Anatomy: Block II: Thorax and Abdomen
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- what type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
- synovial (saddle)
- what vertebrae is the munubrium of the sternum opposite? body? zyphoid process?
- T3-T4; T5-T9; T10
- what is special about the zyphoid process?
- it is made of cartilage and gradually ossifies as we age
- what is the angle between the sternal body and manubrium called?
- sternal angle or the angle of louis
- what are the accessory muscles of respiration?
- pectoralis major and minor, part of the serratus anterior, scalene muscles
- what are the borders of the superior thoracic aperture?
-
posterior - 1st T vertebrae
lateral - 1st 2 ribes
anterior - superior border of the manubrium - what is the average size of the superior thoracic aperture?
- 6.2 cm by 11 cm
- what is the function of the superior thoracic aperture?
- the esophagus, vagus nerves, great vessels, and trachea pass through it into the thorax
- what are the borders of the inferior thoracic aperture?
- inferior borders of the 11th and 12th ribs, costal cartilages, and the zyphoid process
- what passes through the inferior thoracic aperture?
- inferior vena cava, abdominal aorta, other nerves, and lymphatics
- what part of a typical rib articulates with the body of a T vertebrae? with the transverse process?
- head, tubercle
- what is the point of the rib that is most likely to be fractured?
- the angle
- what is located in the inferior costal groove of each rib?
- the interior vein, artery, and nerve
- the joints between the different parts of the sternum are what type of joints? what about the sternoclavicular and costoclavicular joints?
- cartilaginous, synovial
- inhalation creates what type of pressure? exhalation?
- negative, positive
- what is the major muscle of respiration?
- diaphragm
- the phrenic nerve arises from what spinal nerves?
- C3, C4, C5 (4 and 5 principally)
- how many muscles are included in the the muscles of the thoracic wall?
- 11 (for each of the 11 intercostal spaces)
- what is the action of external intercostal muscles? internal? innermost?
- elevate the ribs; depress the ribs (the costal parts elevate the ribs); unknown (thought to elevate ribs but is debatable)
- where are the subcostal muscles? where do they attach?
- they are in the posterior thorax, they attach to ribs superiorly and inferiorly, crossing 1 or 2 intercostal spaces
- what seperates the thoracic muscles from the pleura of the lungs?
- the endothoracic fascia
- where is the transversus thoracis muscle? how does it attach?
- deep to the sternum; runs from the inferior aspect of the sternum superiorly and laterally crosses several intercostal spaces and attaches to the 2nd through the 6th rib or costal cartilage
- patients with end stage COPD or emphysema will use what position to help force air into their lungs?
- the tripod position - pressing hands against table
- idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis means what?
- the lungs become fribrotic - patients have to use a lot of accessory muscles to breathe (scalene muscles are well developed)
- what 2 arteries supply the thoracic wall?
- thoracic aorta and internal thoracic artery (used to be called internal mammary artery - is a branch of the subclavian)
- where does the internal thoracic artery change its name? what is the new name?
- at the diaphragm, musculophrenic artery
- what artery is frequently used in cardiac bypass surgery?
- internal thoracic
- during a thoracentesis, where is the needle placed? what recess is being accessed?
- 6-8 intercostal space, costodiaphragmatic recess
- what are some symptoms of horners syndrome?
- miosis (constricted pupil), partial ptosis, anhidrosis (loss of hemifacial sweating)
- what nerve(s) innervate(s) the diaphragm and the central part of the pleura? costal pleura and peripheral part of the diaphragmatic pleura?
- phrenic, intercostal nerves
- what is a pleural effusion?
- the absence of breath sounds caused by a prescence of fluid in the thoracic cavity
- what is pneumothorax? how does it usually happen?
- air in the lungs, air being introduced into the space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura when inserting a catheter for a central line
- what is pleuracy?
- an infection between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura
- what attaches to the sternal angle?
- the 2nd rib
- what is it called when one part of the parietal pleura turns abruptly towards another direction, covering another thing?
