Final Exam Unit 6
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- Physiological changes associated with aging:
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-Respiratory
-Cardiovascular
-Nutrition
-Elimination
-Activity & Rest
-Protection
-Senses
-Fluid & Electrolytes
-Neurological
-Endocrine - Respiratory changes in aging:
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-Respiratory muscle strength decreases
-AP diameter of thorax increases
-Decreased mobility of ribs/chest wasll stiffer
-Lung expansion decreases
-More likely to dev. pneum. after surgery - Cardiovascular changes in aging:
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-Decreased contractile strenght of myocardium = decreased cardiac output
-Takes longer for heart rate to return to normal after exercise
-Systolic and/or diastolic hypertension
-Peripheral pulses weaker (extremities may cool quickly)
-Heart beat less efficiently, drugs are absorbed and distributed slowly - Nutrition changes in aging:
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-Decreased activity levels means requires fewer calories
-Those who are very active or recovering may need additional calories
-Loss of calcium may result in bone loss, supplementation may be needed - Elimation changes in aging:
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Hypertrophy of prostate(men)
Stress Incontinence (women) - Genito-urinary changes:
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-Reduced renal filtration rate
-Slow restoration of acid-base balance
-Possiblity of urgency, frequency, and incontinence - Gastrointestinal System changes:
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-Slowing of peristalsis
-Alteration in secretions
-Delayed gastric emptying
-Constipation
-Flatulence
-Diarrhea
-REDUCED GASTRIC MOTILITY - Altered liver function will affect ? of a drug.
- metabolism
- Altered kidney function will affect ? of a drug.
- excretion
- Activity and Rest changes in aging:
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-Total sleep time decreases until age 80, then increases slightly
-Time in bed increases after age 65
-Onset of sleep is lengthened (>30min)
-Naps are more common
-Sleep is subjectively and objectively lighter
-Frequency of abnormal breathing events is increased-
-Frequency of leg mvmts during sleep during sleep is increased - Process whereby the person's skin, hair, nails, and immune system function in such a manner as to help ensure body integrity and wholeness.
- Protection
- Protection changes in aging:
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-Decreased protein/albumin levels may increase incidence of skin breakdown
-Falls-30% will fall at least once a year, 5% will obtain a fracture, 1% will be hip fractures. Of that 1%, 10% of all older people who obtain a hip fracture will die within one
-Sensory impairments contribute to protection - Senses changes in aging:
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-Decreased visual accommadation, macular degeneration
-Decreased hearing ability
-Decreased taste
-Diminished smell
-Decreased pain perception - Fluid and Electrolyte changes in aging:
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-Reduced # of functioning nephrons
-Decreased glomerular filtration rate
-Reduced blood flow
-Reduced renal clearance starts at age 30
-Due to delayed excretion, the elderly client is more likely to develop toxicity/accumulation - Neurological changes in aging:
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- # of neurons begins to decrease after age of 25
-Older adults may experience decreased sense of balance or uncoordinated motor responses
-Sleep cycles are affected - Endocrine changes in aging:
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-Narrower temperature ranges
-Deterioration in temperature control mechanisms-poor vasomotor control and reduced metabolism
-Basal Metabolic Rate may decrease as thyroid becomes less effective - A communication technique used to make the older adult more aware of time, place, and person
- Reality Orientation
- What are the main purposes for reality orientation?
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-Restoring a sense of reality
-Improving level of awareness
-Promoting socialization
-Elevating independent functioning
-Minimizing confusion, disorietation, and physical regression - What may be the only symptom of a systemic infection in the elderly?
- Changes in cognitive function
- What are the 3 most common conditions affectin cognition in older adults:
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1.Delirium
2.Dementia
3.Depression - Acute state, potentially reversible
- Delirium
- Gradual, progressive, and irreversible
- Dementia
- Experienced by >20% of older adults, potentially reversible
- Depression
- Process whereby a disabled person is helped to obtain optimal function.
- Rehabilitation
- What is the primary goal of rehabilitation?
- To minimize the deficit from the condition and maximize the abilites that are intact
- Symptoms during 3 Stages Alzheimer's Disease:
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1.Early stage-memory loss
2.Mid stage-Confusion, loss of ability to recognize objects(agnosia)
3.End stage-Inability to think and communicate effectively, loss of ability to perform familiar tasks (apraxia), and loss of language skills (aphasia) - What are the 5 rights of delegation?
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1.Right Task
2.Right Circumstances
3.Right Person
4.Right Direction/Communication
5.Right Supervision/Evaluation