Pharmacology
Basic Veterinary Pharmacology
Terms
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- What is LD50?
- LD50 is the dose of a drug that is lethal for 50% of the tested population.
- What are the sources from which drugs are made?
- The sources drugs come from are biological, genetically engineered, mineral or chemical, chemically modified material from biological sources,
- What are the routes of drug administration from fastest to slowest?
- The fastest is intravenous, then intramuscular, then subcutaneous, then orally.
- Drops
- Essentially the same as syrup, except the nasal drops.
- Capsule
- An enclosing structure such as a gelatin capsule enclosing a dose of medicine.
- Subcutaneous and Intramuscular
- SQ, SC or IM -- Drugs administered this way must be absorbed from the injection site to exert its action.
- Syrup
- A viscous concentration solution of a sugar in water. It can be used as a flavored vehicle for medications.
- What items must be on a prescription label?
- The pharmacy label must have the name, address and phone number of the prescribing veterinarian, the name of the client, the name or ID of the species of animal, the date on which the medication was dispensed, the name of the medication, adequate directions for proper administration of medication, cautionary information (may be optional), strength and quantity dispensed.
- What is the therapeutic index?
- The therapeutic index is the the distance between a drugs effectiveness level and toxicity level. The higher the value, the safer the drug. Therefore, LD50 must be greater than ED50.
- Powder
- An aggregation of particle obtained by grinding or crushing.
- What drug is used to treat coccidia?
- Coccidia is treated with sulfadimethoxine (Albon) to treat coccidia in poultry, dogs and cats.
- What drug is used to strengthen the heart muscle?
- Cardiac glycosides like Cardoxin are used to strengthen the heart muscle.
- What is the therapeutic ratio?
- The therapeutic ratio is better than the therapeutic index because it concerns the LD25 rather than the LD50.
- Tablet
- A solid dose form containing a medicinal substance mixed in a solid powder such as a sugar or starch.
- What barriers exist in the body that limit the movement of drugs?
- The barriers that exist are the blood/brain barrier, the blood/mammary gland barrier, the blood/intestine barrier, the blood/aqueous (eye) barrier and the blood/placenta barrier.
- Intravenous Injection
- IV Drugs are injected directly into the blood stream, resulting in an immediate blood level of drug.
- Suppository
- An easily melted medicated mass for introduction into the rectum or vagina.
- Aqueous suspension
- A preparation of a finely divided powder, undissolved substance dispersed in water. Ex: clavamox drops, amoxidrops, and penicillin
- What is the most important organ for drug elimination
- The kidneys are responsible for most of the process of drug excretion.
- What are drugs that are used to kill bacteria called?
- Drugs used to kill bacteria are called antibiotics,
- What do the controlled substance numbers mean (ie. I=highest potential for abuse)?
- The Controlled Substances Act classifies a drug into one of five schedules based upon the drug's potential for harm relative to it's medical benefit. The higher the schedule, the lower the risk of abuse potential.
- Tincture
- An alcoholic or water and alcohol solution. Ex: tincture of iodine
- What are the rules for handling controlled drugs in a veterinary hospital?
- Vet's must register annually with the DEA, and receive a registration number, controlled substances must be kept in a locket cabinet or safe. Records of orders, receipts, uses, discards, and thefts of controlled substances for two years following each transaction, usually in a log. Inventory must be kept and filed every two years,
- What drug is used to lower blood pressure?
- Atenolol and amlodipine are used to treat high blood pressure.
- What is ED50?
- ED50 is the dose of a drug that is effective for 50% of the tested population.
- What are some disadvantages with using topical medications on animals?
- Topical medications have limited penetration and animals will try to lick it off.
- Emulsion
- A mixture of 2 immiscible (don't combine) liquids, one being dispersed throughout the other in small droplets. Ex: oil and water
- What is the most important organ for drug metabolism?
- Drug metabolism occurs mainly in the liver.
- What drug is used to induce vomiting?
- Emetics are drugs that induce vomiting. Ipecac and apomorphine are the most commonly used.
- Ointment
- A semi-solid preparation for external application to the body,
- What drugs are used against parasites called?
- Drugs used against parasites are called anthelmintics.
- Topical preparations
- In addition to ointments, topical preparations include sprays, gels and foams. Ex: silver sulfate cream
- What is half life?
- Half life is the time it takes for the original concentration of the drug to be reduced by 50% through metabolism and excretion.
- Oral Administration
- Oral administration (PO) are drugs that are given orally and must cross the gastrointestinal lining of the stomach and small intestine to be effective.
- Aqueous solution
- A liquid preparation of 1 or more soluble chemical substances dissolved in water. Ex: ketamine, valium and dexamethazone.
- What physiological conditions affect how an animals responds to a drug?
- The physiological conditions that affect how an animal responds to a drug
- What agencies regulate veterinary pharmacy practice and what does each do?
- The agencies that regulate veterinary pharmacy practice are the FDA (vet-client-patient relationships, extra label drug use and labeling requirements), the DEA (controlled substances like scheduled drugs, record keeping requirements and storage and security requirements), the EPA (regulates topical pesticides), the USDA (regulates biologicals like vaccines), and drug companies sales rules for OTC drugs.
- Topical
- OD, OS, OU, AU, AS, AD--Drugs are applied to the surface of the skin or to a mucous membrane (eye, ear canal, etc.)
- What is a controlled substance?
- A controlled substance is a drug that is considered dangerous because of their potential for human abuse or misuse.