- pleural reflection
- where does the apex of the lung lie?
- 3 cm superior to the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle
- what is the name for the cervical portion of the parietal pleura?
- cupola
- where in the thorax do the 2 parietal pleura approach one another?
- between ribs 2-4
- what lung has a cardiac notch? where is it located in relation to the ribs?
- left, 4th costal cartilage
- what are the 3 areas where the pleura dips inferior to the rib cage?
-
anterior - the pleura of the right lung close to the sternum
posterior - the pleura of both lungs close to the vertebral column - where does the pleura end inferiorly at the midclavicular line? what about the lungs?
- 8th rib, 6th rib
- where does the pleura end inferiorly at the mid-axillary line? what about the lungs?
- 10th rib, 8th rib
- what line is used a lot for thoracocentesis?
- mid-axillary
- where does the pleura end inferiorly at the scapular line? what about the lungs?
- just below the 12th rib, 10th rib
- where is the horizonal fissure of the right lung located relative to the ribs?
- 4th rib
- where are the oblique fissures of the lungs located relative to the ribs?
- 6th costal-chondral junction
- why is the cardiac notch important?
- you can perform pericardiocentesis of the pericardial sac without hitting pleura or lung
- what 2 arteries does the internal thoracic artery terminate into?
- musculophrenic and superior epigastric
- how many cartilage rings are in the trachea?
- 18-20
- what is located at the bifurcation of the primary bronchus?
- carina
- what is absent inferior to the carina?
- cough reflex/nerve fibers
- what part of the left lung can be equated with the middle lobe of the right lung?
- the lingula
- what are the 3 primary structures of the root of the lungs?
- bronchus, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
- what is the smallest portion of the lung that can be resected?
- the bronchopulmonary segment
- how many lobes and BP segments does the right lung have? what about the left?
- 3, 10; 2, 8
- when and why does a bronchi change its name? what does it change its name to? how big is it now?
- it becomes a bronchiole when there is no more cartilage. the diameter is about 1 mm
- how big are respiratory bronchioles?
- 0.5mm
- what disease causes alveoli to burst resulting in a transparent lung?
- emphysema
- what arteries supply the bronchi and connective tissue of the lung?
- bronchial arteries
- where do the left bronchial arterie(s) arise from? right?
- aorta, 3rd posterior intercostal artery
- what passes through the center of the BP segment? what courses intersegmentally?
- pulmonary and bronchial arteries, pulmonary veins
- what lymph structure drains the upper 1/4 of the body? what about the rest of the body?
- the right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct
- what percent of primary lung cancer occurs in the upper right lobe?
- 55%
- what is the second most common site of primary lung cancer?
- upper left lobe
- asthma patients recieve what kind of drug that dialates the airways?
- sympathomemetics
- what kind of nerve fibers make up the cough reflex?
- GVA
- what are 2 names for the sympathetic fibers that innervate the heart, lungs, and esophagus?
- thoracic splanchnic nerves or cardioplumonary nerves
- what is the pulmonary ligament?
- a communication between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura
- what is the only known correlation of the pulmonary ligament?
- it gives more room for pulmonary vein dialation when people have heart disease
- what percentage of people have a cervical (extra) rib?
- 1%
- what is the name for the illness when the varicella virus (chickenpox) lies dormant in the dorsal root ganglia and then all of a sudden disseminates itself out to the intercostal nerve, then to the cutaneous nerves, causing pustules to form and causing a
- herpes zoster (shingles)
- which pleura is insensitive to pain? why?
- visceral, it has autonomic innervation
- what nerves supply the parietal pleura? which ones supply the skin of the anterior abdominal wall? what does this mean?
- 12 intercostal nerves, lower 6 intercostal nerves, pleurisy (inflammation of the pleura) pain may be referred to the anterior abdominal wall
- what is the optimal point of injection for a thoracocentesis?
- the angle of the rib
- what are the 2 layers of the pericardium?
- fibrous and serous (serous parietal and serous visceral which is the epicardium)
- what is the clinical significance of the transverse pericardial sinus?
