a book that said women should be educated like men
- Boers
- Dutch farmers who settled around Cape Town, pushed Africans inland
- John Calvin
- Swiss reformer, preached predestination, made joint religion and gov't in Geneva, Calvinists live a strict and frugal life
- Cape of Good Hope
- bottom tip of Africa
- Ostracism
- Athenians could vote to banish someone who was a threat to democracy
- Mestizitos
- lower class of S. American hierarchy, Native American and European descent
- divine right
- the right to rule given to you from God
- factory fort
- ??????
- Black Death
- an epidemic called bubonic plague, spread by rats and fleas, in Europe in the 1300's