Food Science 2

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Straight dough method: 1. Scald milk
2. soften shortening
3. add short.+sugar+salt dispersed in liquid
4. add flour gradually
5. knead after short rest (to allow hydr. of gluten+starch) to develop gluten
Temps required to reach the three levels of doneness: 140 F -- rare

160 F -- medium

170 F -- well done
What maturing agents do: Alters phys behavior of PRO
Modifies SH --crosslinking-->disulfide links
Alters ability of PRO to stretch
aged flours-->less extensibility
improves adhesive qlty needed in baking prod.
myofibril: organelle which is a fiber (thick and thin filament)
Ca++ effect in dough: firms gluten
Astaxanthin: reddish-orange
carotenoid in salmon & cooked crustacean
Antimicrobial properties of ovomucin: antihemagglutination
antiviral
To cook soy beans in pod: boil 5-10 minutes then shell
1 pound pods = 1.75 Cups beans
Chlorophyl + heat + base = ?: loses phytyl
loses methyl groups
bright green CHLOROPHYLLIN
Instantization: --Makes it easier to hydrate dry milk
--Increases hygroscopic nature
Rich cakes are susceptible to ____ if have not been tx w/Cl and low pH d/t ____ ____: falling

weak PRO's
How does fish translucence change with heating?: Increase in opacity
Which starch is implicated in the staling of bread and why?: Amylopectin
Branches H-bond
When it's absent from bread=no staling

decreased by B-amylase 6X faster at 8C than at 30C (?)
Myoglobin in meat: Purplish red
When meat is fresh and protected from contact w/air
Why does homogenized milk need to be pasteurized?: To prevent lipase from reacting
Pectinesterases: Deesterify protopectin and pectin
reduces gel ability
results in ripening
removes methoxy groups
softens fruit
a.k.a. pectinmethoxylases, pectases, etc.
AT what temperature does collagen shrink?: 50-60 C
meat spots in egg d/t:: sloughed tissue
capillary break in ovary EARLY in dev. of yolk
Drip loss: Combo of juices and fat that drip from meat during cooking
What is the difference between bromelin and papain or ficin in meat tenderizing effects?: Bromelin is more specific for connective tissue

Papain + ficin is more specific for muscle fibers
Role of butter in crystal. candy: interfering agent, affects viscosity
denatured globin hemichrome: gray-brown
d/t heat triggered oxidation of ferrous-->ferric
denatured globin
Oxygen replaced w/water complexed with Fe
FIVE factors in emulsion stability: 1. viscosity of cont. phase
2. emulsifying agent (present? and amount)
3. droplet size of disp phase
4. ratio of disp:cont.
5. Brownian movement
At what temp does muscle fiber shrink?: 60-70 C
first in width (till 62C)
second in length (55-80C)
Effect of Ca ions on pectin gels: forms salt bridges w/LMP strands
What is the purpose of liquid in flour dough?: to hydrate gluten
essential for gluten dev.
Sarcoplasm: inside muscle cell
Objective measures of Baking Quality: 1. standardized micro-loaves (10-100g flour)
2. # water/wt. flour will absorb proport. to PRO content
3. # flour/cup water will absorb
4. farinograph
5. mixograph
6. extensiograph
7. fermentograph
8. hard vs. soft wheat (PRO)
Why milk must be shielded from UV light: UV light causes off flavor d/t oxidation
Sarcolemma: membrane surrounding fiber
Advantages of TVP in food production: --Excellent source of protein for vegetarians
--cheaper than meat
--increases juiciness of meats when added
--increases binding capability
Ring formation of frozen bread d/t?: H2O leaves starch as it sublimates (??)
Production of Fibrotein: Soy fiber spun from isolate
held together w/binder containing flavoring
resembles pieces of sliced meat
usually canned or frozen
Effects of whey proteins on flour component of dough: -slack, sticky dough
-red. vol.
-but almost NO effect if tx/w/heat
-d/t RXN btwn B-lactoglobulin and K-casein
endomysium: sheath of connective tissue surrounding sarcolemma
As temperature increases ______ accelerates and ______ increases (w/regard to bread dough): rate of hydration