- surgeons use it to put a ligature around the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta in order to divert blood flow to allow for a coronary bypass
- what is the fibrous pericardium fused to? what does this mean for the heart?
- the central tendon of the diaphragm; the heart changes shaped with each breath
- what is the name for the condition where the serous pericardium becomes inflamed?
- pericarditis
- what is the name for the compression of the heart?
- cardiac tamponade
- what 3 veins empty into the superior vena cava?
- right/left brachiocephalic and azygous
- what 3 veins empty into the right atrium?
- IVC, SVC, coronary sinus
- what are 2 names for the band of tissue only found in the right ventricle that extends from the lower part of the interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle? what's special about it?
- septomarginal trabecula or moderator band; part of the conducting system lies in it
- what is the name of the muscular ridges that are present throughout the myocardium?
- trabeculae carnaea
- what is the name for when the valves of the heart fuse and produce a narrow opening? how do you detect it?
- stenosis; heart murmer will be present
- what is the most frequently diseased heart valve?
- bicuspid
- what are the first arteries to branch off of the aorta?
- right and left coronary
- what is the most frequent site of occlusion of the coronary arteries?
- the proximal point of the LAD
- what vein is commenly used for coronary bypass surgery? why is it a good candidate?
- great saphenous vein; easily accessible and has much elastic tissue in it's walls
- what arteries supply the thymus gland?
- anterior mediastinal branches of the internal thoracic artery
- what veins drain the thymus gland?
- inferior thyroid gland
- what 2 veins join to form the brachiocephalic vein?
- subclavian and IJV
- what are the 3 braches of the arch of the aorta?
- brachiocephalic (divides into right subclavian and right common carotid), left common carotid, and left subclavian
- what artery runs with the phrenic nerve? what is this a branch of?
- pericardiophrenic artery, which is a branch of the internal thoracic artery
- what nerve travels under the ligamentum arteriosum? what is this a branch of?
- the left laryngeal recurrant which is a branch of the vagus
- what is the ligamentum arteriosum a remnant of? what did this connect in the fetus?
- the ductus arteriosus; connected the left pulmonary vein directly to the aorta
- if a patient presents with a sudden acute horseness what should they be evaluated for? why?
- metastatic cancer, because bronchial or metastatic lung cancer can invade lymph nodes around the trachea, can even invade the recurrent laryngeal nerve that is associated closely with the left main bronchus, causing a paralysis of the left part of the larynx
- what does the recurrent laryngeal nerve do besides innervating the larynx?
- it gives motor innervation to the esophagus for voluntary movements of the esophagus
- what are some places that the esophagus can become constricted? what is the most common place?
- by the pharynx, the arch of the aorta, the left main bronchus or trachea; the most common place is around the diaphragm
- what branch of the thoracic aorta helps the musculophrenic artery supply the diaphragm posteriorly?
- superior phrenic branch
- what structure is located below the diaphragm and receives lymphatic drainage from the abdominal viscera?
- cisterna chyli
- what is the anterior vagal trunk principally made up of? what about the posterior vagal trunk?
- left vagus nerve, right vagus nerve
-
what spinal cord segments do the following nerves arise from:
greater splanchnic
lesser splanchnic
least splanchnic? -
greater: T5-T9
lesser: T10-T11
least: T12 - what ganglion receives the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves? what receives the least splanchnic nerve?
- celiac; aorticorenal
- what veins drain the yolk sac? what veins return venous blood from the anterior and posterior parts of the embryo?
- vitelline, anterior and posterior cardinal veins
- what is the first organ system to become functional? when does it become functional? why does it have to be the first?
- CVS, 4th week (21st day), because the embryo is growing so fast that diffusion from the placenta to the embryo is not sufficient for it's oxygen/nutrient needs
- what day does the heart first appear? start to beat?
- 18, 21
- what tissue gives rise to the heart?
- splanchnic mesoderm
- what is the name of the longitudinal cords that arise from the splanchnic mesoderm?
