joint review
Terms
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- movements of synovial joints
-
gliding and angular
(simple back and forth, and chnage of angles.) - three factors which determine range of mobility of a joint
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structure of bones at articulation
strength of joint capsule (strength, tautness of associated tendons)
size, arrangement and actions of muscles spanning joint - factors which can limit range of movement at a joint
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body conditioning
excessive obesity - menisci
- fibrous cartilage pads in knee. cushions and guides bones.
- temporomandibular pad
- fibrocartilagenous pad - cushions/guides bones
- tendon sheath
- modified bursae - surrounds, lubricates tendons.
- categories based on
- structure & motion permitted
- arthritis
- joint inflammation caused by trauma, bacterial infection, metabolic disorders.
- lordosis
- swayback - exaggerated anterior lumbar curvature
- kyphosis
- humpback. exaggerated posterior thoracic curve
- scoliosis
- abnormal lateral spinal curvature
- function of intervertebral disc during motion and weightbearing
- flattens during weightbearing, slides during motion. Acts as shock absorber.
- condyloid joint movements permitted
- biaxial movement in two planes
- condyloid joint structure
- oval condyle of one bone articulates with eliptical cavity of another
- gliding joint examples
- intercarpal/intertarsal joints, sternoclavicular, articular processes of vertebral column
- gliding joint movements permitted
- sliding back and forth movement with little rotation
- gliding joint structure
- flat or slightly curved (convex/concave) articulating surfaces
- hinge joint examples
- knee, elbow, joints of phalanges
- hinge joint movements permitted
- monaxial bending motion in one plane– like the hinge of a door
- hinge joint structure
- convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another – most common synovial joints
- pivot joint examples
- atlantoaxial joint (turning head side to side), proximal radioulnar joint (turning door knob)
- pivot joint movements permitted
- rotation about a central axis
- pivot joint structure
- conical surface of one bone articulates with depression of another
- saddle joint examples
- carpometacarpal joint of thumb - allows opposable thumb
- saddle joint movements permitted
- wide range of movements
- saddle joint structure
- concave and convex surface on each articulating bone
- ball and socket joint examples
- shoulder(glenohumeral) and hip(coxal) joints.
- condyloid joint examples
- radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joint
- ball and socket joint movements permitted
- movement in all planes and rotation
- ball and socket joint structure
- rounded surface of one bone articulates with cuplike socket of another
- what are the two classification systems for joints?
- structural, and functional
- what are the three structural classifications of joints, and what do they mean?
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synarthroses: not moveable-skull bones
amphiarthroses: somewhat moveable - inferior tibiofibular joint
diarthroses: freely moveable - shoulder. - what are the three structural classifications of joints?
- fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
- what is a fibrous joint
- joint held together by fibrous connective tissue
- what are the two kinds of fibrous joints?
- syndesmosis and sutures
- what is a suture
-
synarthroses (doesn't move)
bones separated by thin layer of fibrous tissue continuous with periosteum. - what prohibits movement at sutures?
- fibrous connections and interlocking serations (dovetails)
- what is a squamous suture?
- a suture where the edge of one bone overlaps that which it articulates with.
- what is a plane suture
- where the edges of the bone don't overlap
- what is a syndesmosis
- it's an amphiarthroses (slightly moveable joint) joint where bones are united by a thick layer of dense fibrous tissue. (interosseous membranes in antebrachium and leg.)
- what are two types of cartilaginous joints
- symphysis and synchondrosis.
- what is a cartilaginous joint?
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cartilage between bones, no joint cavity. little or no movement.
mainly for strength and stability, not mobility. - what is a synchondrosis and give an example
- an immovable union involving hyaline cartilage: costal cartilage of thoracic cage.
- what is a symphysis?
- bones covered with hyaline cartilage, and disc of fibrocartilage in between. some movement allowed: symphysis pubis and intervertebral discs.
- what is the purpose of a synovial joint?
- movement.
- summarize the synovial joint
-
Synovial joints consist of:
-articular cartilage over the uniting bones
- a strong ligamentous fibrous joint capsule, containing a joint cavity lined by a synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid that lubricates the joint.
They are highly movable joints, well supported by ligaments and tendons. - what movement is permitted at the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb?
- saddle joint, so wide range of movements.
- what movements are permitted at the metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand?
- these are condyloid joints, so wide range of movements: flex,ext, abd, add, circumd.
- what movements are permitted at the interphalangeal joints?
- hinge joint, so flexion and extension - movement in one plane.
- what is special about the long head of biceps brachii to the shoulder joint?
- the tendon within the joint, but it has its own tendon sheath, and is outside the synovial membrane: extrasynovial, but intercapsular.
- what are four reasons for dislocations of the shoulder?
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strut system subject to constant gravity, increases distances between articular surfaces.
-articular surfaces very different sizes.
- lack of bony support
- glenoid labrum and capsular ligaments are weak supports.
dislocations usually happen anteriorly/inferiorly, through weakness in rotator cuff musculotendinous sleeve. - what is the "carrying angle?"
- the lateral deviation of the forearm when elbow extended, forearm supinated.
- what is the name of the ligament which crosses the acetebular notch and completes the acetebulum articular surface?
- transverse ligament.
- what is the purpose of the acetebular labrum?
- deepens the socket and holds the femur head securely in place.
- what are the three main ligaments of the hip joint capsule?
-
iliofemoral - anterior.(thickest and strongest)
pubofemoral - inferiorly
ischiofemoral - posteriorly - what does the iliofemoral ligament do?
- maintains trunk-thigh alignment and prevents anterior dislocation of femur
- what does the pubofemoral ligament do?
- limits abduction of hip.
- what is the main purpose of the hip joint ligaments?
- prevent hyperextension. (they tighten as hip is extended.)
- what is the most common ankle injury?
- inversion injury (sprain)