rate of gluten development
sarcomere: one repeating unit bound by z-lines
Amylograph: Changes in viscosity as dough is heated
Metmyoglobin: brownish-red d/t
--fluorescent/incadescent
lights
--oxidation of ferrous to ferric & complexing with water
process cheese: Heat kills microbes
emulsifier added (Na2HPhosphate, NaCitrate)to control separation of fat during cooking
More soluble
High water-bind cty
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR): membranous system of tubules and cisternae (flattened Ca reservoirs) that play a role in muscle movement
Cold pressing: mech. pressing to express oil
results in high quality
Nitrates and nitrites create what color? And with increased exposure to light and air what color?: Pinkish-red
+ light&air--> brownish
+more light&air--> discolored
Causes of tough dry crumb: too much flour
too much egg
too much mixing
overbaking
low fat
low sugar
Primary bundles: bundles of 20-40 muscle fibers surrounded by a membrane
Bleaching of lipids: often done w/charcoal
removes colors AND flavors
soy products from isolates: -Extrusion of cooked soy flour and spinning fibers
-dissolved isolate forced thru spinnerette and coagulated as fibers
-fibers made into meat alternatives.
Effect of low pH on pectin gels: forms LEAST charge on pectin strands
allows them to H-bond 2gether
Factors affecting grade of meat: Source
maturity of animal
fat content and distribution
color of meat
muscling
Degumming and Neutralization: removes gums (duh)
and FFA's
Secondary bundles: a grouping of primary bundles
Hot pressing: Using steam or hot H2O to heat plant seeds
gets MORE oil out
Also gums, FFAs, off flavors
Soy bean processing: Beans hulled
Oil extracted
Soy flour remains
Acids or alkali adding steps to yield desired product
3 possible reasons for Double Yolking: 1.genetic char. of double ovulation
2.failure of yolk to enter infundibulum until 25 hours later when next ovulation, fuses with second yolk in infund.
3. abdominal tumor
soy grits: from grinding defatted soy flakes to coarse particle size
incorporated into commercial food products
to alter texture of groun meats, cereals, etc.
Sponge Dough method: 1. combine yeast+liq+some flour
2. add part of sugar to stimulate yeast
3. when sponge well fermented, add salt+fat
4. add rest of flour
5. cont. like straight dough method
soy flour: defatted variety contains 47-53% PRO
From grinding defatted flakes till powder formed
Cooking Losses: Total losses from meat by evaporation and dripping during cooking
Poultry turns what color with excessive heat?: Reddish-pink d/t:
Hgb + CO2 + Nitrix oxide
Cake flour: soft wheat
extra short/fancy/or short patent
7.5% PRO
epimysium: sheath of connective tissue surrounding a number of groups of secondary bundles
Role of cream of tartar in crystalline candy: Acid hydrolysis
perimysium: sheath of connective tissue surrounding primary & secondary bundles
Betalains + heat: Dull color
To cook dry soy beans: wash
hydrate overnight
drain
replace w/fresh water, cook
soaked beans can be frozen for 6 months
Main fats in milk: (in fat globules)
oleic > palmitic > linoleic
Carotenoids + heat: turns drab color
Chlorophyll + acid: turns olive
Disadvantages of using TVP in food production: Flavor and texture are "negatively" effected when used >20%
Chlorophyll + chlorophyllase = ?: loses phytyl group
bright green
CHLOROPHYLLIDE
Postmortem changes in meat tissue: 1. Loss of Oxygen from blood d/t end of circulation
2. Anaerobic rxns begin
3. ADP --> ATP til CP runs out
4. ATP prod. stops with increase in LA
5. more acidity
6. Muscles lose extensibility d/t blocked unlocking of actin-myosin links d/t lack of ATP
7. Contractions & rigidity d/t Ca accumulation
Winterizing: warm lipids slowly cooled w/agitation
allows large crystals w/low melt pt. to form
large crystals filtered/centrifuged out
remaining fat can be stored in fridge as liquid oil
good for salad dress., mayo, etc.
Oxymyoglobin: --Cherry red d/t addition of 2-O2
--O2 can permeate plastic wrap
--Maintains: Sodium pyrophosphate, sodium erythorbate, citric acid
Chlorophyll + blanch: retains bright green
To cook shelled soy beans: 2 volumes of shelled beans per volume of boiling water
--simmer for 10-20 min
Role of chocolate in crystal. candy: Increases viscosity of syrups so less sucrose needs to crystalize to give candy desired consistency
Interf agent
Role of corn syrup in crystal. candy: retards crystallization
Role of brown sugar in crystal. candy: color
interf agent (molasses)
Caramelization: Dehydration
Base catalyzed
Forms conjugated system
forms maltol, isomaltol, other furanes--velvety flavor
increased sweetnes
Which wheat pro is sol in H2O: albumins
Anthocy-- + metal: green or slate blue
Solvent Extraction: done on oil seeds to isolate additional lipids
Medium patent flour: using 90% of flour stream
More PRO than cake
Less starch than cake
Effects of salt on dough: inhibits proteases
firming effect on gluten
less water holding cty of dough
limit salt to 2% of wt. of flour
Anthocy-- + base: Blue
dough softners do what?: increase shelf life
d/t retard staling
dextrins soften bread
Anthocy-- + neutral: Violet
Carotenoids + oxid: loss of color
Betalains + base: BLUE
Anthocya-- + acid: red
Soft wheat should be manipulated LESS?/MORE? than hard wheat: LESS
Anthocy-- + metal + ascorbic acid: oxidation = green/slate blue
But fat can also have this effect on gluten dev.: it can lubricate gluten and increase the tendency of strands to stick to each other
Anthocy-- + enzymes: loss of color
Betalains (of beets, ex) plus acid: red
Chlorophyllide + heat + acid = ?: Loss of Mg
Olive green PHEOPHORBIDE
Flavones + base: yellow
Triticale flour (characteristics, pro content, special AA, replacement): Cross btwn wheat+rye
Similar to parent grains
10.7-16% PRO
More lysine than wheat
High yield per acre
Limit mixing and ferment. time
40-50% as replacement
Extraction of lipids: removal of lipids from their nat. sources
Rye flour: most closely approaches wheat gluten, but cannot perform the same
has gluten and gliadin, but can NOT be manipulated into gluten complex with enough elasticity
12.1% PRO
20-40% replacement
Water in leavening: ONE vol water expands to 1600 as steam