- angioblastic cords
- what is the earliest appearance of the heart?
- angioblastic cords
- when the angioblastic cords begin to hollow out, what are they called?
- endocardial heart tubes
- how do the 2 endocardial heart tubes fuse together?
- in a cranial-to-caudal sequence
- name the 5 primitive chambers of the heart from caudal to cranial
- sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, bulbus cordis, and truncus arteriosus
- what 2 primitive chambers of the heart grow faster than the others, causing bending?
- the bulbus cordis and primitive ventricle
- what does the bulbos cordis later form?
- the aorta and pulmonary trunk
- what structures grow towards each other and fuse, dividing the atrioventricular canal into right and left atrioventricular canals?
- the ventral and dorsal endocardial cushions
- what is the name for the perforations of the septum primum that occur inside the cranial end?
- osteum (foramen) primum
- what structure basically forms the interatrial septum?
- septum secundum
- which horn of the sinus venosus begins to recieve more blood and thus enlarge? what does this horn become? what does the other horn become?
- right, sinus venarum (smooth part of the right atrial wall), coronary sinus
- the rought part of the wall of the right atrium developed from what part of the primitive heart?
- the primitive atrium
- what does the right sinuatrial valve of the sinus venosus become? the left?
-
right - crista terminalis and valve of the IVC and coronary sinus
left - incorporated into the interatrial septum - what does the smooth part of the left atrial wall originate from? the rough part?
-
smooth - pulmonary vein tissue
rough - primitive atrium - what begins as an upgrowth of tissue near the apex of the heart (wall of ventricle)?
- the muscular part of the interventricular septum
- what are the 3 tissues that grow in to fuse the rest of the interventricular foramen shut?
- left and right bulbar ridges and the upgrowth of the endocardial cushion material
- what tissue forms the membranous part of the interventricular septum?
- the upgrowth of the endocardial cushion material
- when does the partitioning of the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus take place?
- 5th and 6th week of development
- what does the bulbus cordis contribute to the right ventricle? left ventricle?
- conus arteriosus, aortic vestibule
- what structures are further modified to form papillary muscles and chordae tendonae?
- trabeculae carneae
- what percent of all birth defects are cardiac in nature? what percent of these have environmental causes? what percent are genetic? what percent are both?
- 25%, 2%, 8%, 90%
- what is the most common ventricular septal defect?
- when the membranous part of the interventricular septum doesn't form properly
- when is the fertilized egg consider an "embryo"? "fetus"?
-
embryo - 0-8 weeks
fetus - 9 weeks to birth - what is the name of the shunt that allows the blood to bypass the liver?
- ductus venosus
- what does the ductus arteriosus connect?
- the pulmonary arteries to the aorta
- what does the umbilical vein become after birth? umbilical arteries (distal to the bladder)? ductus venosus? ductus arteriosus?
- ligamentum teres (round ligament of the liver), medial umbilical ligaments, ligamentum venosum, ligamentum arteriosum
- what is the second most common operation on an infant? first?
- herniorrhaphy, circumcision
- what is the name of the point that is 1/3 of the way from the ASIS to the umbilicus?
- McBurney's point
- what lies deep to the halfway point between the ASIS and umbilicus?
- vermiform appendix
- what is the name and clinical significance of the bloodless or "white line"?
- linea alba, it is the most frequent surgical incision into the abdomen
- what is it called when fluid builds up in the peritoneum?
- ascites
- what are the 9 layers of the abdominal wall from outermost to innermost?
- skin, campers/fatty layer of fascia, scarpas/membranous layer of fascia, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominus, transversalis fascia, extra peritoneal fatty tissue (aka preperitoneal fat), peritoneum
- what is the name of the vertically condensed portion of scarpa's fascia? what does it do?
- fundiform ligament, suspends the penis
- what is the name of the inferior part of the external abdominal oblique that is turned under?
- the inguinal ligament
- what is the name of the continuation of the internal abdominal oblique that covers the spermatic cord?
