Psy121 Final Set 2
Terms
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copy deck
- What are the three stages or types of memory?
- sensory, short term, and long term.
- What are the characteristics and purpose of sensory memory?
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Enviormental information is registered
Large capacity for information
Duration 1/4 second to 3 seconds - What are the characteristics and purpose of short term memory?
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New information is transferred from sensory memory.
Old information is retrieved from long term memory.
Limited capacity for information
Duration apporx 30 seconds - What are the characteristics and purpose of long term memory?
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Information that has been encoded in short term memory is stored
Unlimited capacity for information
Duration : potentially permanent - What is chunking? When does it occur?
- Increasing the amount of infromation that can be held in the short term memory by grouping related items together into a sing unit or chunk happens during recall
- What is clustering? When does it occur?
- Organizing items into related groups during recall from the long term memory.
- What is Maintenance rehearsal? Which stage of memory does it occur?
- The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintin it beyond the usual 30 seconds of short term memory.
- What is encoding?
- The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into a retained by the memory system.
- What is elaborative rehearsal? which stage of memory does it occur?
- Focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it into long term memory. Short term memory
- What is procedural memory?
- In long term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations and actions.
- What is episodic memory?
- Includes memories of particular events(including time and place)
- what is semantic memory?
- General knowledge that includes facts, names, definitons, concepts and ideas. Personal encyclopedia of accumulated data.
- What are implicit memories?
- Information of knowledge that affects behavior behavior or task, but cannot be conciously recollected. also called nondeclarative memory.
- What are explicit memories?
- Information or knowledge that can be conciously recollected, also called declarative memory.
- How are memories organized?
- With the semantic network model - through clusters and associations.
- What are the four potential causes of forgetting?
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Encoding Failure
Interference
motivated forgetting
decay - What are retrieval cues?
- A clue prompt or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long term memory.
- What is memory consolidation?
- The gradual physical process of converting new long term memories to stable enduring long term memory codes.
- What does the study using aplysia show?
- That memories affect both the structure and the functions of neurons.
- What is the decay theory?
- The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time.
- What is serial position effect?
- The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better then items in the middle
- Who is Herman Ebbinghaus and what is his forgetting curve?
- German psychologist who originated the scientific study of forgetting;plotted the first forgetting curve, which describes the basic pattern of forgetting learned information over time.
- What is distributed practice?
- Learn information over several sessions - more benefical then massed practice.
- What is massed practice?
- cramming (studying the night before an exam.)
- What is Recall?
- Producing information using no retrival cues.
- What is cued recall?
- Involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue. E.x Fill in the blank questions
- What is recognition?
- Identifying the information from several choices. Ex. Multiple choices.
- How do we reconstruct memories?
- You actively reconstruct or rebuild the memory.
- What is source confusion?
- Occurs when we either don't remember or misidentify the source of a memory.
- What is the misinformation effect?
- A memory distortion phenomenon in which a person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information.