Biology Chapter 13
Terms
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- single nucleotide polymorphism
- unique spots where individuals differ by a single nucleotide
- genetic engineering
- a technology in which the genome of a living cell is modified for medical or industrial use
- restriction enzyme
- an enzyme that destroys foreign DNA molecules by cutting them at specific sites
- polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- a technique that is used to make many copies of selected segments of DNA (abbreviation, PCR)
- DNA fingerprint
- the pattern of bands that results when an individual's DNA sample is fragmented, replicated, and separated
- clone
- an organism that is produced by asexual reproduction and that is genetically identical to its parent; to make a genetic duplicate
- DNA vaccine
- a vaccine made from the DNA of a pathogen but does not have disease-causing capability
- bioethics
- the study of ethical issues related to DNA technology
- vector
- in biology, any agent, such as a plasmid or a virus, that can incorporate foreign DNA and transfer that DNA from one organism to another; an intermediate host that transfers a pathogen or a parasite to another organism
- proteome
- an organism's complete set of proteins
- length polymorphism
- variations in the length of the DNA molecule between known genes
- primer
- a short, single-stranded fragment of DNA or RNA that is required for the initiation of DNA replication
- variable number tandem reports (VNTR)
- a repeating nucleotide sequence one behind another
- recombinant DNA
- DNA molecules that are artificially created by combining DNA from different sources
- gel electrophoresis
- a technique used to separate nucleic acids or proteins according to size and charge in an agarose or acrylamide gel
- Human Genome Project
- a research effort to sequence and locate the entire collection of genes in human cells
- probe
- a strand of RNA or single-stranded DNA that has been labeled with a radioactive element or fluorescent dye and that is used to bind with and identify a specific gene in genetic engineering
- cloning by nuclear transfer
- the introduction of a nucleus from a body cell into an egg cell to generate an organism identical to the nucleus donor
- proteomics
- the study of all an organisms proteins including their identities, structures, interactions, and abundances
- plasmid
- a circular DNA molecule that is usually found in bacteria and that can replicate independent of the main chromosome
- gene therapy
- a technique that places a gene into a cell to correct a hereditary disease or to improve the genome
- two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
- a method that seperates the proteins in a sample into individual spots
- bioinformatics
- combines biological science, computer science, and information technology to enable the discovery of new biological insights and unifying principles
- telomere
- repeated DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that shorten with each round of cell division