in popovers and cream puffs, water:flour ratio is high enuf to provide free water to vaporize
Anthoxanthins + base: Yellow
C. perfringens: Anaerobic, spore-forming
--animal intest., meat, soil
Deep dish, warm (45-60C), slow cooling
--growth+sporulation-->enterotoxin-->food/intestine
Control: serve promptly, hold less than ONE hour, keep hot
refridge, quick cool down
8 Objective measures of flour quality: 1-proximal analysis
2-color
3-reflectance
4-flour particle size
5-hydration capacity
6-amylose/viscograph
7-falling # test
9-fractionation of flour
Sourdough: lactic+acetic acid bact.
24 Hr. ferm.
some artificially made with lactic acid + flavors
starter has absolute requirement for maltose
curing w/nitrites or nitrates: for long term storage
prevents botulism
leads to pinkish-red color w/light and air-->brownish
Tempering: Remove heat d/t crystallization
maintain select temp to promote formation of stable desirable crystals
can be stored w/greater var. in temp
used to prevent "bloom" in choc.
Flavones + acid: clear
PSE:: d/t reaching abnormally low pH during rigor mortis
5.1-5.5
light colored, mushy, high drip loss w/cooking
Biotech: PRO vs. CON: PRO: safer pesticides (cuz none), more nutri., greater yields