- cremaster muscle
- what is the name of the inferior border of the posterior layer of the retus sheath? why is it significant?
- arcuate line, is significant b/c there is less resistance to hernias in this area due to a lack of a posterior rectal sheath
- what is under the median umbilical ligament? why is this clinically significant?
- the remnants of the urachus, if it is patent then urine can leak out through the umbilicus
- what is underneath the medial fold? what did it used to be?
- medial ligament, umbilical arteries
- what condition causes the veins of the abdominal wall to become enlarged b/c the IVC is blocked?
- cirrhosis of the liver
- where does the tissue above the umbilicus drain lymphatically? below the umbilicus?
-
above - axillary nodes
below - superficial inguinal lymph nodes that are just inferior to the inguinal ligament - what nerves supply the abdominal wall?
- lower 6 thoracic ventral rami
- L1 ventral rami divides into what 2 nerves?
- iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal
- what are the only 2 nerves that lie between the external abdominal oblique and the internal abdominal oblique?
- iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal
- if L1 ventral rami are disturbed, what is often one of the results and why?
- loss of sensation in the muscles in the inguinal region that provide protection to that region - can result in a direct inguinal hernia
- what is the name of the pinched off portion of the peritoneal cavity?
- the vaginal tunic
- what percent of full term male babies have crpytorchidism (undescended testes)? what percent of premature male babies do?
- 3%, 30%
- when does the process vaginalis begin it's descent?
- during the 8th week
- what does the external abdominal oblique become in the scrotum? internal abdominal oblique? transversalis fascia?
- external spermatic fascia, cremasteric muscle and fascia, internal spermatic fascia
- at what week is the scrotum already formed? what week do the testicles begin to come down? what week do they completely drop?
- 8, 11, 32
- what fibromuscular cord attaches to the testes and overies and helps them to descend?
- gubernaculum
- what is the name of the "white coat" that sends connective tissue partitions down into the testis to divide it into lobules?
- tunica albuginea
- what part of the testis is where the spermatozoa are encountered?
- mediastinal testis or rete testis
- how long is the vas deferens?
- 21 feet
- what resides in the spermatic cord?
- vas deferens, artery of the vas deferens, testicular artery, pempiniform plexus of veins that gives rise to the testicular vein, genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
- what does the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve supply?
- the cremaster muscle
- where does the lymph from the scrotum go? what about the lymph from the testicle?
- superficial inguinal lymph nodes, paraaortic or lumbar lymph nodes
- what spinal nerves supply the skin of the scrotum? what about the testicles?
- S2, 3, 4; T11
- what would result from the intercrural fibers being cut?
- the superficial ring would be enlarged resulting in a higher incidence of herniation
- 80% of people have what muscle in the inferior abdominal sheath?
- pyramidalis
- where are the inferior epigastric vessels in relation to the deep ring?
- they are medial to the deep ring
- what nerve passes through the superficial inguinal ring?
- ilioinguinal nerve
- what does the iliohypogastric nerve supply? ilioinguinal nerve?
- suprapubic skin, anterior scrotum/labia
- what is the name of the place where the internal abdominal oblique and the transversus abdominus come together to form part of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?
- conjoint tendon
- what is the name of the portion of the inguinal ligament that attaches to the pentineal line?
- lacunar ligament
- what are the borders of hasselbach's (inguinal) triangle?
-
lateral - inferior epigastric vessels
inferior - inguinal ligament
medial - lateral part of the rectus abdominus - what is it called if a hernia can be pushed back where it normally belongs? what is it called if it can't be pushed back but the blood vessels aren't cut off? what is it called if it can't be pushed back and the blood vessels are cut off?
-
the hernia in these situations is:
reducable
incarcerated
strangulated - why do females never have direct inguinal hernias?
- the falx inguinalis reinforces the medial aspect of the posterior wall of the canal
- what muscle is sometimes used to repair a herniation?
- gracillis
- what connects the lesser sac (omental bursa) to the greater sac?
