Bio exam OLE
Terms
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- ecology
- the scientific study of life the interactions between organisms that their natural environment
- biodiversity
- biological diversity includes animals, plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria
- biome
- a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities major biomes: tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest, tropical savanna, desert, temperate grassland, temperate woodlands and shrubland, temperate forest, northwestern coniferous forest, boreal forest, tundra
- ecosystem
- a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place together with their nonliving environment
- water cycle
- evaporation (body of water) transpiration (leaves of plants) condensation (clouds) precipitation (rain) runoff seepage (ground) root uptake (plants)
- characteristics of life
- made up of cells reproduce based on a universal genetic code grow and develop obtain and use materials and energy respond to their environment maintain a stable internal environment change over time
- definition of life
- a process that all living things go through during this process they reproduce, grow and develop, and change over time
- SI measurements
- revised version of the metric system units based on multiples of 10 easy to use
- chemical and hydrogen bonds
- CHEMICAL ionic- one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another ion- positive or negative charged atoms covalent- electrons are shared between atoms molecule- smallest unit of most compounds HYDROGEN cohesion- attraction between molecules of the same substance adhesion- attraction between molecules of different substances
- potential of hydrogen
- pH indicates concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution pH scale ranges from 0-14, 7 concentration is neutral, 0- acidic, 14- basic each step on the scale represents a factor of 10
- photosynthesis
- process be which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and CO2 into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates (sugars and starches)
- stages of cellular respiration
- I. glycolysis II. acyl co-enzyme A III. krebs citric acid cycle IV. electron transport V. chemiosmosis
- ATP synthase
- large protein that uses energy from hydrogen ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP
- solute
- substance that is dissolved
- solvent
- substance in which solute dissolves
- polar
- uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms
- adhesion
- attraction between molecules of different substances
- cohesion
- attraction between molecules of the same substance
- metabolism
- the sum total of al chemical reactions in a living organism
- catabolism
- digestion
- anabolism
- the building up
- mitochondria
- where cellular respiration occurs can split in 2 aerobic exercise 20 minutes for 3-5 days/week causes mitochondria to reproduce
- entropy
- chaos
- lipids
- fats, oils, and waxes
- glycogen
- animal starch
- chitin
- forms exoskeleton of insects
- replication
- DNA making DNA
- transcription
- DNA making RNA
- types of RNA
- transfer (t) messenger (m) ribosomal (r)
- dynamic (and examples)
- changing examples: 1. gel -> sol 2. ER -> golgi -> vacuole 3. centriole -> spindle 4. nuclear membrane restored, chromosomes -> chromatin and cell divides 5. phago/pinocytosis, endo/exocytosis
- translation
- two subunits come together (large and small) mRNA and tRNA come out of the nucleus tRNA will organize, pick up, and transfer a specific amino acid will take 1 enzyme and 1 ATP when tRNA joins with an amino acid anticodon matches up with codon growing protein termination codon two subunits come apart and mRNA leaves
- stages of mitosis
- interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis
- behavior
- the way an organism reacts to its internal or external environment
- stimulus
- signal that carries information that can be detected
- response
- single, specific reaction to a stimulus
- reflex
- description: inborn, controlled by the spinal cord or medula, involuntary examples: pulling hand off a hot stove, test at doctors, knee jerk
- instinct
- description: complex act performed without training examples: birds making nests, spider spinning web, defending yourself
- conditioned reflex
- description: reaction to a stimulus which has replaced the original stimulus examples: dog with bells and food
- habit
- description: a learned response that has become completely automatic examples: biting fingernails, cracking knuckles
- voluntary action
- description: requires thought, reasoning, your will, and memory to bring about the desired response examples: practice for sports, sewing, cooking, gardening, problem solving
- stages of meiosis
- MEIOSIS I interphase I prophase I metaphase I anaphase I telophase I and cytokinesis MEIOSIS II prophase II metaphase II anaphase II telophase II and cytokinesis
- crossing over
- process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
- prokaryote
- unicellular organism lacking a nucleus
- eukaryote
- organism whose cells contain nuclei
- tissue
- group of similar cells that perform a particular function most animals have 4 types: muscle, epithelial, nervous, connective
- organ
- group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions examples: each muscle in our body
- organ system
- group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
- phagocytosis
- process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into a cell
- segregation
- separation of alleles during gamete formation
- independent assortment
- independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes
- hybrid
- offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
- Thomas Hunt Morgan
- fruit fly eyes found that majority of fruit flies with white eyes were male and some characteristics are sex-linked
- Rosalind Franklin
- took x-ray pictures of DNA crystals
- codominance
- situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism
- incomplete dominance
- situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another
- bacteriophages
- virus that infects bacteria composed of DNA or RNA core and a protein coat attaches to the surface of the cell and injects its genetic information into it
- plasmid
- small circular piece of DNA found in some bacteria have been very useful for DNA transfer has a DNA sequence that helps promote plasmid replication
- point mutation
- gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides
- selective breeding
- method of breeding that allows only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
- gel electrophoresis
- procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel
- Hershey-Chase
- Alfred Henry and Martha Chase studied viruses grew viruses in cultures containing radioactive isotopes of phosphorus-32 and sulfur-35 mixed marked viruses with bacteria separated viruses from the bacteria and tested the bacteria for radioactivity nearly all radioactivity in the bacteria was from phosphorus concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein
- karyotype
- photograph of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs
- autosome
- chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
- Barbara McClintock
- noble prize found that transposable elements can slip in and out of different locations in DNA jumping genes theory
- Human Genome Project
- ongoing effort to analyze the human DNA sequence
- Watson and Crick
- developed the double-helix model of the structure of DNA
- DNA fingerprinting
- analysis of sections of DNA that have little of no known function, but vary widely from one individual to another, in order to identify individuals
- transgenic
- term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms
- genetic engineering
- process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
- recombinant DNA
- DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
- clone
- member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
- trisomy
- "three bodies" if two copies of an autosomal chromosome fail to separate during meiosis, an individual may be born with three copies of a chromosome example- down syndrome
- operator
- region of chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is "turned off"
- imprinting
- learning based on early experience; one imprinting has occurred, the behavior cannot be changed
- reflex arc
- sensory receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, and effector that are involved in a quick response to a stimulus
- pheromone
- specific chemical messenger that affects the behavior or development of other individuals of the same species
- circadian rythyms
- behavioral cycles that occur in daily patterns
- carbon cycle
- biological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition, take up and release carbon and oxygen geochemical processes, such as erosion and volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans mixed biogeochemical processes, such as burial and decomposition of dead organisms and their conversion under pressure into coal and petroleum, store carbon underground human activities, such as mining, cutting, and burning forests, and burning fossil fuels, release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
- nitrogen cycle
- bacteria that live in the soil and on roots of plants, called legumes, convert nitrogen gas into ammonia in a process known as nitrogen fixation other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites once these products are available, producers can use them to make proteins consumers eat the producers and reuse the nitrogen to make their own proteins when organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia, ammonia may be taken up again by producers other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in a process called denitrification- releases nitrogen into the atmosphere once again
- phosphorus cycle
- as the rocks and sediments gradually wear down, phosphate is released on land, some phosphate washes into rivers and streams, where it dissolves phosphate eventually makes its way to the oceans, where it is used by marine mammals when plants absorb phosphate from the soil of from water, the plants bind the phosphate into organic compounds organic phosphate moves through the food web, from producers to consumers, and to the rest of the ecosystem
- peptide
- bond between 2 amino acids
- enzyme lock and key
- an enzyme has a particular shape, and it fits into a particular shaped molecule
- reduction, oxidation, redox
- r- when electron is attracted to a molecule o- when electron comes off redox- whole process
- Jeremy Rifkin
- predicted gene rich and gene poor
- deletion
- when a gene or chromosome gets left out of mitosis or meiosis
- chromosome for down syndrome
- 21
- example of codominance
- roan cow
- PCR- polymerase chain reaction
- technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene
- examples of trisomy
- XXX, XXY
- inversion
- chromosome folds in on itself crossing less likely
- translocation
- like crossing over gene moves onto another chromosome
- epigenetics
- refers to molecules that turn on and off genes
- duplication
- like deletion instead of deleting gene, it's multiplying, more than you need