CON: pollen spread, superweed, resistance
Causes of fallen center: -excess sugar
-excess fat
-excess BP
-inadequate mixing
-low temp during baking
-opening oven door too early
flavones + metal: yellow cooking water
What sugar does to gluten development: retards it
Corn flour: Unable to form useful PRO complex
7-8% protein content
HA: ID ingred. and process. areas that r sensitive + must be monitored to ensure safe prod.
R group in chlorophyll b: CHO
Enzyme-Enzyme conversion to High fructose corn syrup: 1. corn starch is gelatinized so starch polymers are more accessible to enzymes
2. tx w/a-amylase (or other)
3. tx w/D-glucose isomerase
which turns glucose-->fructose
(isomerase normally attached to a support like glass beads)
Microbes causing foodborne INFECTION: salmonella
C. perfrigens
Farinograph: measures resistance of stirring rods moving thru batter or dough & records the results graphically
microbes causing foodborne INTOXication: S. aureus
C. bot
When mold is the cause of foodborne illness: Mycotoxin
A. flavus-->aflatoxin-->aflatoxicosis
--peanuts, cereal in damp, warm storage
---visibly rotten
Control: cool storage, sort and remove moldy portion
Short patent flour: high starch, low PRO
b/c primarily very fine particle streams from center of endosperm
which wheat pro is sol in dilute acid: glutenins
poultry and rigor mortis: somewhat slower in chicken
do NOT cook/freeze until AFTER it's over or flesh will be tough
Which wheat pro is soluble in salt soln?: globulins
Rendering of lipids: removal of fat from animal tissues
either dry or moist heat
wet done on fats for human consumption
--hot fluid separated from H2O, antiox. added
ISO: International Org. of Standards
--dev n' manufact
--commodity supply
--qlty mgmt n' system element
Refining: removal of gums,
lipoproteins,
lecithins,
ketones, and aldehydes
Fat retards gluten dev. by:: coating gluten surface + preventing hydration
% sugar allowed in dough: 2-8% wt flour
tenderizing effect
Danger Zone: 41-140F
Rice Flour: NO elasticity nor cohesivenes
Grittier
Defies hydration
6.5-7% Protein
5-30% as replacement
What are some carcass handling and processing procedures that effect tenderness of meat?: Hanging during rigor--more tender
16C for first 16-24 is best
Electrical stimulation--tender
mechanical stimulation--beating it tender
Meat tenderizing enzymes
Aging
Fed Reg of food supply: US Dept o commerce
-nat. marine fisheries serv
-fda seafood hotline
USDHHS
-FDA
-safe food supply, labeling, food additives, inspect., educ.
USDA
-Food Safety Inspect. Service
-meat, poultry, eggs
fat% in dough: 1/2 to 1.5% wt flour
increases vol.
Anthoxanthins + acid: white/clear
Too DARK crust d/t:: too much BS
fructose
honey
too high/low in oven
overbaking
too much sugar
Salt rising bread: shorter than sourdough
otherwise similar starter
Z-line: region in myofibril where thin actins adjoin
creates dark line that defines end of a sarcomere
How aging effects tenderness: Holding of meat as it passes thru rigor mortis and sometimes for days-2 weeks
Theory: cathepsins and Ca-activating factor (proteolytic enzymes)on muscle proteins to produce simpler proteins and break actin-myosin links
Granular cereal--How it's made: Dough made
Dough rises
Dough baked, sliced, toasted, crumbed :)
3 Purposes of irradiation in improving shelf life: alternative to fumigation to control insect in foods
inhibit sprouting or other self generating mech. of deterioration
destroy veg. cells of pathogens
Fortification: Nutrient(s) not normally found in food added for particular diet. purpose
Iodized salt (ex)
Chlorophyl + heat + acid = ?: loses Mg
olive green PHEOPHYTIN
Role of salt in quick breads: decreases hydr. of PRO
Turbomilling: -High speed grinding breaks apart endosperm into starch & PRO particles
--separated by density and size in stream of turbulent air into high PRO fractions and high starch fractions
--allows custom blends of flours for specialty products, cakes, flours
salt and yeast: makes firm
slows yeast down
Xray: 100-150nm
higher penetration, low efficiency
Air in leavening: AIR in every leavening process
if fat used has small crystals, then more air trapped
Humped baked product d/t:: 1-too much flour
2-too much mixing
3-too deep pan
4-too hot oven
5-low sugar
6-low fat
7-low liquid
What happens when there are too many SH and too few disulfide links?: sticky, INelastic dough
Baking Soda: 2NAHCO3 --> Na2CO3 + CO2
What is the effect of defatting on bread making qlty of flour?: decreased volume
Future of irrad.: --expensive facility
--public accept. of irrad prod.
irrad vs. sanitation standards
--med instruments
gluten complex char.: 2/3 H2O
75-85% PRO
5-10% lipid
5-15% starch
Enrichment: Nutrients added to meet spec. legal standards of min/max level
Wheat flour enrich w/thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, etc
Yeast organism and roles: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
leavener
flavor addition
dough developer
Pheophytin - phytyl group = ?: Olive green PHEOPHORBIDE
R group in chlorophyll a is a: CH2
Milk clarification: High speed centrifuge
removes sediment, body cells from udder, and bacteria
proanthocy-- + oxidation: pinkish (cut pears/potatoes)
brown (other cut things or after long exposure)
Fish and rigor mortis: extended if fish are iced ASAP after killing
Maintained in chilled storage
Benzoyl peroxide: bleaching agent
Puffed Cereal: -temper grain
-heat grain
-cook under pressure to about 288C
-suddenly release pressure
Role of eggs in quick breads: coag. yielding texture + struct
esp. if gluten is weak
surfactant, emulsifier
effect of low Aw on pectin gels: pectin strands can H-bond
or....
Act as plasticizer to keep gel NON-brittle
Baking Pwdr: BS + acidulent + bulk/dry agent
Cream of tartar
Single vs. double acting
rate of gas release
SAS-P- double acting
Defend the oxidation of white flour: you tell me ????? :)
Baker's Ammonia: NH4HCO3-->NH3 + H2O + CO2
Role of liquid in quick breads: Dispersing medium
Hydrating
Forms steam
Gluten flour: vital wheat gluten added for ~ 41% PRO
tougher, chewier bread
What happens to lipids during flour maturation (very GENERAL answer): undergo beneficial changes
SAS-P double acting: Accel. dev. of rancidity in dry flour mixes containing fat
bitter residue
Role of fat in quick breads: tenderizes
more flakiness
less staling
shortening power proport. to spreadability
Instantized flour: Agglomerate, absorb moisture slowly
Gluten does NOT dev readily
Protein content of Oat flour and how much of it you can use to replace reg. flour: 17% PRO
up to 30% as replacement
H-band: Region in the center of sarcomere where only thick myofilaments of myosin occur
3 Basic Goals in making gelatin: 1. remove non-collagenous stuff from stock

