History Chapter 18
Terms
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- Silk Road
- a trade route from Asia to Europe
- Ptolemy
- stated that the sun and the planets move around the earth in circular paths
- al-Idrisi
- Arab geographer- showed the geography of east Africa/ Indian Ocean
- Henry the Navigator
- set up and academy in Portugal, research and cartography and navigation he funded other explorers
- Bartolomeu Dias
- Portugese explorer who reached the southern tip of Africa
- Vasco de Gama
- rounded the tip of Africa raced across the Indian oecean and landed on India's west coast
- Christopher Columbus
- Italian Sea Captain funded by rulers of Spain, crossed the Atlantic ocean- 1492 he arriveed in the Caribbean thinking he was in India
- Ferdinand Magellan
- spainard that went around the tip of Africa, discovered the Strait of Magellan, goes to Phillipines during a civil war, he was killed there
- Strait of Megellan
- the passage that Magellan found along the tip of South America
- circumnavigate
- to sail around the world
- John Cabot
- he traveled south from Newfoundland along the coast of present-day Canada, didn't frind a pathe to Asia
- Giovanni da Varrazano
- mapped from what is today Norht Carolilna north to Newfoundland
- Jacques Cartier
- sailed past Newfoundland and entered the St. Lawrence River
- Hernan Cortes
- conquered the Aztec
- Fransisco Pizarro
- conquered the Inca
- King Henry VIII
- broke from the Catholic church and made his kingdom Protestant
- Queen Elizabeth I
- let English privateers attack Spain
- sea dogs
- English Privateers
- Phillip II
- king of Spain, sent a huge fleet of ships called the Spanish Armada to invade England
- Spanish Armada
- a huge fleet of ships sent to invade England
- Pedro Alvares Cabral
- led 13 ships to India
- mercantilism
- the idea that a country gains power by building up its supply of gold and silver
- joint-stock companies
- a business that people can invest in buying a share of the company
- commerce
- the buying and selling of goods of large amounts over long distance
- Commercial Revolution
- to increase trade, Europeans set up colonies and created joint-stock companies
- entrepreneur
- they invest in things in order to make more $$$$$money$$$$$
- stocks
- invest in buying a share of a company
- cottager industry
- when merchants asked peasants to make things for them
- Scientific Revolution
- The thinkers of the ancient world developed early forms of science and passed this knowledge to later civilizations
- Aristotle
- and ancient Greek philosopher that observed nature, collected information
- geocentric
- earth-centered universe
- Thomas Aquinas
- Christian thinker that tried to show that Christianity and reason could go together
- astronomy
- the study of the tars and heavenly bodies
- Copernicus
- wrote s book and stated that the sun was the center of the universe
- Kepler
- supported Copernicus' theroy but added to it, he stated that the planets move in ellipses
- heliocentric
- sun-centered universe
- ellipses
- oval paths reather than circular ones
- Galileo
- an Italian scientist that new knowledge could come from experiments that were carefully carried out
- Isaac Newton
- Englidh mathematician, developed the theroy of gravity
- Principia
- a book that Newton opublished about his theories
- Galen
- Greek physician, studied the human body
- Versalius
- a Flemish doctor that dissected human bodies for research
- Harvey
- English doctor proved that blood flowed through the human body
- Hooke
- English scientist discovered and named cells
- Boyle
- Irish scientist, proved that all substances are made up of basic elements
- Lavoisier
- French scientist, proved that all materials need oxygen to burn
- Descartes
- French scientist, wrote a book, studied morality
- Scientific method
- an orderly way of collecting analyzing evidence
- hypohtesis
- explanation of the facts
- natural law
- a law that applied to eveyone and could be understood by reason
- Thomas Hobbes
- wrote about the English government and society
- John Locke
- English thinker, used natural law to affirm citizen's rights
- Leviathan
- a book written by Thomas Hobbes, it argued that natural law made monarch the best form of government
- social contract
- an agreement between rulers and the people
- Montesquieu
- a French thinker, published a book called the Spirit of Laws
- Seperation of Powers
-
stated that power should be equally divided among the four branches of government (1 executive
(2 legislative
(3 judicial - The Spirit of Laws
- a book written by Baron MOntesquieu
- philosophe
- -philosopher- writers, teachers, journalists, and observers of society
- Voltaire
- great thinker, wrote many novels, plays, letters, and essays
- deism
- religious beliefs based on reason
- Denis Diderot
- French philosopher, published the first encyclopedia (28-volume)
- Wollstonecraft
- a strong supporter of Women's rights
- Rousseau
- cclaimed that supporters of the Enlightenment relied too much on reason, instead people should pay more attention to their feelings
- absolutism
- in this system monarchs held total power
- enlightened despots
- rulers that want better government but didn't want to lose any power or control
- Louis XIV
- a.k.a. sun king, monarch
- Frederick the Great
- most famous Prussian ruler, strenthened the armies and gained more territory for Prussia
- Maria Theresa
- a young Hapsburg princess improved serfs, tried to make government work better
- Joseph II
- maria theresa's son ruler, freed the serfs, made land taxes equal for nobles and farmers
- Peter the Great
- tried to make Russia into a strong and up-to-date power, founded St. Petersburg
- Jamestown
- the first town of a new colony called Virginia
- John Rolfe
- discovered that tobacco sould grow in Virginia's soil
- Pilgrims
- decided to go to America so they could worship freely
- Puritans
- a group of them were Pilgrims
- John Winthrop
- led a group of Puritans that landed in America and formed the colony of Massachusetts
- Quakers
- English Catholics that founded Maryland
- House of Burgesses
- sort of like the English Parliament except for its in Virginia
- constitutions
- written plans of government
- Navigation Acts
- regualted trade, said that you can trade with Britain only!
- Stamp Act
- Parliament started to tax newspapers and other printed materials
- Boston Tea Party
- the colonists were angry with Britain and they dressed up as Indians and dumped the tea into the Boston Harbor
- Tea Act
- it allowed a British trading company to ship to the colonies without paying the regular taxes
- Intolerable Acts
- To pinish the colonists Parliament passed laws that closed down the Boston Harbor and out the government of Massachusetts under military rule. It also said that British troops should be given a place to live in colonists homes free of charge
- First Continental Congress
- met in Philadelphia
- Lexington and Concord
- British found out that the colonists had a store of weapons there. British troops went to take the weapons and fighting breaks out. the first battle of the Revoltionary war
- Second Continental Congress
- met in Philadelphia
- George Washington
- when the 2nd Continentak Congress met he was elected head of the colonial army
- Thomas Paine
- wrote Common Sense, surged colonists to break away from the Britain and condem the king
- Thomas Jefferson
- wrote THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, from Virginia
- popular sovereignty
- the idea that a government recieves its powers from the people
- limited government
- the idea that a government may use only its powers given to it by the people
- Articles of Confederation
- created a national government but the states held most powers
- checks and balances
- enabled each branch to limit the powers of the other branches
- Bill of Rights
- set out certain rights that the government could not violate
- Effigy
- stuffed image of someone, gets destroyed
- Crispus Attucks
- free black man 1st casualty in Boston Massacre