- the epiploic/omental foramen (of winslow)
- what does the lesser sac sometimes fuse to form?
- gastrocolic ligament
- what attaches the duodenum to the liver? what 3 structures does it contain? what does it do?
- the hepatoduodenal ligament; common bile duct, hepatic artery proper, and hepatic portal vein; helps form the epiploic foramen
- what is GERD? why does it happen? what can result from it? how is it treated?
- gastro-esophageal reflux disease, the stomach contents reflux past the esophageal sphincter, patient can develop Barrett esophagus (cancer of the esophagus - chronic peptic ulceration of the lower esophagus), treated with H2 blockers (inhibits secretion of excess acid)
- what absorbs B12 in the stomach? what is it called when you can't absorb B12? what does this cause?
- parietal cells, atrophic gastritis, causes degeneration of part of the spinal cord and dementia
- what structure joins the stomach and the diaphragm?
- phrenoesophageal ligament
- what test can you do in order to test the functioning of the pyloric sphincter?
- use barium as a tracer
- where is the gallbladder located in relation to the ribs?
- 9th intercostal space
- what are the names for the 2 pancreatic ducts?
- principle (Wirsung) and accessory (Santorini)
- the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct join to enter the duodenum where? what about the accessory pancreatic duct?
- greater papillae of the duodenum (hepatopancreatic duct), minor duodenal papillae
- where does pancreatic cancer occur most often?
- in the head of the pancreas
- how does the liver attach to the diaphragm? what about the anterior abdominal wall?
- by the right and left triangular ligaments of the coronary ligament; the falciform ligament
- what does the liver produce from proteins that is vitally important to the maintenance of oncotic pressure?
- serum albumin
- what is the ligamentum teres (round ligament) a remnant of? what about the ligamentum venosum?
- the umbilical vein; the ductus venosus
- what is the largest organ in the body? how much of the total body weight can it account for?
- liver, 2.5%
- what is another name for the major duodenum papilla?
- Vater
- what 2 ligaments suspend the spleen?
- gastrosplenic ligament (part of the greater omentum) and the splenorenal ligament
- what is the name for the permanent folds of the mucosa of the duodenum?
- plicae circulares
- what important structures is the horizontal part of the duodenum related to?
- it passes between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta
- what suspends the fourth (ascending) portion of the duodenum?
- the ligamnt of Treitz (the right crus of the diaphragm)
- what is the percent of dry weight of the fecal matter upon leaving the rectum?
- 80%
- how long is the small intestine?
- 6-7m
- what are 2 differences between the jejunum and the ileum?
-
jejunum - less fat in mesentary, vasa recta are long and straight
ileum - more fat in mesentary, vasa recta are shorter with more complex arcades - what is the largest and most mobile portion of the colon?
- transverse colon
- what is the only part of the digestive tract that drains directly into the IVC?
- liver by way of the hepatic veins
- what are the first branches of the abdominal aorta?
- right and left inferior phrenic arteries
- what is considered midgut? hindgut?
-
mid - small intestine, ascending/transverse colon
hind - descending/sigmoid colon, and rectum - what branches off of the celiac trunk?
- left gastric artery, splenic artery, and common hepatic artery
- what arteries does the splenic artery give off?
- short gastric branches and left gastroomental (gastroepiploic)
- what does the common hepatic artery divide into?
- the hepatic artery proper and gastroduodenal artery
- what does the gastroduodenal artery branch off into?
- supraduodenal, and anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
- what does the hepatic artery proper branch into?
- left/right (sometimes intermediate) hepatic arteries, the cystic artery comes off the right hepatic artery, and the right gastric artery
- what are the pancreatic arteries of the splenic artery?
- dorsal pancreatic and greater pancreatic that anastomose to form the inferior pancreatic artery
- what does the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery divide into?
- anterior and posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
- where do the right and left gastric veins empty into? what about the right and left gastroepiploic (gastroomental) veins?
- hepatic portal vein, superior mesenteric vein
- what 3 veins join together to form the hepatic portal vein?