2. Turn pure collagen into gelatin

3. recover gelatin in dried form
Role of sugar in quick breads: tenderizes
in HIGH amount, it competes with gluten for H2O
Why SAS-P Baking Powder is NOT used in commercial flour mixes:: You tell me ????
:)
Alkaline Tx to make gelatin FOUR steps: 1. soak in Ca-oxide soln 3-10min
2. wash out lime
3. adjust pH to 5.8
4. Hot water extractions
I-band: the light region on either side of the Z-line in a sarcomere
Consists of NONoverlapping, thin, myofilament actin
Cold shortening: severe contraction of muscle in carcasses that have been chilled too quickly and severely after slaugher
examples of maturing agents: Cl
acetoneperoxide
azodicarbonamide
DE (not dextrose equiv): Degree of Esterification
# esterified D-galacuronic acid residues/ total # of D-""
First break: corrugated rolls break wheat into coarse particles-->middlings
Cheese making (kinda out of order steps): Rennin converts K-casein to para-K-casein
para-K-casein unites w/Ca to make curd
curd cut to release whey
moisture down from 87-->37%
Radiation in vacuum/inert: decrease in -HO2 & H202
Acid-Enzyme method to make corn syrup: Same as Acid hydrolysis,
but followed by enzyme tx to make high MALTOSE, etc
Gluten complex of ___ wheat develops more ____: Hard
Slowly
Radiation in frozen: decrease in free radicals
2 Factors for good cake flour: Gaseous Cl (for mature)
low pH
Drying eggs: Sugars must be removed to prevent Maillard Rxn
Yolk sugar removed with yeast
Egg white sugar removed AFTER pasteur. by microbial ferm.
Pasteur. liquid adjusted to pH 7-7.5 w/citric or lactic acid
addition of H2O4 releases O2 and speeds of process (?)
Ionizing radiation-->____--->____--->_____: collisions-->break chem bonds--->free radicals
Sol: solid in liquid
gravy
Shredded cereal: -made from cooked, dried, tempered whole grain
-passed thru grooved rollers
-buscuits made by pinching ends 2gether.
UV: 200-280nm
low penetration-->inactivate m.o. on surface, thin layer, equipm surface
Reduction rollers: smooth rolls reduce middlings into flour
Proteins in egg white: ovalbumin --------- 54%
ovotransferrin ---- 12
ovomucoid --------- 11
ovomucin ---------- 3.5
lysozyme ---------- 3.4
avidin ------------ .05
A-band: Total portion of the sarcomere in which thick and thin overlap
Includes H-band
7 principles of HACCP: 1. conduct hazards analysis
2. identify CCP
3. establish critical limits for each CCP
4. monitor reqmt's for each CCP
5. corrective action if CCP deviates
6. keep records
7. verification procedure
dough conditioners do what?: strengthen gluten structure of dough
improves gas holding
If active dry yeast is below 100F...: glutathione leaches from yeast
softening dough and
volume of loaf will be low
Naturally occuring ____ are needed for gluten development: lipids
Infra Red: at least 800nm
increase T
Effect of high sugar on pectin gel formation: lowers Aw by shearing away water envelope around pectin strands
Binding components of muscle: Sarcolemma: encases fibers
Endomysium: btwn fibers
Perimysium: surrounds bundles of fibers
Epimysium: surrounds many bundles of fibers to encase muscle
(remember: S.E.P.E.)
Ionizing radiation types: alpha: He nuclei, stopped by paper
beta: cathode, hi energy electron, stopped by Al
gamma: photons, stopped by lead
Neutrons: hi penetration, residual

Good penetrating power, non-residual
-->use gamma from Co-60
Pectic substances: (1,4)-a-D-galacturonopyranosyl unit polymer
in middle lamella of plant cells
includes galactans and arabans
differ in DE
Effects of heat on meat: water loss d/t decreased water binding capacity
myosin is less soluble
hydration of muscle protein decreases
collagen H-bonds break
gelatin components move away from each other
Milk's role in crystal. candy: interferes w/crystallization by adhering to crystal surface
Flaked/Rolled Cereal: Grain flattened by passing thru rollers after tempering

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Number of cards 212