- splenic, inferior and superior mesenteric veins
- where does the appendicular artery arise from?
- the superior mesenteric artery inferiorly
- the superior mesenteric artery gives rise to what 3 branches that supplies the ascending and transverse colon? 2 of these anastomose to form what vein?
- ileocolic, right colic, and middle colic; the middle and right anastomose to form the marginal artery
- the inferior mesenteric artery gives off what branches to supply the descending and sigmoid colon, along with the rectum?
- ascending/superior and descending/inferior branches of the left colic, sigmoidal branches, and the superior rectal artery
- where does the descending abdominal aorta bifurcate? what does it bifurcate into?
- L4, right and left common iliacs (those divide into the external and internal iliacs)
- where does the IVC bifurcate?
- L5
- what muscle forms the lateral 1/2 of the floor of the femoral triangle?
- the iliopsoas
- what anterior abdominal wall muscle is considered to be atavistic? which one is considered to be the corresponding muscle to the infraspinatus in the lower extremity?
- pyramidalis, iliacus
- what does the left crus of the diaphragm get pierced by? what about the right crus?
- hemiazygos, azygos
- what is another name for a herniation through the sternocostal foramen? what about the vertebrocostal trigone?
- Morgagni, Bochdalek
- what vertebral level does the IVC pierce the diaphragm? esophagus? aorta?
- T8, T10, T12
- how does the right phrenic nerve pierce the diaphragm? left?
-
right - travels with the IVC through the hiatus
left - directly pierces the diaphragm - what causes Dunbar's syndrome?
- compression of the aorta by the diaphragm, reducing the blood flow, especially to the celiac trunk
- what vein connects the common iliac vein to the lumbar veins and additionally has connections to the left renal vein? what does this vein ultimately form?
- the ascending lumbar vein; this vein will communicate perpendicularly with the subcostal vein to form the azygos (right) and hemiazygos (left)
- where is the cisterna chyli located?
- just deep to the right crus of the diaphragm
- what is it called when the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve becomes entraped?
- neuralgia parasthetica
- what nerve pierces the psoas major? what does it branch into?
- genitofemoral nerve; branches into the genital branch (enters the deep ring of the ilioinguinal canal, supplies the cremaster muscle and the skin of the scrotum or skin of the labia) and the femoral branch (supplies the skin over the femoral triangle)
- the SMA is anterior to what 2 structures?
- left renal vein and 3rd/horizontal part of the duodenum
- what is the avascular line of the kidney called?
- Brodel's White line
- how long is the ureter?
- 25 cm
- what is the name of the embryonic membrane that separates what will become the oral cavity from what will become the pharynx?
- oropharyngeal membrane
- what is the name of the primitive oral cavity in the embryo? what about the primitive anal canal?
- stomodeum, proctodeum
- what is the name of the double-layered membrane that separates the proctodeum and the hind gut in the embryo?
- the cloacal membrane
- what is the entire digestive tract lined with? what about the oral cavity and the distal 1/3 of the anal canal?
- endoderm, ectoderm
- what artery supplies the foregut? midgut? hindgut?
- celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery
- what are 2 structures of the abdominal cavity that are 4 layers of peritoneum thick?
- greater omentum and transverse mesocolon
- the ventral bud of the pancreas forms what part of the pancreas? what about the dorsal bud?
-
ventral - ventral part of the head of the pancreas and the uncinate process
dorsal - dorsal part of head, neck, body, and tail - what ducts fuse to form the main pancreatic duct? what about the accessory pancreatic duct?
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main - ventral pancreatic duct and the distal part of the dorsal pancreatic duct
accessory - proximal part of the dorsal pancreatic duct - when does insulin start to be secreted?
- 5th month of fetal development
- what is an omphalocele?
- when intestinal loops remain the the umbilical cord surrounded by a sac of amnion
- what is Meckel's diverticulum?
- when part of the vitalline duct which connect midgut to yolk sac does not completely disappear
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